The Chancellor.
On the second day of February, eighteen hundred and twenty-four, Cornelius T. Demarest, James Lydecker, Peter JBanta, Jacob T. Moore, John W. JBanta, John Edsall, Frederick Bevoe, David Westervelt, and Bradley Randall, styling themselves the minister, elders and deacons of the Reformed Dutch Church of the English Neighborhood, in the county of Bergen, executed to the complainant, under a seal purporting to be the corporate seal of said corporation, a bond and mortgage for the payment of the sum of two hundred dollars, with interest; and the present suit is brought for the recovery of this amount, now due.
The defendants, in their answer, deny the debt, and also the execution of the instruments under their common seal, and allege that if there be such bond and mortgage, they were not given by the corporation, but by certain persons claiming to be the corporation, but who, in fact, had seceded from the cfauich, and dissolved their connexion with the classis of Bergen and the general synod of the Reformed Dutch Church, and thereby ceased to be officers and to have authority to make contracts and bind the church; that this fact was known to the complainant, who was himself one of the seceders ; and that the bond and mortgage were given through fraud and collusion, for the purpose of compelling the payment of money not actually due, or of obtaining a title to the property covered by the mortgage.
A replication has been put in by the complainant, and testimony has been taken on both sides.
On looking into the evidence, I think it sufficiently proved that the debt was due to the complainant. Some little lime before, a house had been built by the congregation, at New Durham, for a school house and place of worship. It was near to the residence of Mr. Doremus, the complainant, who had given the ground. Mr. Demarest acted as one of the committee to superintend the [342]*342building of the house, and Peter Westervelt, jr., was the builder. At the time the bond and mortgage were given, it appears there was due to Westervelt a balance of fifty dollars; to Cornelius T. Demarest, for money advanced by him to Westervelt, eighty-one dollars and twenty-five cents, and four dollars and eighty-six cents interest; and to the complainant, for boarding of hands and work and labor done, sixty dollars, and three dollars and sixty cents interest — making in the whole one hundred and ninety-nine dollars and seventy-one cents; to which the sum of twenty-nine cents was added, to make up the amount of two hundred dollars. The complainant agreed to assume and pay the debts to Westervelt and Demarest, provided the' consistory would give him a bond and mortgage for the whole, including his own account; and this was agreed to and done; and I see nothing in the evidence to induce the belief that the claim is in any degree fictitious or unjust. The present defendants are now in possession of this house, and peaceably enjoy the benefit of it.
I am further of opinion that the due and proper execution of the instruments are sufficiently proved. They are executed by the minister, elders and deacons of the church, constituting the corporation, and under the corporate seal, and in pursuance of a resolution adopted by and entered on the minutes of the corporation ; and this is sufficient, as between these parties, for the purposes of the present suit.
The only serious difficulty in this case grows out of a question which has been raised as to the legal right and power of the grantors to execute the papers and bind the property of the church.
To a correct understanding of this question, it is necessary to premise, that, prior to the execution of the bond and mortgage, the persons executing them were severally members of the Protestant Reformed Dutch Church. Cornelius T. Demarest had been, some years before, called by the congregation at the English Neighborhood, as their minister, and had been duly installed into his sacred office by the classis of Bergen, according to the rules and orders then existing and established for the government [343]*343of the church; and, according to the same rules and orders, the persons professing to be the elders and deacons of said church, had been regularly chosen and ordained to their respective offices, and were afterwards duly sworn, according to the requirements of the law. As a cóiporation, under the name of The Minister, Elders and Deacons of the Dutch Reformed Church at the English Neighborhood, they were, according to the constitution of the church and the law of the state sanctioning said constitution, authorised to take charge of and manage all the temporal or secular affairs of the church and congregation. Prima facie, then, the acts of the consistory, that is to say, of the minister, elders and deacons of the church, who constituted the corporation, were valid and binding on the church and people whom they represented, and upon their successors in office.
It appears that about the time the transactions in question took place, difficulties had arisen in some parts of the Reformed Dutch Church, in the states of Now-York and Now-Jersey, by reason whereof, some members seceded and separated themselves from the church, denounced it as corrupt, disdained its authority and jurisdiction over them, and united themselves together to constitute what they denominated the true Reformed Dutch Church. Among those thus seceding, were the grantors of this mortgage— that is to say, Mr.'Derma-rest the minister, and the elders and deacons of the church at the English Neighborhood.
The bond and mortgage bear date on the second day of February, eighteen hundred and twenty-four.
On the twenty-ninth of January preceding, the consistory held a meeting, at which all the members were present, except Jacob T. Moore. At this meeting, the proceedings of a meeting of sundry heads of families of the congregation were read; and it appeared that a large majority of those convened had advised a separation of their connexion with the classis'of Bergen: whereupon, the following declaration and resolutions were made and entered into by the consistory, and recorded on their minutes, viz. :
“ Now, therefore, for the truth’s sake and for conscience’s sake, [344]*344we, the minister, elders and deacons of the Reformed Dutch Church of the English Neighborhood, do resolve,
“ 1st. That our connexion with the classis of Bergen and with the general synod,- be and hereby is dissolved.
“ 2d. That we are and design to remain what we always have been, a true Reformed Dutch Church, adhering steadfastly to the constitution of the Reformed Dutch Church, and to the word of God, upon which we believe said constitution to be grounded.
“3d. That we acknowledge ourselves to be subordinate to none other than the classis and synod of the true Reformed Dutch Church, whose reasons for separating from the general synod, contained in their printed pamphlet, we approve and adopt,- and do hereby declare ourselves to be united with them in the bonds of faith and love.
“ 4th. That James Lydecker and John Edsall be a committee to wait/ upon the Rev. Dr. S. Frceligh, with these resolutions, for his advice, and also to know whether he has authority to receive us.”
At this same meeting, the deed from Cornelius Doremus, the complainant, to the corporation, for the lot of land on which the mortgage is given, was presented and accepted.
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The Chancellor.
On the second day of February, eighteen hundred and twenty-four, Cornelius T. Demarest, James Lydecker, Peter JBanta, Jacob T. Moore, John W. JBanta, John Edsall, Frederick Bevoe, David Westervelt, and Bradley Randall, styling themselves the minister, elders and deacons of the Reformed Dutch Church of the English Neighborhood, in the county of Bergen, executed to the complainant, under a seal purporting to be the corporate seal of said corporation, a bond and mortgage for the payment of the sum of two hundred dollars, with interest; and the present suit is brought for the recovery of this amount, now due.
The defendants, in their answer, deny the debt, and also the execution of the instruments under their common seal, and allege that if there be such bond and mortgage, they were not given by the corporation, but by certain persons claiming to be the corporation, but who, in fact, had seceded from the cfauich, and dissolved their connexion with the classis of Bergen and the general synod of the Reformed Dutch Church, and thereby ceased to be officers and to have authority to make contracts and bind the church; that this fact was known to the complainant, who was himself one of the seceders ; and that the bond and mortgage were given through fraud and collusion, for the purpose of compelling the payment of money not actually due, or of obtaining a title to the property covered by the mortgage.
A replication has been put in by the complainant, and testimony has been taken on both sides.
On looking into the evidence, I think it sufficiently proved that the debt was due to the complainant. Some little lime before, a house had been built by the congregation, at New Durham, for a school house and place of worship. It was near to the residence of Mr. Doremus, the complainant, who had given the ground. Mr. Demarest acted as one of the committee to superintend the [342]*342building of the house, and Peter Westervelt, jr., was the builder. At the time the bond and mortgage were given, it appears there was due to Westervelt a balance of fifty dollars; to Cornelius T. Demarest, for money advanced by him to Westervelt, eighty-one dollars and twenty-five cents, and four dollars and eighty-six cents interest; and to the complainant, for boarding of hands and work and labor done, sixty dollars, and three dollars and sixty cents interest — making in the whole one hundred and ninety-nine dollars and seventy-one cents; to which the sum of twenty-nine cents was added, to make up the amount of two hundred dollars. The complainant agreed to assume and pay the debts to Westervelt and Demarest, provided the' consistory would give him a bond and mortgage for the whole, including his own account; and this was agreed to and done; and I see nothing in the evidence to induce the belief that the claim is in any degree fictitious or unjust. The present defendants are now in possession of this house, and peaceably enjoy the benefit of it.
I am further of opinion that the due and proper execution of the instruments are sufficiently proved. They are executed by the minister, elders and deacons of the church, constituting the corporation, and under the corporate seal, and in pursuance of a resolution adopted by and entered on the minutes of the corporation ; and this is sufficient, as between these parties, for the purposes of the present suit.
The only serious difficulty in this case grows out of a question which has been raised as to the legal right and power of the grantors to execute the papers and bind the property of the church.
To a correct understanding of this question, it is necessary to premise, that, prior to the execution of the bond and mortgage, the persons executing them were severally members of the Protestant Reformed Dutch Church. Cornelius T. Demarest had been, some years before, called by the congregation at the English Neighborhood, as their minister, and had been duly installed into his sacred office by the classis of Bergen, according to the rules and orders then existing and established for the government [343]*343of the church; and, according to the same rules and orders, the persons professing to be the elders and deacons of said church, had been regularly chosen and ordained to their respective offices, and were afterwards duly sworn, according to the requirements of the law. As a cóiporation, under the name of The Minister, Elders and Deacons of the Dutch Reformed Church at the English Neighborhood, they were, according to the constitution of the church and the law of the state sanctioning said constitution, authorised to take charge of and manage all the temporal or secular affairs of the church and congregation. Prima facie, then, the acts of the consistory, that is to say, of the minister, elders and deacons of the church, who constituted the corporation, were valid and binding on the church and people whom they represented, and upon their successors in office.
It appears that about the time the transactions in question took place, difficulties had arisen in some parts of the Reformed Dutch Church, in the states of Now-York and Now-Jersey, by reason whereof, some members seceded and separated themselves from the church, denounced it as corrupt, disdained its authority and jurisdiction over them, and united themselves together to constitute what they denominated the true Reformed Dutch Church. Among those thus seceding, were the grantors of this mortgage— that is to say, Mr.'Derma-rest the minister, and the elders and deacons of the church at the English Neighborhood.
The bond and mortgage bear date on the second day of February, eighteen hundred and twenty-four.
On the twenty-ninth of January preceding, the consistory held a meeting, at which all the members were present, except Jacob T. Moore. At this meeting, the proceedings of a meeting of sundry heads of families of the congregation were read; and it appeared that a large majority of those convened had advised a separation of their connexion with the classis'of Bergen: whereupon, the following declaration and resolutions were made and entered into by the consistory, and recorded on their minutes, viz. :
“ Now, therefore, for the truth’s sake and for conscience’s sake, [344]*344we, the minister, elders and deacons of the Reformed Dutch Church of the English Neighborhood, do resolve,
“ 1st. That our connexion with the classis of Bergen and with the general synod,- be and hereby is dissolved.
“ 2d. That we are and design to remain what we always have been, a true Reformed Dutch Church, adhering steadfastly to the constitution of the Reformed Dutch Church, and to the word of God, upon which we believe said constitution to be grounded.
“3d. That we acknowledge ourselves to be subordinate to none other than the classis and synod of the true Reformed Dutch Church, whose reasons for separating from the general synod, contained in their printed pamphlet, we approve and adopt,- and do hereby declare ourselves to be united with them in the bonds of faith and love.
“ 4th. That James Lydecker and John Edsall be a committee to wait/ upon the Rev. Dr. S. Frceligh, with these resolutions, for his advice, and also to know whether he has authority to receive us.”
At this same meeting, the deed from Cornelius Doremus, the complainant, to the corporation, for the lot of land on which the mortgage is given, was presented and accepted.
The' following minute was then made, to wit: “ It was ascertained, from the bills and receipts, that there remained a debt due on the building of the said school house and lecture room, of two hundred dollars; and, whereas, Mr. Cornelius Doremus is willing to advance the money for the payment of said debt, provided the consistory will secure him by a bond and mortgage on said house and lot at New Durham, Resolved, That a bond and mortgage be prepared accordingly.”
On the second of February, eighteen hundred and twenty-four, another meeting of the consistory was held, at which all the members were present. There were also present Dr. Solomon Frceligh and Elder Tsaac Van Saun, as commissioners of the classis of the true Reformed Dutch Church, who were received and acknowledged as such by the consistory. The [345]*345following minute then appears on the record of their proceedings : 11 The Rev. Dr. Solomon Frceligh asked whether this consistory had determined unanimously to dissolve their connexion with the classis of Bergen and the general synod, and to place themselves and this church under the care of the classis and synod of the True Reformed Dutch Church, and pledge their honor to subscribe the printed reasons for leaving the general synod ? Each one of the elders and deacons answered in the affirmative. Whereupon, the reverend doctor, in token of their reception, gave to each member the right hand of fellowship.”
Then comes the following: “ The mortgage and bond referred to in the minutes of the last meeting, having been prepared, according to order, were presented and read, approved of, and duly executed by the signatures of the president and members, and the seal of the corporation.”
On the tenth of February, eighteen hundred and twenty-four, the consistory again met, and the mortgage was acknowledged before John Á. Westervelt, esquire.
On the seventeenth and eighteenth of the same month of February, Cornelius T. Demarest was, upon due notice given, tried upon charges preferred against him, by the classis of Bergen, and suspended from the ministry; and, at the same time, the elders and deacons were, by the said classis, deposed from their respective offices; and the members of the church were directed to supply the vacancies by the appointment of others.
Under this state of things, the question arises whether the acts of giving and executing the mortgage and bond are to be considered as valid and efficacious, so as to bind the property of the corporation.
According to the constitution and usages of the Reformed Dutch Church, the consistories of the church, composed of the minister, elders and deacons of each church, have the charge and control of all the temporal as well as spiritual concerns of the church and congregation. This is one of the peculiar features of the form of church government appertaining to that denomination of Christians. In seventeen hundred and ninety-nine, [346]*346when the general law was passed to incorporate trustees of religious societies, the legislature, willing to communicate equal privileges to all, enacted that the. minister, elders and deacons for the- time being, or if there be no minister or ministers, the elders1 and deacons for the time being, of évery Reformed Dutch congregation, should be trustees of the same, and a body politic and- corporate in law, by such name as the said trustees should assume: that by such name they should be able to acquire and hold property, have a common seal, sue and be sued, &c. And it further enacted, for the purpose of perpetuating a line of succession in the trustees, that those in office at the time of taking and recording a name as aforesaid, should continue in office until others should he duly elected, appointed or called, according to the manner, usages and customs of the church.
The result of the enactment is this, that, in the Dutch church, the consistories respectively, duly elected-, appointed or called, are the legal trustees. They are recognized by the statute. The civil authority interferes in- no way,with their selection or appointment ; but, leaving that to the church, it simply vests them, when duly selected-and appointed, with all the rights and powers in regard to- property, that the trustees of other religious denominations enjoyand, to perpetuate the succession, declares that those in office shall remain in, until others are chosen.
It is evident, then, that the- civil office of trustee grows out of the ecclesiastical offiee of minister, elder or deacon. Every minister, elder or deacon, properly called and' instituted, is, virtute■ officii, a trustee; and he- must necessarily remain such a® long as his ecclesiastical office continues. When such office commences, how long it shall continue, and when and how it shall terminate, are matters which would seem to belong primarily to the ecclesiastical judicatories to determine.
In the case before me, the question of the power of the consistory to execute the bond and mortgage, must'depend on the solution of another question, viz.: whether they were in office or not at the' time. According to the law of the church, and the deck-[347]*347810rs of their acknowledged tribunals, I think there can be no -doubt that they were in office.
In the first place, they were lawfully elected and ordained, -and thus formally inducted into office. They afterwards seceded.; they renounced the authority of the classis and general synod, and at the very meeting at which the papers were executed, they joined themselves to what was called the True Reformed Dutch Church. They no doubt did all (hey could to unchurch themselves ; but they did not resign, nor did they, by any other act, divest themselves of their offices. This is evident, from the course taken by the church ; for, secondly, the church, after their .renunciation, considered, treated and dealt with them as officers. In no part of the proceedings which took place in consequence of the secession were they considered as having vacated their offices.
The whole subject came under the cognizance of the. classis of Bergen, the proper judicatory of the church. No complaint was made to them that the consistory had vacated their offices, by -seceding from the church and renouncing the authority of classis and synod. They did not investigate that matter, and declare that the offices were and had become vacant by the act of secession. On the contrary, they proceeded to try the. consistory as being then in office and amenable to their authority. The charges against them were for slanderous abuse of the .church generally, and also of the classis, and for public schism. They were tried according to tho laws of the church, and found guilty ; and the sentence of the court is as follows: “ Resolved, That James Lydecker, Jacob T. Moore, Peter W. Baota, and John W. Banta, .elders ; Frederick Devoe, John Edsall, David J. Westervelt, and Bradiey Randall, deacons, tho present, members of the consistory of the English Neighborhood, are guilty on both the charges to which they have been cited to answer, and that, the seats of the .said elders and deacons, as members of the consistory of the church .at the English Neighborhood, be and hereby are declared vacant, and that said persons be and hereby aie deposed from their respective offices.”
No language can be plainer .than that used by the classis. [348]*348That court declared, on the eighteenth day of February — sixteen days after the execution of the bond and mortgage: — that the persons cited before them were then in office; that they were the “present members of the consistoryand classis, by a judicial act of their own, disrobed them of their offices. Up to that period, then, there was, in the opinion of the church, no vacancy; and, of course, so long as the consistorial office remained, the consistory were trustees, and had power over the temporal concerns of the church.
There is another act of classis which tends strongly to show their opinion on this subject. On the twentieth of April, eighteen hundred and twenty-four, classis, at a regular session, reversed their sentence of deposition, so far as it related to Peter W. Banta and James Lydecker, two of the elders, on the ground that they had not been duly notified to attend and make defence; and the members of the church, instead of choosing an entire new consistory, elected four deacons and only two elders — thereby recognizing Banta and Lydecker as elders of the church at that time; and this was done by express order of classis.
This proves conclusively, if any further proof were necessary, that the regular courts of the church did not consider the secession of this consistory as divesting them of their offices. They still held them to be members and officers of the church, and dealt with them as such ; and the classis, whose rightful office it was, actually deposed them, and thereby created the vacancy, and ordered it to be filled according to the rules and customs of the church.
Considering this case, then, in reference to the law of the church, I consider the bond and mortgage as having been executed by the consistory of the church of English Neighborhood, lawfully authorized for that purpose.
This conclusion, founded on the acts and proceedings of the ecclesiastical tribunals, accords with the general principles of the law. According to these, there must be a removal or amotion by a competent power, to determine an office. If there be a resignation, there must be an acceptance; or if there be an abso[349]*349iute vacation of the office, such vacation must be recognized and acknowledged. Where tire original title of an office is sufficient, though good cause of amotion bo shown, even in a case where the charter declares that for such cause of amotion the officer shall vacata his office, the office is not determined until there be an amotion: Lord Bruce's case, 2 Stran. 819 ; Rex v. Heaven, 2 T. R. 772; Angell and Ames on Corporations, 487.
Whore persons are officers, de facto, they are in colore officii; and their acts will be valid until they are lawfully ousted; and more especially as they respect third persons they are binding on the corporation: Trustees of Vernon Society v. Hills, 6 Cowen, 22 ; Baird v. Bank of Washington, 11 Serg. and Rawle, 411 ; Angell and Ames on Corp. 73, 74.
These are principles which need not be explained or enforced. As applied to this case, they lead to tire result that the consistory were the trustees of the property when they undertook to deal with it.
There is another view of the case, which preseuts itself for serious consideration. These persons having been lawfully elected to their offices, their acts, if bona fide, must be considered valid, unless it be true, as the defendants contend, that their offices were forfeited by reason of their own misconduct. Is a court of equity a proper court in which to try the question of forfeiture ? It cannot entertain the question directly. It ought not to pass upon it collaterally or incidentally, except in cases of necessity, if any such may arise. Gluesiions of forfeiture do not appertain to this tribunal: Slee v. Bloom, 5 John. C. R. 377; The Society for the Establishment of Useful Manufactures v. The Morris Canal, &c., Saxton, 157. And if this court should determine that there was actually a forfeiture, how would such determination be reconciled with the judgment of the spiritual court on the same subject 1 If these men were not trustees, they were not elders and deacons — -the acts of classis have been irregular, and this court must collaterally declare them void. All this would be unpleasant to the court, and might be attended with unhappy consequences.
[350]*350In my view of the case the complainant is entitled to recover; and Í think it is just and right, as between these parties, that he should recover. The defendants (the corporation) are in the enjoyment of the property of which this is a pait consideration. There is a strong equity growing out of that circumstance alone ; so much so, that it has been held that when property comes to the possession of a corporation, they are bound to pay : Kyd on Corp. 314. Suppose the bond and mortgage were set aside for want of legal right in the corporation at the time, would that pay the debt? Would not equity require the satisfaction of it? Upon that point there should be no doubt.
Let it be referred to a master to take an account.