Donald F. Huff v. State

Opinion

ACCEPTED 04-13-00891-CR FOURTH COURT OF APPEALS SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS 5/7/2015 4:17:33 PM KEITH HOTTLE CLERK

No. 04-13-00891-CR

In the Fourth Court of Appeals District of Texas San Antonio, Texas

DONALD F. HUFF, Appellant v. STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

On appeal from the 226th Judicial District Court Bexar County, Texas Trial Cause No. 2011-CR-2990

STATE’S MOTION FOR REHEARING

NICHOLAS “NICO” LAHOOD Criminal District Attorney NATHAN E. MOREY Assistant Criminal District Attorney State Bar No. 24074756 CRIMINAL DISTRICT ATTORNEY’S OFFICE Bexar County, Texas 101 West Nueva Street, Suite 370 San Antonio, Texas 78205 Voice: (210) 335-2414 Fax: (210) 335-2436 Email: nathan.morey@bexar.org Attorneys for the State of Texas HUFF v. STATE, No. 04-13-00891-CR – State’s Motion for Rehearing

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................. ii

INDEX OF AUTHORITIES............................................................................................. iii

STATEMENT OF THE CASE ...........................................................................................1

GROUNDS FOR REHEARING .........................................................................................2

ARGUMENT .................................................................................................................3

Ground One: The Court’s opinion contravenes a basic tenet of the Fourth Amendment by relying on the officer’s subjective intent............................................................................................3

Applicable Law: The Fourth Amendment and an Officer’s Subjective Intent ...........................................................................................................3

Application of the Law to the Present Record .................................................4

Ground Two: The Court’s opinion implies an incorrect legal standard for exigent circumstances. ..........................................................6

Applicable Law: McNeely ...............................................................................6

Application of the Law to the Present Record .................................................7

Conclusion .....................................................................................................8

PRAYER .......................................................................................................................9

CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE ..........................................................................................10

CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE ..................................................................................10

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INDEX OF AUTHORITIES

Statutes:

TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. art. 18.02 ........................................................................8

TEX. PENAL CODE § 19.02(b) ................................................................................1

Cases:

Aliff v. State, 627 S.W.2d 166 (Tex. Crim. App. [Panel Op.] 1982).................................7, 9

Ashcroft v. al-Kidd, 131 S. Ct. 2074 (2011).....................................................................................3

Brinegar v. United States, 338 U.S. 160 (1949).........................................................................................4

Cole v. State, 454 S.W.3d 89 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2014), pet. granted, No. PD-0077-15, No. 2015 Tex. Crim. App. LEXIS 508 (Tex. Crim. App. Apr. 22, 2015) ......6

Devenpeck v. Alford, 543 U.S. 146 (2004).....................................................................................3, 5

Heien v. North Carolina, 135 S. Ct. 530 (2014)...................................................................................4, 5

Hill v. California, 401 U.S. 797 (1971).....................................................................................4, 5

Huff v. State, No. 04-13-00891-CR, ___ S.W.3d ___ (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2015, no pet. h.) ................................................1, 6

Kentucky v. King, 131 S. Ct. 1849 (2011).....................................................................................4

Mincey v. Arizona, 437 U.S. 385 (1978).........................................................................................4

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Missouri v. McNeely, 133 S. Ct. 1552 (2013)........................................................................ 6, 7, 8, 9

Ryburn v. Huff, 132 S. Ct. 987 (2012).......................................................................................7

Schmerber v. Califorina, 384 U.S. 757 (1966).....................................................................................6, 9

Scott v. United States, 436 U.S. 128 (1978).........................................................................................3

United States v. Sharpe, 470 U.S. 675 (1985).....................................................................................7, 8

Whren v. United States, 517 U.S. 806 (1996).....................................................................................3, 5

Rules:

TEX. R. APP. P. 9.4(i)(2)(B) ...............................................................................10

TEX. R. APP. P. 9.4(i)(3) .....................................................................................10

TEX. R. APP. P. 9.5(b).........................................................................................10

TEX. R. APP. P. 49.1. .............................................................................................1

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TO THE HONORABLE FOURTH COURT OF APPEALS:

NOW COMES the State of Texas, by and through Nicholas “Nico” LaHood,

criminal district attorney of Bexar County, Texas, and the undersigned assistant

criminal district attorney, with the filing of the following Motion for Rehearing.

STATEMENT OF THE CASE

Donald F. Huff, hereinafter referred to as Appellant, was charged by

indictment with murder (C.R. at 19). See TEX. PENAL CODE § 19.02(b). This

Court reversed the trial courts judgment on the basis that evidence was admitted

during trial that was seized in violation of the Fourth Amendment. Huff v. State,

No. 04-13-00891-CR, ___ S.W.3d ___ (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2015, no pet. h.).

The State now asks this Court to reconsider its previous judgment and opinion.

See TEX. R. APP. P. 49.1.

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GROUNDS FOR REHEARING

Ground One: The Court’s opinion contravenes a basic tenet of the Fourth Amendment by relying on the officer’s subjective intent.

Ground Two: The Court’s opinion implies an incorrect legal standard for exigent circumstances.

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ARGUMENT

Ground One: The Court’s opinion contravenes a basic tenet of the Fourth Amendment by relying on the officer’s subjective intent.

In deciding whether the instant blood draw was supported by exigent

circumstances, this Court relied almost entirely on the officer’s subjective intent.

This Court also relied on the trial court’s conclusion, which appears to have also

erroneously relied on the officer’s subjective intent. Huff, at *29–30. Because the

Supreme Court has repeatedly stated that an officer’s subjective intent does not

control a Fourth Amendment analysis, this Court should reconsider its original

opinion.

Applicable Law: The Fourth Amendment and an Officer’s Subjective Intent It is axiomatic that the subjective intent of the officer is irrelevant to the

lawfulness of a search or seizure. Ashcroft v. al-Kidd, 131 S. Ct. 2074, 2080

(2011); Devenpeck v. Alford, 543 U.S. 146, 154–55 (2004); Bond v. United States,

529 U.S. 334, 339 n.2 (2000); Whren v. United States, 517 U.S. 806, 813 (1996).

A court must decide whether “the circumstances, viewed objectively, justify the

challenged action.” Ashcroft, 131 S. Ct. at 2080 (quoting Scott v. United States,

436 U.S. 128, 138 (1978) (alterations omitted)). Consistent with this principle, the

Supreme Court has stated that police may conduct a warrantless search “when the

exigencies of the situation make the needs of law enforcement so compelling that a

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warrantless search is objectively reasonable under the Fourth Amendment.”

Kentucky v. King, 131 S. Ct. 1849, 1856 (2011) (quoting Mincey v. Arizona, 437

U.S. 385, 394 (1978) (emphasis added, internal quotes and alterations omitted)).

Along this same line is the equally axiomatic rule that an officer does not

have to be right so long as he is reasonable. See Hill v. California, 401 U.S. 797,

804 (1971) (officer’s factual mistake was reasonable and did not invalidate search

and seizure). “To be reasonable is not to be perfect, and so the Fourth Amendment

allows for some mistakes on the part of government officials, giving them ‘fair

leeway for enforcing the law in the community’s protection.’” Heien v. North

Carolina, 135 S. Ct. 530, 536 (2014) (quoting Brinegar v. United States, 338 U.S.

160, 176 (1949)).

Application of the Law to the Present Record The question in the present case should not tunr on Officer Peeler’s opinion.

Rather, the question should be whether an objective assessment of the facts support

a finding of exigent circumstances. Contrary to the trial court’s ruling and this

Court’s opinion, the record supports such a finding.

Peeler initially had to block off traffic when he arrived at the scene of a

major accident (V R.R. at 10). Then his supervisor asked him to handle the DWI

portion of the accident investigation (V R.R. at 10). Once Peeler asked Appellant

to perform standardized field sobriety tests, he requested EMS treatment (V R.R. at

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12). Peeler was unable to request a blood specimen from Appellant until 10:53 PM

(V R.R. at 15). In addition, there was no expedited process to obtain a blood-

warrant in 2009 (V R.R. at 14, 15). The blood was ultimately drawn by a nurse at

the hospital at 11:36 PM (V R.R. at 15). This Court should have analyzed these

facts from an objective perspective. Instead, this Court and the trial court rested its

ruling and opinion on the officer’s conclusory response to Appellant’s leading

question: “Where there any exigent circumstances that prevented you from getting

a warrant?” “No, sir.” (V R.R. at 19). But the officer testified to more.

The Fourth Amendment does not require Peeler to subjectively believe that

exigent circumstances were present, see Devenpeck, 543 U.S. at 154–55; Whren,

517 U.S. at 813, nor does it require him to be factually correct as to the sufficiency

of exigent circumstances, see Heien, 135 S. Ct. at 536; Hill, 401 U.S. at 804. This

Court’s exigency analysis contains no reference to any objective facts and relies

solely on Peeler’s subjective belief (supported by a single response to a leading

question). See Huff, at *29–32. The State respectfully asks this Court to reissue its

opinion with an exigency analysis based on objective facts and consistent with the

above cited precedent.

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Ground Two: The Court’s opinion implies an incorrect legal standard for exigent circumstances.

This Court and the trial court concluded that there were no exigent

circumstances because “the officer never thought of obtaining a warrant because it

was not standard procedure.” Huff, at *31. This conclusion is inconsistent with

McNeely’s holding.

Applicable Law: McNeely In Missouri v. McNeely, 133 S. Ct. 1552 (2013), the Supreme Court

reaffirmed its previous holding in Schmerber v. Califorina, 384 U.S. 757 (1966).

In that case the Court concluded that a warrantless blood draw was administered

under exigent circumstances after a suspect was transported to a hospital following

a car crash. McNeely, 133 S. Ct. at 1559–60 (citing Schmerber). The McNeely

Court referred to the crash circumstances in Schmerber as “special facts” and

distinguished Schmerber’s car crash scenario from McNeely’s run-of-the-mill DWI

arrest. McNeely, 133 S. Ct. at 1559–61. The question, according to McNeely, is

not whether the officer can obtain a warrant. The question is whether police can

obtain a warrant “without significantly undermining the efficacy of the search.”

Id. at 1561.1 The McNeely plurality warned reviewing courts not to view an

1 The Court of Criminal Appeals recently granted the State’s petition for discretionary review of the Texarkana Court of Appeals decision in Cole v. State, 454 S.W.3d 89 (Tex. App.— Texarkana 2014), pet. granted, No. PD-0077-15, No. 2015 Tex. Crim. App. LEXIS 508 (Tex. Crim. App. Apr. 22, 2015). The first ground presented in the Cole PDR is: “Did the Court of

6 HUFF v. STATE, No. 04-13-00891-CR – State’s Motion for Rehearing

officer’s action with “the 20/20 vision of hindsight” when answering this question.

Id. at 1564 (plurality op.) (quoting Ryburn v. Huff, 132 S. Ct. 987, 992 (2012)). It

is always important that courts review an officer’s conduct for objective

reasonableness and not whether he took the most reasonable course of action

amongst a set of reasonable alternatives. United States v. Sharpe, 470 U.S. 675,

686–87 (1985).

The Court of Criminal Appeals has previously concluded that exigent

circumstances existed in a case similar to both Schmerber and the present case.

See Aliff v. State, 627 S.W.2d 166, 168–70 (Tex. Crim. App. [Panel Op.] 1982)

(blood draw of manslaughter suspect in hospital who was not under arrest did not

violate Fourth Amendment).

Application of the Law to the Present Record In the present case, Officer Peeler followed Appellant to the hospital, but

was not able to speak with him and ask him for a consensual blood test until 10:53

PM—nearly three hours after the initial crash (V R.R. at 12–15). The blood was

ultimately drawn pursuant to the mandatory law at 11:36 PM (V R.R. at 15). Had

Peeler sought a warrant at that point, without the current “no refusal procedures” in

Appeals conduct an incorrect exigent circumstances analysis when it required proof of a ‘now or never’ level of urgency?” See Court of Criminal Appeals’ Issues Page at http://www.txcourts.gov/media/914405/issues04292015.pdf. The Court is also reviewing other McNeely issues involving car crashes in the cases of Douds v. State, No. PD-0857-14, and Weems v. State, No. PD-0635-14.

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place, he would have compromised “the efficacy of the search,” i.e., the probative

value of the blood. McNeely, 133 S. Ct. at 1561. Accordingly, Peeler’s actions

were consistent with McNeely and Schmerber.

Of course, this Court could second guess Peeler and conclude that he should

have applied for a warrant based on his initial observations at the scene—

specifically, the odor on Appellant’s breath, the clues observed during the HGN

test, and the fact that Appellant lost control of his motorcycle. However, a

magistrate need not ever issue a warrant. He may issue a warrant if he is

convinced that the officer has probable cause. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. art.

18.02. And a magistrate would be acting well within the law to decline to issue the

warrant if the officer had not first requested a voluntary breath specimen or

obtained a refusal. This Court should not fault Peeler for first attempting to obtain

Appellant’s consent or refusal because a refusal to voluntarily submit a blood or

breath specimen has probative value in a DWI investigation. McNeely, 133 S. Ct.

at 1564 (plurality op.); Sharpe, 470 U.S. at 686–87. By the time Appellant

refused, too much time had already passed and Peeler was reasonable to proceed

without a warrant.

Conclusion This Court’s exigency analysis turns on Officer’s Peeler’s subjective intent

and ignores the objective facts and whether, based on those facts, obtaining a

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search warrant would have significantly undermined the “efficacy of the search.”

McNeely, 133 S. Ct. at 1561. Regardless of whether the mandatory blood draw

provision of the Transportation Code is by itself is a reasonable alternative to a

search warrant (a question still pending), Officer Peeler’s conduct was reasonable

in light of general Fourth Amendment principles and precedent from both the

Supreme Court and the Court of Criminal Appeals. See Schmerber, 384 U.S. at

766–71; Aliff, 627 S.W.2d at 168–70.

PRAYER

WHEREFORE, PREMISES CONSIDERED, Appellee State prays this

reconsider its judgment and opinion of April 8, 2015, and issue a new judgment

and opinion affirming the trial court’s judgment of conviction and sentence.

Respectfully submitted,

NICHOLAS “NICO” LAHOOD Criminal District Attorney Bexar County, Texas

/s/ Nathan E. Morey NATHAN E. MOREY Assistant Criminal District Attorney State Bar No. 24074756 101 West Nueva, Suite 370 San Antonio, Texas 78205 Voice: (210) 335-2414 Fax: (210) 335-2436 Email: nathan.morey@bexar.org Attorneys for Appellant State of Texas

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CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE

I, Nathan E. Morey, hereby certify that, pursuant to Texas Rule of Appellate

Procedure 9.5(b), a true and correct copy of the above and foregoing brief was

emailed to Dayna Jones on Thursday, May 7, 2015.

CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE

I, Nathan E. Morey, certify that, pursuant to Texas Rules of Appellate

Procedure 9.4(i)(2)(B) and 9.4(i)(3), the above and foregoing Motion for

Rehearing contains 2,324 words according to the “word count” feature of

Microsoft Office.

/s/ Nathan E. Morey NATHAN E. MOREY Assistant Criminal District Attorney State Bar No. 24074756 101 West Nueva, Suite 370 San Antonio, Texas 78205 Voice: (210) 335-2414 Fax: (210) 335-2436 Email: nathan.morey@bexar.org Attorney for Appellant State cc: DAYNA L. JONES Attorney at Law State Bar No. 24049450 206 East Locust Street San Antonio, Texas 78212 Voice: (210) 255-8525 Fax: (210) 249-0116 Email: daynaj33@gmail.com Attorney for Appellant