IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 19-1036 Filed April 14, 2021
DONTRELL NEAL, Applicant-Appellant,
vs.
STATE OF IOWA, Respondent-Appellee. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Polk County, Robert B. Hanson,
Judge.
The applicant appeals the denial of his application for postconviction relief.
AFFIRMED.
Susan R. Stockdale, West Des Moines, for appellant.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Linda J. Hines, Assistant Attorney
General, for appellee State.
Considered by Vaitheswaran, P.J., Mullins, J., and Potterfield, S.J.* Blane,
S.J., takes no part.
*Senior judge assigned by order pursuant to Iowa Code section 602.9206
(2021). 2
POTTERFIELD, Senior Judge.
Dontrell Neal appeals from the denial of his application for postconviction
relief (PCR). Here, he revives just two claims, alleging trial counsel provided
ineffective assistance by failing (1) to file a motion to sever the two counts against
him and (2) to inform him—in the context of his considering whether to accept a
plea offer from the State—that content from phone calls he made from jail would
be used against him by the State during a trial.
I. Background Facts and Proceedings.
The underlying facts, as taken from Neal’s direct appeal:
In the early morning hours of February 10, 2014, an armed man entered a Kum & Go gas station on the eastside of Des Moines. The man trained his handgun on the store clerk, Victor Moody, and demanded money from the registers. Moody complied, putting the cash inside a brown paper bag. After the man left the store, Moody immediately called the police to report the robbery, describing the perpetrator as wearing a black-hooded sweatshirt, black jeans, and a scarf over his mouth. Des Moines Police Officer Brian Buck, who was on patrol nearby, headed toward the store. But as the officer approached, he noticed a green Yukon travelling away from Kum & Go. Although he was unable to see the driver, the vehicle caught Officer Buck’s attention because of its proximity to the Kum & Go and the circuitous route it was taking to travel east. Officer Buck followed the Yukon for about four blocks before initiating a traffic stop. As Officer Buck activated his lights, the Yukon accelerated into a driveway, striking two parked cars before coming to a stop. The driver jumped out of the vehicle and ran. Believing the driver’s clothing matched the description provided by Moody, Officer Buck pursued on foot. When Officer Buck lost sight of the driver in a residential neighborhood, he decided to wait for the arrival of reinforcements, including a K–9 unit. The officers then tracked the path of the driver through the snow and located a paper bag filled with money on the ground behind the address where Officer Buck initially gave up his foot chase. Shortly thereafter, another officer located the driver a few blocks away and identified him as Dontrell Neal. After taking Neal into custody, the officers returned to the area of the foot chase. They followed the footprints in the snow from the driveway where Neal left his Yukon to the backyard of the same residence and found 3
a loaded handgun partially buried in the snow next to the footprints. Inside Neal’s vehicle, officers found a gray stocking cap and black t- shirt. Within approximately one-half hour of the robbery report, officers picked up Moody from the convenience store and brought him to the neighborhood where they had apprehended Neal. The officers directed their lights on the suspect and asked Moody if Neal was the person who had robbed the store. While unable to make a positive identification based on the suspect’s face, Moody identified Neal as the robber based on his clothing.
State v. Neal, No. 15-0886, 2016 WL 4384621, at *1 (Iowa Ct. App. Aug. 17, 2016).
Neal was later charged with first-degree robbery and being a felon in possession
of a firearm.
In January 2015, he reached a plea agreement with the State, whereby he
would plead guilty to the reduced charge of second-degree robbery and the State
would dismiss the felon-in-possession-of-a-firearm charge and a charge for driving
while barred, which Neal had pending in another case. But at the time of the
scheduled plea hearing on January 20, Neal decided to reject the agreement and
go to trial instead.
The next day, the State filed a motion asking the court to make a pretrial
ruling on the admissibility of phone calls Neal made while in jail. According to the
State’s motion, Neal “made over a thousand phone calls from his account” while
in custody and the State “intend[ed] to offer portions of several calls as statement
by a party opponent.” The State indicated Neal had been given a copy of the
relevant phone calls. Defense counsel filed a response on January 23, stating he
did not believe a hearing was necessary so long as the court required the State to
provide the necessary foundation for and redact inadmissible portions of the calls. 4
The court filed an order granting the State’s motion on the conditions agreed upon
by Neal.
A few days later, Neal failed to appear for his jury trial. A bench warrant
was issued for his arrest, and he was apprehended about a month later. Once
back in custody, Neal again indicated he wanted to plead guilty. The State offered
to dismiss the felon-in-possession-of-a-firearm charge and Neal’s driving offenses
and not to file a new charge for failure to appear if Neal pled guilty to first-degree
robbery. Another plea hearing was scheduled and at that hearing, on February
26, Neal again decided to reject the agreement and proceed to trial.
Neal’s jury trial commenced on March 30. After the opening arguments but
before the State began presenting evidence, the court read to the jury three
stipulations Neal had signed, including that Neal was convicted of a felony prior to
the date of these alleged incidents. As part of the State’s evidence, the prosecutor
introduced into evidence three portions of jailhouse phone calls Neal made to his
wife in which Neal made seemingly incriminating statements.
The jury convicted Neal of both charges. He was later sentenced to two
consecutive terms of imprisonment, for a total not exceed thirty years. He
appealed, and this court affirmed his convictions and sentences. Neal, 2016 WL
4384621, at *5.
Neal filed an application for PCR, which he later amended with the
assistance of counsel. That application included several claims alleging Neal
received ineffective assistance from his trial and appellate counsel. The district
court denied it in its entirety. Neal appeals. 5
II. Standard of Review.
We typically review PCR proceedings for errors at law. Ledezma v. State,
626 N.W.2d 134, 141 (Iowa 2001). But claims of a constitutional nature, such as
ineffective assistance of trial counsel, we review de novo. Id.
III. Discussion.
Neal maintains he received ineffective assistance from trial counsel. “[A]ll
[PCR] applicants who seek relief as a consequence of ineffective assistance of
counsel must establish counsel breached a duty and prejudice resulted.”
Lamasters v. State, 821 N.W.2d 856, 866 (Iowa 2012) (first alteration in original)
(citation omitted).
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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 19-1036 Filed April 14, 2021
DONTRELL NEAL, Applicant-Appellant,
vs.
STATE OF IOWA, Respondent-Appellee. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Polk County, Robert B. Hanson,
Judge.
The applicant appeals the denial of his application for postconviction relief.
AFFIRMED.
Susan R. Stockdale, West Des Moines, for appellant.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Linda J. Hines, Assistant Attorney
General, for appellee State.
Considered by Vaitheswaran, P.J., Mullins, J., and Potterfield, S.J.* Blane,
S.J., takes no part.
*Senior judge assigned by order pursuant to Iowa Code section 602.9206
(2021). 2
POTTERFIELD, Senior Judge.
Dontrell Neal appeals from the denial of his application for postconviction
relief (PCR). Here, he revives just two claims, alleging trial counsel provided
ineffective assistance by failing (1) to file a motion to sever the two counts against
him and (2) to inform him—in the context of his considering whether to accept a
plea offer from the State—that content from phone calls he made from jail would
be used against him by the State during a trial.
I. Background Facts and Proceedings.
The underlying facts, as taken from Neal’s direct appeal:
In the early morning hours of February 10, 2014, an armed man entered a Kum & Go gas station on the eastside of Des Moines. The man trained his handgun on the store clerk, Victor Moody, and demanded money from the registers. Moody complied, putting the cash inside a brown paper bag. After the man left the store, Moody immediately called the police to report the robbery, describing the perpetrator as wearing a black-hooded sweatshirt, black jeans, and a scarf over his mouth. Des Moines Police Officer Brian Buck, who was on patrol nearby, headed toward the store. But as the officer approached, he noticed a green Yukon travelling away from Kum & Go. Although he was unable to see the driver, the vehicle caught Officer Buck’s attention because of its proximity to the Kum & Go and the circuitous route it was taking to travel east. Officer Buck followed the Yukon for about four blocks before initiating a traffic stop. As Officer Buck activated his lights, the Yukon accelerated into a driveway, striking two parked cars before coming to a stop. The driver jumped out of the vehicle and ran. Believing the driver’s clothing matched the description provided by Moody, Officer Buck pursued on foot. When Officer Buck lost sight of the driver in a residential neighborhood, he decided to wait for the arrival of reinforcements, including a K–9 unit. The officers then tracked the path of the driver through the snow and located a paper bag filled with money on the ground behind the address where Officer Buck initially gave up his foot chase. Shortly thereafter, another officer located the driver a few blocks away and identified him as Dontrell Neal. After taking Neal into custody, the officers returned to the area of the foot chase. They followed the footprints in the snow from the driveway where Neal left his Yukon to the backyard of the same residence and found 3
a loaded handgun partially buried in the snow next to the footprints. Inside Neal’s vehicle, officers found a gray stocking cap and black t- shirt. Within approximately one-half hour of the robbery report, officers picked up Moody from the convenience store and brought him to the neighborhood where they had apprehended Neal. The officers directed their lights on the suspect and asked Moody if Neal was the person who had robbed the store. While unable to make a positive identification based on the suspect’s face, Moody identified Neal as the robber based on his clothing.
State v. Neal, No. 15-0886, 2016 WL 4384621, at *1 (Iowa Ct. App. Aug. 17, 2016).
Neal was later charged with first-degree robbery and being a felon in possession
of a firearm.
In January 2015, he reached a plea agreement with the State, whereby he
would plead guilty to the reduced charge of second-degree robbery and the State
would dismiss the felon-in-possession-of-a-firearm charge and a charge for driving
while barred, which Neal had pending in another case. But at the time of the
scheduled plea hearing on January 20, Neal decided to reject the agreement and
go to trial instead.
The next day, the State filed a motion asking the court to make a pretrial
ruling on the admissibility of phone calls Neal made while in jail. According to the
State’s motion, Neal “made over a thousand phone calls from his account” while
in custody and the State “intend[ed] to offer portions of several calls as statement
by a party opponent.” The State indicated Neal had been given a copy of the
relevant phone calls. Defense counsel filed a response on January 23, stating he
did not believe a hearing was necessary so long as the court required the State to
provide the necessary foundation for and redact inadmissible portions of the calls. 4
The court filed an order granting the State’s motion on the conditions agreed upon
by Neal.
A few days later, Neal failed to appear for his jury trial. A bench warrant
was issued for his arrest, and he was apprehended about a month later. Once
back in custody, Neal again indicated he wanted to plead guilty. The State offered
to dismiss the felon-in-possession-of-a-firearm charge and Neal’s driving offenses
and not to file a new charge for failure to appear if Neal pled guilty to first-degree
robbery. Another plea hearing was scheduled and at that hearing, on February
26, Neal again decided to reject the agreement and proceed to trial.
Neal’s jury trial commenced on March 30. After the opening arguments but
before the State began presenting evidence, the court read to the jury three
stipulations Neal had signed, including that Neal was convicted of a felony prior to
the date of these alleged incidents. As part of the State’s evidence, the prosecutor
introduced into evidence three portions of jailhouse phone calls Neal made to his
wife in which Neal made seemingly incriminating statements.
The jury convicted Neal of both charges. He was later sentenced to two
consecutive terms of imprisonment, for a total not exceed thirty years. He
appealed, and this court affirmed his convictions and sentences. Neal, 2016 WL
4384621, at *5.
Neal filed an application for PCR, which he later amended with the
assistance of counsel. That application included several claims alleging Neal
received ineffective assistance from his trial and appellate counsel. The district
court denied it in its entirety. Neal appeals. 5
II. Standard of Review.
We typically review PCR proceedings for errors at law. Ledezma v. State,
626 N.W.2d 134, 141 (Iowa 2001). But claims of a constitutional nature, such as
ineffective assistance of trial counsel, we review de novo. Id.
III. Discussion.
Neal maintains he received ineffective assistance from trial counsel. “[A]ll
[PCR] applicants who seek relief as a consequence of ineffective assistance of
counsel must establish counsel breached a duty and prejudice resulted.”
Lamasters v. State, 821 N.W.2d 856, 866 (Iowa 2012) (first alteration in original)
(citation omitted). “We may affirm the district court rejection of an ineffective-
assistance-of-counsel claim if either element is lacking.” Id. (citation omitted).
When considering the first prong, “[w]e start with the presumption that the
attorney performed competently and proceed to an individualized fact-based
analysis.” Id. “Trial counsel has no duty to raise an issue that has no merit.” State
v. Graves, 881 (Iowa 2003). “When counsel makes a reasonable tactical decision,
this court will not engage in second-guessing.” Lamasters, 821 N.W.2d at 866.
(citation omitted). “The fact that a particular decision was made for tactical reasons
does not, however, automatically immunize the decision from a Sixth Amendment
challenge.” Graves, 668 N.W.2d at 881. To establish prejudice, Neal “must show
his counsel’s ‘errors were so serious as to deprive [him] of a fair trial.’” Lamasters,
821 N.W.2d at 866 (alteration in original) (citation omitted). In other words, even
if the applicant “can show his counsel made a professionally unreasonable error,
the judgment shall not be set aside unless it can be shown the error had an effect
on the judgment.” Id. 6
A. Severing Counts.
Neal maintains his trial counsel provided ineffective assistance in failing to
move to sever the felon-in-possession-of-a-firearm charge from the charge of first-
degree robbery. He contends this failure to sever prejudiced him because, while
it was necessary for the jury to know he was found guilty of a felony before
February 10, 2014 regarding the felon-in-possession-of-a-firearm charge, the
information was inconsequential and unduly prejudicial as to whether he was the
person who committed the robbery.
Iowa Rule of Criminal Procedure 2.6(1) provides that multiple offenses
“which arise from the same transaction or occurrence . . . when alleged and
prosecuted contemporaneously, shall be alleged and prosecuted as separate
counts in a single complaint, information or indictment, unless, for good cause
shown, the trial court in its discretion determines otherwise.” Because Neal brings
his claim under the framework of ineffective assistance and because counsel only
has a duty to pursue issues that have merit, we consider whether a motion to sever
would have been successful. See State v. Owens, 635 N.W.2d 478, 482 (Iowa
2001) (“The question is whether, had the motion to sever been made by trial
counsel, the court would have exercised its discretion to sever the felon-in-
possession charge from the others.”). “[T]he burden would have rested upon
[Neal] to prove that any prejudice resulting to him from a joint trial outweighed the
State’s interest in judicial economy.” Id.
While we recognize the risk of prejudice from informing the jury of the
defendant’s prior felony conviction when it is not an element of one of the charges,
there is no per se rule “compelling severance whenever the State charges a felon 7
with being in possession of weapons along with other related charges.” Id. The
trial court must “strik[e] a proper balance between the ‘antipodal themes of
ensuring [a] defendant a fair trial and preserving judicial efficiency.’” Id. (second
alteration in original) (citation omitted). Like in Owens, where out supreme court
concluded “the trial court met the challenge” of balancing the two, here, the jury
was informed of Neal’s prior felony conviction in a one-sentence stipulation. Id. at
482–83. The court read the stipulation to the jury right before the State called its
first witness; the entire stipulation1 was: “Prior to February 10, 2014, the defendant
was convicted of a felony.” Id. (“The specific felony was not identified, nor were
facts concerning the crime detailed for the jury.”). Unlike Owens, the court here
did not give the jury an instruction limiting its use of the prior felony conviction for
the felon-in-possession charge. Id. at 483. But we do not think that swings the
balance to prejudicing Neal’s right to a fair trial; the evidence linking Neal to the
firearm was mostly the same evidence linking him to the robbery, so the State’s
interest in not having to produce identical evidence to two separate juries was
strong. See id.
We cannot say Neal has made the necessary showing to establish a motion
to sever should have been granted. So his trial counsel did not breach an essential
duty in failing to raise the issue, and this claim fails.
B. Jailhouse Phone Calls.
Neal maintains he would have pled guilty at his first scheduled plea hearing,
on January 20, 2015, if his attorney had “kept him informed of the evidence against
1Two other unrelated stipulations were also read to the jury. The felony stipulation was the second of the three, and the court read them one after another. 8
him.” Specifically, he references jailhouse phone calls he made to his wife, three
of which the State admitted as evidence against Neal at his trial. To succeed on
a claim of ineffective assistance involving a rejected plea, “‘a [claimant] must show
the outcome of the plea process would have been different with competent
advice.’” Dempsey v. State, 860 N.W.2d 860, 869 (Iowa 2015) (alteration in
original) (quoting Lafler v. Cooper, 566 U.S. 156, 163 (2012)). “In establishing a
reasonable probability a claimant would have accepted the earlier plea offer had
he or she received effective assistance of counsel, a claimant must proffer more
than his or her own subjective, self-serving testimony.” Id. “A claimant must proffer
objective, corroborating evidence that his or her rejection of the plea offer was
based on counsel’s unprofessional errors, as opposed to other considerations.”
Id.
First, Neal’s claim is based on the assumption that counsel had a duty to
inform him the State would use certain phone calls against him at trial by the time
he decided to reject the plea offer on January 20. But the record does not establish
that his trial counsel—or even the State for that matter—knew those specific calls
would be used. By Neal’s own statement—corroborated by others—Neal made
“over a thousand phone calls” while in the county jail. Neal’s trial attorney, who
testified at the PCR hearing by way of deposition, said she “knew that there were
jail phone calls very early on” and she discussed those phone calls with Neal
“extensively because they were incriminatory.” However, she also remembered
that different prosecutors were assigned to the case and how each “chose to use
[the phone calls]” and “edited” them differently. Similarly, Neal testified at the PCR
hearing that as of January 20, he was aware “there was a variety, over a thousand 9
calls that were made. And that the [S]tate intended to use some of them but not . . .
[t]he specific content of any of the phone calls or the actual phone calls they were
going to use.” It was not until January 21—a day after Neal rejected the plea—
that the prosecutor filed a motion asking the court to rule on the admissibility of the
specific phone calls before trial.
Both Neal’s trial counsel and Neal—as the caller—were aware Neal made
a large number of calls from the county jail and that some portion of the content
would be part of the State’s case. While it does not seem his trial counsel advised
him exactly what edited portion of three of those calls would be used at trial by the
time Neal rejected the plea on January 20, both knew the State had access to
recordings of those calls, some of the calls at least seemed incriminating, and the
State would be using some against Neal if he proceeded to trial. Neal has not
proved counsel breached an essential duty, so this claim fails.
IV. Conclusion.
Neal failed to prove counsel breached an essential duty in either of his
ineffective-assistance claims. Both claims fail, and we affirm the district court
ruling denying his application for PCR.