Woodward, J.:
The plaintiffs are the sons and daughter of the defendant, and they bring this action to have adjudged as void a certain deed made by one Johanna Donlon, their mother, to Stephen A. Donlon. This deed bears date of March 8, 1910, and Johanna Donlon died on the tenth day of March in the same year, being survived by the defendant and the plaintiffs in this action, the latter being her only heirs at law and next of kin. Johanna Donlon was, at the time of her death, about sixty years of age, and had been married to the defendant for about forty years, the latter being about seventy years of age. In other words, Johanna Donlon appears to have been married at the age of twenty to a man ten years her senior, and to have become the mother of his children and to have lived with him up to the time of her death, and there is no suggestion in the evidence that this relation was not as harmonious and happy as that of the average couple who have traveled over life’s road together. The complaint alleges insanity on the part of Johanna Donlon; alleges, upon information and belief, that “ on or about March 8th, 1910, and during the time and while said Johanna Donlon was in the physical and mental condition aforesaid, and while she was of unsound mind and incapable of knowing what she was doing, and While she was incompetent by reason of her said mental condition, the defendant by undue influence, inducement, coercion, procured from said Johanna Donlon, a certain instrument in writing, without any consideration whatsoever, but for an express consideration of one dollar, which instrument purports to be a deed by said Johanna Donlon conveying all her real property to the said [214]*214defendant,” and further, upon information and belief, “that the defendant at the time when said instrument was procured by him from said Johanna Donlon as aforesaid, and for a long time prior thereto, knew of the enfeebled physical and mental condition of said Johanna Donlon aforesaid, and knew that she was susceptible and liable to be easily and readily coerced, influenced, deceived and defrauded, and contriving and intending by taking advantage of her weakened physical infirmities, and of her mental unsoundness and incapacity and incompetency aforesaid, to get from her all of her property, induced, influenced, coerced and persuaded her by fraud, misrepresentation and fear to submit to the plans, designs and wishes of the defendant respecting the said real property and the said instrument, and that the defendant thereby and by the said means and contrivances, procured from said Johanna Donlon the said instrument as aforesaid.”
After hearing the evidence the learned court at Special Term gave an opinion, in which it is said: “ In this case, I do not find that there was any fraud whatever practiced by the husband upon the wife. Neither do I find that there was any evidence of undue influence exercised by him. Neither do I go to the extent of finding that she was insane,” so that there is not a single finding in the case (for the formal findings are in harmony with this opinion) upon which a judgment could be rendered in harmony with the allegations of the complaint. “ But,” continues the learned court, “I do find that she was over sixty years of age, weak and infirm, unable to walk or speak, of very low physical vitality, and a very weak mentality, and under these circumstances the burden is upon the husband to show that the deed received by him, a day before her death, was made as a voluntary act of hers, and was clearly and distinctly understood by her, all of which I think he has failed to do, and therefore I shall have to grant the relief asked for and set aside the conveyance.”
We have examined with care the cases cited by the respondents in support of this judgment, but we are clearly of the opinion that none of them go to the extent of holding that there is any presumption of fraud arising as between a husband and wife, where the latter makes a gift of her property to the former [215]*215in contemplation of death, or in testimonial of that love and affection which should characterize the relation which,- at common law, merged the woman in the man, together with her estate. (15 Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law [2d ed.], 790, 794.) Whatever may have been the status of a woman at common law, she is authorized in this State by statute to convey real or personal property to her husband without the intervention of a third party (Dom. Rel. Law [Consol. Laws, chap. 14; Laws of 1909, chap. 19], § 56), and unless she is incompetent, or fraud is practiced upon her, the transaction cannot be questioned by parties who have no interest beyond an expectancy. The presumption of sanity exists until it is overcome by evidence, and the court in this case has refused to find that Johanna Donlon was insane. • The court has equally refused to find undue influence or fraud. Certainly the fact that Johanna Donlon was sixty years of age does not constitute her an old woman, and, if it did, the law does not presume that an old woman is disqualified to do business: (Matter of Dixon, 42 App. Div. 481, 486.) In a like manner the mere fact that she is “weak and infirm, unable to walk or speak, of very low physical vitality, and a very weak mentality ” does not justify an inference that she did not have the capacity to dispose of her property (Matter of Dixon, supra), nor does it impose any burden of establishing freedom from undue influence upon a husband, who is seventy years of age, and whose welfare would become a natural matter of solicitude upon the part of the woman who had lived with him for forty years and borne and reared his children. It is the duty of the husband to guard and protect the wife; he is called upon by the law to support and protect her during her natural lifetime, and the law will not presume that he has failed in this duty.
It is true, of course, that there is a well-established rule that the relation in which the parties to a transaction stand to each other is often a material circumstance and may of itself in some cases be sufficient to raise a presumption of the existence of undue influence, which is a species of fraud (Barnard v. Gantz, 140 N. Y. 249, 257), but the relation existing between husband and wife has never been held to operate as presumptive evidence of fraud in a transaction as between themselves. [216]*216“Transactions "between guardian and ward, attorney and client, trustee and cestui que trust, or persons one of whom is dependent upon and subject to the control of the other are illustrations of this doctrine;” say the court in the case last above cited, and in the later case of Ten Eyck v. Whitbeck (156 N. Y. 341, 353) the court extends the illustration to cases where “the relation between the parties is that of parent and child, principal -and agent, or where one party is situated so as to exercise a controlling influence over the will and conduct of another, transactions between them are scrutinized with extreme vigilance, and clear evidence is required that the transaction was understood,” etc., but no court has ventured to suggest that the relations existing between husband and wife were such as to raise a presumption of undue influence in and of itself and for the very good reason that it is not within the reason of the rule. The husband is the natural protector of the wife.
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Woodward, J.:
The plaintiffs are the sons and daughter of the defendant, and they bring this action to have adjudged as void a certain deed made by one Johanna Donlon, their mother, to Stephen A. Donlon. This deed bears date of March 8, 1910, and Johanna Donlon died on the tenth day of March in the same year, being survived by the defendant and the plaintiffs in this action, the latter being her only heirs at law and next of kin. Johanna Donlon was, at the time of her death, about sixty years of age, and had been married to the defendant for about forty years, the latter being about seventy years of age. In other words, Johanna Donlon appears to have been married at the age of twenty to a man ten years her senior, and to have become the mother of his children and to have lived with him up to the time of her death, and there is no suggestion in the evidence that this relation was not as harmonious and happy as that of the average couple who have traveled over life’s road together. The complaint alleges insanity on the part of Johanna Donlon; alleges, upon information and belief, that “ on or about March 8th, 1910, and during the time and while said Johanna Donlon was in the physical and mental condition aforesaid, and while she was of unsound mind and incapable of knowing what she was doing, and While she was incompetent by reason of her said mental condition, the defendant by undue influence, inducement, coercion, procured from said Johanna Donlon, a certain instrument in writing, without any consideration whatsoever, but for an express consideration of one dollar, which instrument purports to be a deed by said Johanna Donlon conveying all her real property to the said [214]*214defendant,” and further, upon information and belief, “that the defendant at the time when said instrument was procured by him from said Johanna Donlon as aforesaid, and for a long time prior thereto, knew of the enfeebled physical and mental condition of said Johanna Donlon aforesaid, and knew that she was susceptible and liable to be easily and readily coerced, influenced, deceived and defrauded, and contriving and intending by taking advantage of her weakened physical infirmities, and of her mental unsoundness and incapacity and incompetency aforesaid, to get from her all of her property, induced, influenced, coerced and persuaded her by fraud, misrepresentation and fear to submit to the plans, designs and wishes of the defendant respecting the said real property and the said instrument, and that the defendant thereby and by the said means and contrivances, procured from said Johanna Donlon the said instrument as aforesaid.”
After hearing the evidence the learned court at Special Term gave an opinion, in which it is said: “ In this case, I do not find that there was any fraud whatever practiced by the husband upon the wife. Neither do I find that there was any evidence of undue influence exercised by him. Neither do I go to the extent of finding that she was insane,” so that there is not a single finding in the case (for the formal findings are in harmony with this opinion) upon which a judgment could be rendered in harmony with the allegations of the complaint. “ But,” continues the learned court, “I do find that she was over sixty years of age, weak and infirm, unable to walk or speak, of very low physical vitality, and a very weak mentality, and under these circumstances the burden is upon the husband to show that the deed received by him, a day before her death, was made as a voluntary act of hers, and was clearly and distinctly understood by her, all of which I think he has failed to do, and therefore I shall have to grant the relief asked for and set aside the conveyance.”
We have examined with care the cases cited by the respondents in support of this judgment, but we are clearly of the opinion that none of them go to the extent of holding that there is any presumption of fraud arising as between a husband and wife, where the latter makes a gift of her property to the former [215]*215in contemplation of death, or in testimonial of that love and affection which should characterize the relation which,- at common law, merged the woman in the man, together with her estate. (15 Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law [2d ed.], 790, 794.) Whatever may have been the status of a woman at common law, she is authorized in this State by statute to convey real or personal property to her husband without the intervention of a third party (Dom. Rel. Law [Consol. Laws, chap. 14; Laws of 1909, chap. 19], § 56), and unless she is incompetent, or fraud is practiced upon her, the transaction cannot be questioned by parties who have no interest beyond an expectancy. The presumption of sanity exists until it is overcome by evidence, and the court in this case has refused to find that Johanna Donlon was insane. • The court has equally refused to find undue influence or fraud. Certainly the fact that Johanna Donlon was sixty years of age does not constitute her an old woman, and, if it did, the law does not presume that an old woman is disqualified to do business: (Matter of Dixon, 42 App. Div. 481, 486.) In a like manner the mere fact that she is “weak and infirm, unable to walk or speak, of very low physical vitality, and a very weak mentality ” does not justify an inference that she did not have the capacity to dispose of her property (Matter of Dixon, supra), nor does it impose any burden of establishing freedom from undue influence upon a husband, who is seventy years of age, and whose welfare would become a natural matter of solicitude upon the part of the woman who had lived with him for forty years and borne and reared his children. It is the duty of the husband to guard and protect the wife; he is called upon by the law to support and protect her during her natural lifetime, and the law will not presume that he has failed in this duty.
It is true, of course, that there is a well-established rule that the relation in which the parties to a transaction stand to each other is often a material circumstance and may of itself in some cases be sufficient to raise a presumption of the existence of undue influence, which is a species of fraud (Barnard v. Gantz, 140 N. Y. 249, 257), but the relation existing between husband and wife has never been held to operate as presumptive evidence of fraud in a transaction as between themselves. [216]*216“Transactions "between guardian and ward, attorney and client, trustee and cestui que trust, or persons one of whom is dependent upon and subject to the control of the other are illustrations of this doctrine;” say the court in the case last above cited, and in the later case of Ten Eyck v. Whitbeck (156 N. Y. 341, 353) the court extends the illustration to cases where “the relation between the parties is that of parent and child, principal -and agent, or where one party is situated so as to exercise a controlling influence over the will and conduct of another, transactions between them are scrutinized with extreme vigilance, and clear evidence is required that the transaction was understood,” etc., but no court has ventured to suggest that the relations existing between husband and wife were such as to raise a presumption of undue influence in and of itself and for the very good reason that it is not within the reason of the rule. The husband is the natural protector of the wife. She is not dependent upon him; her dependence is upon the law governing the relation and his normal obligations in the premises, and we know of nothing more in consonance with the ideal relation than that the wife should at the close of a long married life leave her property to her husband in the full faith that it would be distributed under the law or by the will of the father in the direction in which she would have it go in the ultimate distribution. This, is specially true where, as in the case at bar, it is shown that the property came originally from the husband, who, being the senior by ten years,, probably anticipated that he would be first to die. The court in Marx v. McGlynn (88 N. Y. 357, 370), after discussing undue influence by physical coercion, lays down the true hmitation of the rule under which the court at Special Term assumed to act, when it says: “There is another, kind of undue influence more common than that just referred to, and that is where the mind and the will of the testator has been overpowered and subjected to the will of another, so that while the testator willingly and intelligently executed a will, yet it was really the will, of another, induced by the overpowering influence exercised upon a weak or impaired mind. Such a will may be procured by working upon the fears or the hopes of a weak-minded, person; by artful and cunning [217]*217contrivances; by constant pressure, persuasion and effort, so that the mind of the testator is not left free to act intelligently and understandingly. It is not sufficient, however, for the purpose of establishing undué influence, to show that the will is the result of affection or gratitude, or the persuasion which a friend or relative may legitimately use; but the influence must be such as to overpower and subject the will of the testator, thus producing a disposition of property which the testator would not have made if left freely to act his own pleasure, and this kind of influence will not generally be presumed, but must be proved like any other fact by him who alleges it. But there are certain cases in which the law indulges in the presumption that undue influence has been used, and those cases are where a patient makes a will in favor of his physician, a client in favor of his lawyer, a ward in favor of his guardian, or any person in favor of his priest or religious adviser, or where other close confidential relationships exist. Such wills, when made to the exclusion of the natural objects of the testator’s bounty, are viewed with great suspicion by the law, and some proof should be required beside the factum of the will before the will can be sustained.”
In none of the adjudicated cases have the courts gone to the extent of holding that the relation of husband and wife, sanctioned by civil and ecclesiastical law, and jealously guarded by the public policy of the State, constituted a condition which raised a presumption of undue influence, even where one of the parties was old and feeble both in mind, and body,, and in the present case the person presumed to have been guilty of a fraud is older by ten years than his alleged victim, and there is not a fact or circumstance from which the inference can be drawn that he was anything, less than a dutiful husband and father, whose children are unwilling to await the orderly procession of life in order to enjoy the estate which their parents have undoubtedly brought together by their common efforts. We think this is not a case for the extension of the rule of presumptions, that the facts do not bring it within the exceptions to the general rule that fraud — which is criminal in its essence — must be proved, and that the judgment in all cases [218]*218must be rendered in conformity with the allegations and proofs of the parties. (Wright v. Delafield, 25 N. Y. 266, 268.)
The judgment appealed from should be reversed and a new trial granted, costs to abide the final, award of costs.
Jenks, P. J., Carr and Rich, JJ., concurred; Thomas, J., concurred in result.
Judgment reversed and new trial granted, costs to abide the final award of costs.