NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT _______________
No. 17-2668 _______________
DONOVAN ESTURADO ESTRADA-GRAJEDA, Petitioner
v.
ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Respondent _______________
On Petition for Review of a Decision of the United States Department of Justice Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA-1: A205 495 347) Immigration Judge: Irma Lopez Defillo _______________
Submitted Under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a) on March 22, 2018
Before: SMITH, Chief Judge, HARDIMAN, and BIBAS, Circuit Judges
(Opinion Filed: April 19, 2018) _______________
OPINION _______________
This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and, under I.O.P. 5.7, does not constitute binding precedent. BIBAS, Circuit Judge.
Donovan Esturado Estrada-Grajeda, an illegal alien, seeks withholding and deferral of
removal. He alleges that if he is removed to Guatemala, he will likely use heroin again and
thus be kidnapped and forced into torturous drug treatment. But he did not prove that his
projected future drug habit is immutable. Nor did he prove a causal nexus between his
past, present, or future drug use and persecution or torture. So we will deny his petition
for review.
I.
Estrada-Grajeda is a native and citizen of Guatemala. He and his parents entered the
United States illegally in 1994 and have stayed since then. He testified that he is a heroin
addict who began using heroin seven years ago. He admitted that, to fund his heroin habit,
he turned to theft. In 2013, he was arrested for criminal mischief and put into removal
proceedings. While those proceedings were pending, he was arrested three more times and
convicted of two counts of felony theft.
Estrada-Grajeda conceded that he is removable. But he claimed that he is entitled to
both withholding of removal and protection under the Convention Against Torture. For
withholding of removal, he claimed to be a member of the proposed social group of “drug
addicts in Guatemala.” AR 113. Both claims rest on his prediction that, if he is sent back
to Guatemala, he will likely use drugs again and steal to support his habit. So, he predicted,
he will be arrested or kidnapped and forced into an abusive, torturous drug treatment center.
The Immigration Judge held an evidentiary hearing. Estrada-Grajeda testified that he
had stopped using drugs while in jail for the last six months. And outside of jail, he had
2 stayed clean two or three times, for up to a month or two. He predicted that, if removed to
Guatemala, “I’m not sure,” but “I [will] probably relapse, do drugs,” “probably start
stealing or something” to buy drugs, and so “probably get picked up by the police.” AR
202-03. He also predicted that, if released in the United States, he would “most likely”
start using heroin again, “but my goal is not to, to find a way to control it to better myself.”
AR 200. He repeatedly testified that he wants to stop using drugs, “do[es]n’t plan on”
using drugs if he is released, and plans to seek treatment and counseling. AR 229. He
admitted that he had managed to hide his drug use from his mother and ex-girlfriend for
years, even while they lived together. His ex-girlfriend confirmed that fact.
Estrada-Grajeda has family support. As his sister testified, in Guatemala he has an
uncle who previously used drugs but stopped, as well as a grandmother. If he is removed
to Guatemala, his sister stated, his family will try to send him money to pay for drug
treatment and has the money to do so.
Estrada-Grajeda submitted documentary evidence about Guatemalan drug treatment.
There are dozens of registered rehab centers, as well as a national mental health hospital.
But there are also a few hundred so-called Pentecostal treatment centers. These effectively
unregulated centers are often dirty, abusive, and dangerous. Many inpatients “have been
put there by their families.” AR 368. Many if not most unregulated rehab centers also use
“hunting parties” to kidnap “those [who are] too high or too drunk to resist,” looking in
particular for recent deportees. Id.
Estrada-Grajeda also introduced a report from the National Institute on Drug Abuse
detailing how drug use affects the brain. As the report explained, many recovering addicts
3 relapse in response to stress. While the Institute considers it a disease, “[a]ddiction is a
treatable disease” that “can be managed successfully” and can sometimes but “not always”
be cured. AR 502. The relapse rate for users who need and enter drug treatment ranges
from 40% to 60%. AR 503. Continued drug use makes quitting harder, in part because
drug use may change parts of the brain that govern self-control. Estrada-Grajeda also
submitted evidence that drug courts, by using “sanctions and incentives,” induce past users
to stop using drugs. AR 519.
The Immigration Judge denied withholding of removal and rejected Estrada-Grajeda’s
torture claim. On withholding of removal, she began by noting that he had not suffered
past persecution, so he bore the burden of persuasion.
The Judge held that drug addicts in Guatemala do not qualify as a particular social
group. Drug addiction, she held, is not immutable. As the Judge acknowledged, quitting
may require family support and medical, religious, or other rehab. But judges cannot say
“there is no light at the end of the tunnel.” AR 118. “Rehabilitation is possible.” Id.
Even if Guatemalan drug addicts did qualify as a particular social group, the Judge held,
Estrada-Grajeda did not prove a causal nexus between membership in that group and future
persecution. She specifically found that he has the determination, the family support, the
resources, and the access to non-torturous treatment needed to kick his heroin habit. Any
threats would likely stem from general gang violence, “but general strife suffered by many
is not persecution.” AR 122. For the same reasons, the Judge rejected Estrada-Grajeda’s
Convention Against Torture claim. One can only “speculate,” she held, whether he will
resume using drugs, be detected, be arrested or kidnapped, and be tortured. AR 122-23.
4 On appeal, the Board of Immigration Appeals adopted the Judge’s findings and
reasoning. Estrada-Grajeda, it held, had not borne his burden of proof. Drug addiction, it
found, is not immutable, and he had not proven a nexus to the harms he fears. The Board
also concurred with the Judge that Estrada-Grajeda’s fear of torture “was simply too
speculative.” AR 4.
II.
We review the Board’s final order of removal under 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(1). Because
the Board affirmed for the reasons given by the Immigration Judge, our review extends
beyond the Board’s final order to the Judge’s decision “to the extent that the [Board]
adopted or deferred to the [Judge’s] analysis.” Chen v. Att’y Gen., 676 F.3d 112, 114 (3d
Cir. 2011). We defer to the Judge’s and Board’s factual findings under the substantial-
evidence standard, treating them as “conclusive unless any reasonable adjudicator would
be compelled to conclude to the contrary.” 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B).
III.
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NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT _______________
No. 17-2668 _______________
DONOVAN ESTURADO ESTRADA-GRAJEDA, Petitioner
v.
ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Respondent _______________
On Petition for Review of a Decision of the United States Department of Justice Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA-1: A205 495 347) Immigration Judge: Irma Lopez Defillo _______________
Submitted Under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a) on March 22, 2018
Before: SMITH, Chief Judge, HARDIMAN, and BIBAS, Circuit Judges
(Opinion Filed: April 19, 2018) _______________
OPINION _______________
This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and, under I.O.P. 5.7, does not constitute binding precedent. BIBAS, Circuit Judge.
Donovan Esturado Estrada-Grajeda, an illegal alien, seeks withholding and deferral of
removal. He alleges that if he is removed to Guatemala, he will likely use heroin again and
thus be kidnapped and forced into torturous drug treatment. But he did not prove that his
projected future drug habit is immutable. Nor did he prove a causal nexus between his
past, present, or future drug use and persecution or torture. So we will deny his petition
for review.
I.
Estrada-Grajeda is a native and citizen of Guatemala. He and his parents entered the
United States illegally in 1994 and have stayed since then. He testified that he is a heroin
addict who began using heroin seven years ago. He admitted that, to fund his heroin habit,
he turned to theft. In 2013, he was arrested for criminal mischief and put into removal
proceedings. While those proceedings were pending, he was arrested three more times and
convicted of two counts of felony theft.
Estrada-Grajeda conceded that he is removable. But he claimed that he is entitled to
both withholding of removal and protection under the Convention Against Torture. For
withholding of removal, he claimed to be a member of the proposed social group of “drug
addicts in Guatemala.” AR 113. Both claims rest on his prediction that, if he is sent back
to Guatemala, he will likely use drugs again and steal to support his habit. So, he predicted,
he will be arrested or kidnapped and forced into an abusive, torturous drug treatment center.
The Immigration Judge held an evidentiary hearing. Estrada-Grajeda testified that he
had stopped using drugs while in jail for the last six months. And outside of jail, he had
2 stayed clean two or three times, for up to a month or two. He predicted that, if removed to
Guatemala, “I’m not sure,” but “I [will] probably relapse, do drugs,” “probably start
stealing or something” to buy drugs, and so “probably get picked up by the police.” AR
202-03. He also predicted that, if released in the United States, he would “most likely”
start using heroin again, “but my goal is not to, to find a way to control it to better myself.”
AR 200. He repeatedly testified that he wants to stop using drugs, “do[es]n’t plan on”
using drugs if he is released, and plans to seek treatment and counseling. AR 229. He
admitted that he had managed to hide his drug use from his mother and ex-girlfriend for
years, even while they lived together. His ex-girlfriend confirmed that fact.
Estrada-Grajeda has family support. As his sister testified, in Guatemala he has an
uncle who previously used drugs but stopped, as well as a grandmother. If he is removed
to Guatemala, his sister stated, his family will try to send him money to pay for drug
treatment and has the money to do so.
Estrada-Grajeda submitted documentary evidence about Guatemalan drug treatment.
There are dozens of registered rehab centers, as well as a national mental health hospital.
But there are also a few hundred so-called Pentecostal treatment centers. These effectively
unregulated centers are often dirty, abusive, and dangerous. Many inpatients “have been
put there by their families.” AR 368. Many if not most unregulated rehab centers also use
“hunting parties” to kidnap “those [who are] too high or too drunk to resist,” looking in
particular for recent deportees. Id.
Estrada-Grajeda also introduced a report from the National Institute on Drug Abuse
detailing how drug use affects the brain. As the report explained, many recovering addicts
3 relapse in response to stress. While the Institute considers it a disease, “[a]ddiction is a
treatable disease” that “can be managed successfully” and can sometimes but “not always”
be cured. AR 502. The relapse rate for users who need and enter drug treatment ranges
from 40% to 60%. AR 503. Continued drug use makes quitting harder, in part because
drug use may change parts of the brain that govern self-control. Estrada-Grajeda also
submitted evidence that drug courts, by using “sanctions and incentives,” induce past users
to stop using drugs. AR 519.
The Immigration Judge denied withholding of removal and rejected Estrada-Grajeda’s
torture claim. On withholding of removal, she began by noting that he had not suffered
past persecution, so he bore the burden of persuasion.
The Judge held that drug addicts in Guatemala do not qualify as a particular social
group. Drug addiction, she held, is not immutable. As the Judge acknowledged, quitting
may require family support and medical, religious, or other rehab. But judges cannot say
“there is no light at the end of the tunnel.” AR 118. “Rehabilitation is possible.” Id.
Even if Guatemalan drug addicts did qualify as a particular social group, the Judge held,
Estrada-Grajeda did not prove a causal nexus between membership in that group and future
persecution. She specifically found that he has the determination, the family support, the
resources, and the access to non-torturous treatment needed to kick his heroin habit. Any
threats would likely stem from general gang violence, “but general strife suffered by many
is not persecution.” AR 122. For the same reasons, the Judge rejected Estrada-Grajeda’s
Convention Against Torture claim. One can only “speculate,” she held, whether he will
resume using drugs, be detected, be arrested or kidnapped, and be tortured. AR 122-23.
4 On appeal, the Board of Immigration Appeals adopted the Judge’s findings and
reasoning. Estrada-Grajeda, it held, had not borne his burden of proof. Drug addiction, it
found, is not immutable, and he had not proven a nexus to the harms he fears. The Board
also concurred with the Judge that Estrada-Grajeda’s fear of torture “was simply too
speculative.” AR 4.
II.
We review the Board’s final order of removal under 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(1). Because
the Board affirmed for the reasons given by the Immigration Judge, our review extends
beyond the Board’s final order to the Judge’s decision “to the extent that the [Board]
adopted or deferred to the [Judge’s] analysis.” Chen v. Att’y Gen., 676 F.3d 112, 114 (3d
Cir. 2011). We defer to the Judge’s and Board’s factual findings under the substantial-
evidence standard, treating them as “conclusive unless any reasonable adjudicator would
be compelled to conclude to the contrary.” 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B).
III.
A. No Persecution as Member of Particular Social Group.
“[T]he Attorney General may not remove an alien to a country if the Attorney General
decides that the alien’s life or freedom would be threatened in that country because of the
alien’s race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political
opinion.” 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(A) (emphasis added). Under the canons ejusdem generis
and noscitur a sociis, one must read the vague phrase “particular social group” as akin to
the more specific categories surrounding it. For a proposed group to be akin to the other
protected statutory classes, “all of [the group members must] share a common, immutable
5 characteristic.” Matter of Acosta, 19 I. & N. Dec. 211, 233 (BIA 1985). We have deferred
to that construction. Fatin v. INS, 12 F.3d 1233, 1240 (3d Cir. 1993). And the parties
accept it here.
Estrada-Grajeda sought withholding of removal as a member of the proposed social
group of drug addicts in Guatemala. He neither claimed nor proved past persecution. So
he bore the burden of proving that it is more likely than not that, if returned to Guatemala,
his life or freedom would be threatened. Zubeda v. Ashcroft, 333 F.3d 463, 469 (3d Cir.
2003); 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(b)(2). He also had to prove that this persecution would be
“because of” his group membership—the nexus requirement. 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(A);
see also Gonzalez-Posadas v. Att’y Gen., 781 F.3d 677, 684-85 (3d Cir. 2015) (requiring
applicant to prove that his group membership “is one central reason why he was or will be
targeted for persecution”) (internal quotation marks omitted). Immutability and nexus are
both contested. Neither is proven here.
1. Estrada-Grajeda’s Drug Addiction Is Not Immutable. An immutable characteristic
is one that is either (a) innate, like “sex, color, or kinship ties”; (b) a past experience; or (c)
“fundamental to [group members’] individual identities or consciences,” so they should
not have to change it. Fatin, 12 F.3d at 1239-40 (quoting Acosta, 19 I. & N. Dec. at 233);
see also Matter of M-E-V-G-, 26 I. & N. Dec. 227, 237-38 (BIA 2014) (defining immutable
characteristics as ones that are either “virtually impossible” to change or that are
“fundamental to the members’ identities or consciences”). Estrada-Grajeda does not claim
that drug addiction is fundamental to his identity or conscience, or is simply a matter of
past experience.
6 Rather, Estrada-Grajeda’s claim is that drug addiction is innate. Thus, he emphasizes
that addiction is a “chronic, relapsing brain disease that is characterized by compulsive
drug seeking and use.” AR 482. Past drug use has changed addicts’ brains, instilling
powerful cravings that are very hard to resist. The stress of being deported to Guatemala,
a country he barely knows, will only make matters worse. The result, he argues, is that he
will “probably relapse,” use drugs again, and so be persecuted. AR 202.
Estrada-Grajeda’s argument conflates the past, the present, and the future. In places in
his brief, he seems to define an addict in part as a past habitual user of drugs. His past use
is immutable, but he does not claim that his social group includes all past addicts. In places,
he seems to define addiction in terms of present brain states and cravings. His present
brain status and cravings may perhaps be immutable as well, but his proposed group does
not turn on brains or cravings either. His Guatemalan uncle used to be an addict and
presumably has an addict’s brain and cravings, but is now clean and not persecuted. The
linchpin of group membership is Estrada-Grajeda’s projected future drug habit once he
returns to Guatemala. But his future habit is not immutable. See Powell v. Texas, 392 U.S.
514, 533-35 (1968).
The Judge and Board properly rejected immutability based on the factual record below.
Estrada-Grajeda did not compulsively use drugs when he was around his live-in ex-
girlfriend or mother. He has gone without drugs for a month or two at a time, and did not
use drugs during his six months in jail. The Judge acknowledged that his cravings were
strong and that overcoming them would be hard. But “he now really has come to terms
7 with his problem,” “has realized that he needs treatment,” and is “adamant” that he is going
to change. AR 117.
As the National Institute on Drug Abuse reports, after treatment, 40% to 60% of drug
addicts who need and get rehab avoid relapsing. AR 503. When addicts and their families
seek treatment, they fervently hope and pray for the strength to overcome the scourge of
drug addiction. And many addicts succeed in rehab. The Judge would not deny these
hopes and insist that “there is no light at the end of the tunnel.” AR 118. Neither will we.
Change is hard work and far from certain. But “[r]ehabilitation is possible.” Id.
2. Estrada-Grajeda Has Not Proven a Causal Nexus Between Drug Use or Addiction
and Persecution. Even if drug addiction were immutable, he has not proven that being a
drug addict will cause persecution. He has neither alleged nor proven that anyone is
persecuted in Guatemala because of past use or present brain states or cravings. He never
suggests, for instance, that his Guatemalan uncle has faced any persecution since his
rehabilitation.
Nor has Estrada-Grajeda proven that he will be persecuted because he will use drugs in
the future. The Judge found that he has the insight, determination, family support, financial
resources, and access to facilities needed for rehab. And Estrada-Grajeda further errs in
tying his drug use to his expectation that he will “probably start stealing or something” to
fund his drug habit and so will “probably get picked up by the police” and forced into
rehab. AR 202-03. “We assume that [people] will conduct their activities within the law
and so avoid prosecution and conviction ….” O’Shea v. Littleton, 414 U.S. 488, 497
8 (1974). Thus, both the Judge and Board properly found that Estrada-Grajeda had not borne
his burden of proving a causal nexus between group membership and persecution.
B. Estrada-Grajeda Cannot Prove Torture.
Estrada-Grajeda’s Convention Against Torture claim likewise fails. The Judge and
Board held that it was too speculative that Estrada-Grajeda will relapse, be arrested by
police or kidnapped by a hunting party, be forced into unregulated rehab, and be beaten
and tortured. As they correctly found, his torture claim is “based on a chain of assumptions
and a fear of what might happen, rather than evidence that meets his burden of
demonstrating that it is more likely than not that he will be subjected to torture by, or with
the acquiescence of, a public official.” Denis v. Att’y Gen., 633 F.3d 201, 218 (3d Cir.
2011) (internal quotation marks and brackets omitted).
The Judge made specific factual findings that foreclose this claim: Estrada-Grajeda
wants to stop using drugs and did not use them for six months before the hearing. Despite
his cravings, he avoided using drugs around his live-in ex-girlfriend and mother, hiding his
habit from them for years. His family is supportive and will send him money to pay for
treatment. His Guatemalan uncle no longer uses drugs, and there is no record evidence
that he has been kidnapped and forced into unregulated rehab, let alone tortured. And
Estrada-Grajeda offered no evidence of the proportion of native or deported drug users who
are kidnapped and tortured. The 200 or so unregulated centers hold a total of about 6,000
people, compared with 50,000 Guatemalans who were deported from the United States in
2014 alone and a total Guatemalan population of more than 16 million. So Estrada-Grajeda
cannot show that he will more likely than not fail rehab, resume using drugs, do so publicly,
9 be arrested or kidnapped, be forced into one of the limited number of unregulated treatment
spots, and suffer torture. His torture claim thus fails.
As explained, both of Estrada-Grajeda’s claims fail on other grounds. So we need not
consider another possible barrier to his claims—whether and how the withholding-of-
removal statute and Convention Against Torture should be read in pari materia with a
different provision of the Immigration and Nationality Act: “Any alien who is, or at any
time after admission has been, a drug abuser or addict is deportable.” 8 U.S.C.
§ 1227(a)(2)(B)(ii).
*****
Estrada-Grajeda craves heroin, but he has also been clean for periods of time. He has
not borne his burden of proving that, if removed to Guatemala, he will more likely than not
be persecuted or tortured. The record shows that he has the determination to quit, the
family support, the funds, and the access to rehab, and that rehab can succeed. The Judge
and Board properly found that his drug addiction is not immutable and that he has not
proven a nexus to persecution or a likelihood of torture. So we will deny his petition for
review.