[PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT FILED U.S. COURT OF APPEALS ________________________ ELEVENTH CIRCUIT AUGUST 15, 2001 THOMAS K. KAHN No. 00-13293 CLERK ________________________
D. C. Docket No. 00-08178 CV-KLR
IN RE: James Alan Villa, Debtor.
DONALD A. HOFFEND, SR., Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
JAMES ALAN VILLA, Defendant-Appellee.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida _________________________ (August 15, 2001)
Before ANDERSON, Chief Judge, FAY and BRIGHT*, Circuit Judges. __________________________
*Honorable Myron H. Bright, U.S. Circuit Judge for the Eighth Circuit, sitting by designation. ANDERSON, Chief Judge:
This appeal arises from the Bankruptcy Court’s dismissal of Plaintiff-
Appellant Donald Hoffend’s complaint, in which Hoffend sought to have a claim
arising from alleged securities law violations deemed nondischargeable under the
Bankruptcy Code’s fraud exception to discharge, 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(2)(A). In
granting the Debtor James Villa’s motion to dismiss, the Bankruptcy Court held
that, because Hoffend did not allege that Villa committed actual fraud, Hoffend
failed to state a claim of nondischargeability under § 523(a)(2)(A). The District
Court affirmed. Hoffend appeals and argues that the alleged fraud of Villa’s
employees may be imputed to Villa under § 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act,
so as to render Hoffend’s claim nondischargeable by Villa. Mindful of our
obligation to construe strictly exceptions to discharge, we hold that liability under
§ 20(a) is insufficient to impute culpability to a debtor so as to render the liability
nondischargeable under § 523(a)(2)(A). The dismissal is affirmed.
BACKGROUND
Plaintiff-Appellant Donald Hoffend maintained an investment account, from
1986 to 1994, with H.J. Meyers & Co., Inc., a brokerage firm. Defendant-Appellee
James Villa was the president, sole shareholder, and principal securities executive
of a corporation, H.J. Meyers. Villa did not handle Hoffend’s account; instead, it
2 was managed, and allegedly fraudulently mismanaged, by two brokers who were
H.J. Meyers employees. Hoffend filed an arbitration claim in 1995 with the
National Association of Securities Dealers, against Villa, H.J. Meyers, and the two
brokers who handled Hoffend’s investment account. In the claim, Hoffend alleged,
inter alia, violations of § 10(b) and Rule 10b-5 of the Securities Exchange Act of
1934.
Villa filed Chapter 11 bankruptcy in June 1999.1 In September 1999,
Hoffend filed an adversary complaint in the bankruptcy proceeding, contending
that his claim against Villa was nondischargeable under the Bankruptcy Code’s
fraud exception to discharge, 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(2)(A).2 Hoffend did not allege
that Villa made any fraudulent representations to Hoffend; instead, Hoffend
alleged that Villa was a controlling person under § 20(a) of the Securities
Exchange Act, 15 U.S.C. § 78t(a),3 and thus that the alleged fraud of the two H.J.
1 Villa’s filing of a bankruptcy petition automatically stayed Hoffend’s arbitration proceeding against Villa, pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 362(a). 2 This exception provides that any debt for money obtained by “false pretenses, a false representation, or actual fraud” is not dischargeable in bankruptcy. 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(2)(A). 3 Section 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act provides: Every person who, directly or indirectly, controls any person liable under any provision of this chapter or of any rule or regulation thereunder shall also be liable jointly and severally with and to the same extent as such controlled person to any person to whom such controlled person is liable, unless the controlling person acted in good faith and did not directly or indirectly induce the act or acts constituting the violation or cause of action.
3 Meyers brokers could be imputed to Villa, so as to render Hoffend’s claim
nondischargeable as to Villa. Based on Hoffend’s failure to allege that Villa made
any false representations, Villa filed a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim.
The Bankruptcy Court granted the motion to dismiss, holding that Hoffend’s
allegations were insufficient to establish fraud which would preclude Villa’s
discharge of the claim in bankruptcy. The District Court affirmed, and Hoffend
has appealed.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
Our review of a dismissal for failure to state a claim is de novo. See In re
Johannessen, 76 F.3d 347, 349 (11th Cir. 1996) (citing Hunnings v. Texaco, Inc.,
29 F.3d 1480, 1484 (11th Cir. 1994)). In conducting our review we must, like the
Bankruptcy Court, accept the allegations of the complaint as true and construe the
alleged facts in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. See Hunnings, 29 F.3d at
1484.
DISCUSSION
Hoffend concedes – he has never argued otherwise – that Villa made no
false representation to him at any time. Based on Hoffend’s failure to allege a
15 U.S.C. § 78t(a).
4 misrepresentation by Villa, the Bankruptcy Court dismissed Hoffend’s complaint
for failure to allege the elements of fraud required under § 523(a)(2)(A). In
reaching this decision, the Bankruptcy Court relied on the four elements set forth in
Schweig v. Hunter (In re Hunter), 780 F.2d 1577 (11th Cir. 1986): (1) the debtor
made a false representation with the purpose and intention of deceiving the
creditor; (2) the creditor relied on the representation; (3) the creditor’s reliance was
reasonably founded; and (4) the creditor sustained a loss as a result of the
representation. Id. at 1579. In the instant case, it is undisputed that Villa made no
false representation to Hoffend; it is undisputed that Villa committed no fraud
which would render Hoffend’s claim nondischargeable under § 523(a)(2)(A).
Our analysis does not end, however, with the foregoing conclusion. Hoffend
argues that, while Villa committed no fraud, the alleged fraud of the H.J. Meyers
employees, for which Villa may be liable as a controlling person under § 20(a) of
the Securities Exchange Act, should be imputed to Villa so as to render Hoffend’s
claim nondischargeable as to Villa. Villa relies upon In re Hunter. The issue there
was whether a debtor’s failure to volunteer information about his financial
condition to a prospective lender could render the debt nondischargeable in
bankruptcy after the debtor defaulted on the loan. See id. at 1578-79. Relying in
part on the Supreme Court’s decision in Neal v. Clark, 95 U.S. 704 (1877), this
5 Court held that, for a debt to fall within the exception to dischargeability, the
debtor must have committed positive, actual fraud. See In re Hunter, 780 F.2d at
1579 (citing Neal, 95 U.S. at 709). We concluded that the debtor’s failure to
disclose unsolicited details regarding his financial condition did not satisfy the
positive fraud requirement of § 523(a)(2)(A). See id. at 1580. While In re Hunter
addressed the conduct that constitutes fraud under § 523(a)(2)(A), it did not
address the circumstances under which fraud, once established, may be imputed to
a debtor to preclude a discharge in bankruptcy; thus, the holding of In re Hunter is
not dispositive of this case.
Hoffend relies upon Strang v. Bradner, 114 U.S. 555, 5 S.Ct. 1038 (1885).
There, the Supreme Court addressed the issue of whether two bankrupt debtors,
who were vicariously liable under agency law for a debt incurred through the fraud
of their co-partner, were precluded from discharging that debt in bankruptcy. See
id. at 561, 5 S. Ct. at 1041. Strang distinguished the holding of Neal, where the
Court had interpreted fraud to mean actual or positive fraud rather than implied
fraud. See Strang, 114 U.S. at 559, 5 S. Ct. at 1040 (citing Neal, 95 U.S. at 709).
Strang held that Neal’s positive fraud requirement was satisfied by the fraud of the
debtors’ co-partner. The question before the Court in Strang was whether the
debtors, who had been unaware of their co-partner’s fraud, could nonetheless be
6 precluded from discharging the debt in bankruptcy. See Strang, 114 U.S. at 559,
561, 5 S. Ct. at 1040-41. The Court held that the co-partner’s fraud, imputed to the
debtors, precluded their discharge of the debt. See id. at 561, 5 S. Ct. 1041.
Hoffend argues that the holding of Strang should extend to preclude Villa’s
discharge of a claim based on his employees’ fraud, for which Villa may be
responsible under § 20(a).
Thus, under Neal and Strang and their progeny, a debt may be excepted from
discharge when the debtor personally commits actual, positive fraud, and also
when such actual fraud is imputed to the debtor under agency principles. Different
inquiries arise under each of these ways to render a debt nondischargeable. Under
the first inquiry, the issue is whether the debtor’s conduct amounted to actual fraud
under § 523(a)(2)(A). See Neal, 95 U.S. at 709 (stating that the Bankruptcy
Code’s fraud exception to discharge requires proof of actual fraud rather than
constructive or implied fraud “which may exist without the imputation of bad faith
or immorality”). Under the second inquiry, which arises when actual fraud has
been committed by someone other than the debtor, the issue is whether the debtor
may be held liable for the other’s fraud so as to render the resulting debt
nondischargeable by the debtor. See Strang, 114 U.S. at 561, 5 S. Ct. at 1041
(stating that, after the Court had determined that the debtors’ co-partner committed
7 actual fraud, the other question to be determined was whether the actual fraud
should be imputed to the partners who were without knowledge of the fraud so as
to render their debt nondischargeable also).
The instant appeal focuses on the second inquiry. Hoffend argues that the
holding of Strang, imputing actual fraud to an innocent partner under the doctrine
of respondeat superior so as to render the innocent partner’s debt
nondischargeable, should be extended to the instant situation in which Hoffend has
alleged that Villa is liable for the actual fraud of the broker-employees of H.J.
Meyers, not under agency principles, but as a controlling person under § 20(a).4
We are not convinced that the reach of Strang extends so far as to render Villa’s §
20(a) liability nondischargeable under § 523(a)(2)(A).
In reaching this conclusion, we are mindful of our obligation to construe
strictly exceptions to discharge in order to give effect to the fresh start policy of
Bankruptcy Code. See In re Walker, 48 F.3d 1161, 1164-65 (11th Cir. 1995).
Thus, we are bound to a narrow reading of Strang. Strang imputed liability for
fraud in bankruptcy based on the common law of partnership and agency. See
Strang, 114 U.S. at 561, 5 S. Ct. at 1041. In the instant case, there is no suggestion
4 In the Rule 12(b)(6) posture of this case, we assume, arguendo, for purposes of this appeal only, first that the broker-employees committed actual fraud which would render their own liability therefor nondischargeable, and second that Villa would be liable as a controlling person under § 20(a) for the fraud of his broker-employees.
8 that Villa and the H.J. Meyers broker-employees were partners, so partnership law,
as applied in Strang, is inapplicable in this case. While it may be argued that the
holding of Strang was founded on general principles of agency law, rather than
limited to the particular confines of partnership law, liability under § 20(a) is not
equivalent to liability under the common law of agency. See Paul F. Newton &
Co. v Texas Commerce Bank, 630 F.2d 1111, 1118 (5th Cir. 1980) (holding that
common law agency principles, including the doctrine of respondeat superior, are
distinct from § 20(a), and that both § 20(a) and respondeat superior are distinct
theories which may be relied upon in imposing secondary liability for violations of
the Securities Exchange Act).5 Significantly for our purposes, § 20(a) liability
may, in some instances, be imposed where agency liability under Strang would not.
Under this Court’s interpretation of the term “controlling person” under § 20(a), a
5 The Eleventh Circuit, in the en banc decision Bonner v. City of Prichard, 661 F.2d 1206, 1209 (11th Cir. 1981), adopted as precedent decisions of the former Fifth Circuit rendered prior to October 1, 1981. The majority of our sister circuits, as well, have held that common law agency principles remain a separate basis, distinct from § 20(a), for imposing secondary liability for § 10(b) violations. See Commerford v. Olson, 794 F.2d 1319, 1323 (8th Cir. 1996); Hollinger v. Titan Capital Corp., 914 F.2d 1564, 1577-78 (9th Cir. 1990), cert. denied, 499 U.S. 976, 111 S. Ct. 1621, 113 L.Ed.2d 719 (1991); In re Atlantic Fin. Management, Inc., 784 F.2d 29, 35 (1st Cir. 1986); Henricksen v. Henricksen, 640 F.2d 880, 887 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 454 U.S. 1097, 102 S. Ct. 669, 70 L.Ed.2d 637 (1981); Marbury Mgt., Inc. v. Kohn, 629 F.2d 705, 716 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 1011, 101 S. Ct. 566, 66 L.Ed.2d 469 (1980); Holloway v. Howerdd, 536 F.2d 690, 696 (6th Cir. 1976); Carras v. Burns, 516 F.2d 251, 259 (4th Cir. 1975); Kerbs v. Fall River Indus., Inc., 502 F.2d 731, 741 (10th Cir. 1974). The Third Circuit has held that respondeat superior remains available, apart from § 20(a), in certain securities cases. See Sharp v. Coopers & Lybrand, 649 F.2d 175, 181 (3d Cir. 1981) (accounting firm defendant); Rochez Bros. v. Rhoades, 527 F.2d 880, 884-86 (3d Cir. 1975) (broker-dealer defendant).
9 “controlling person” may include not only partners or principals under agency law,
but also any person who has the power to control the conduct of another person
who has violated securities laws. See Brown v. Enstar Group, Inc., 84 F.3d 393,
396 (11th Cir. 1996) (holding that a defendant is liable as a controlling person if he
had the power to control the general affairs of the entity primarily liable at the time
the entity violated the securities laws, and had the requisite power to directly or
indirectly control or influence the specific corporate policy which resulted in the
primary liability), aff'g Brown v. Mendel, 864 F. Supp. 1138 (M.D. Ala. 1994),
cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1112, 117 S. Ct. 950, 136 L.Ed.2d 838 (1997). See also
Cheney v. Cyberguard Corp., 2000 WL 1140306, at *6 (S.D. Fla. Jul 31, 2000)
(holding that shareholder-plaintiffs stated a § 20(a) claim against a corporation’s
Chairman of the Board, President, and CEO, based on his power to control the
corporate policy that resulted in corporate liability under § 10(b)). Thus, corporate
officers and directors, persons who are presumptively beyond the reach of
respondeat superior,6 may be caught in the net of § 20(a).7 In this light, to hold that
6 Under the doctrine of respondeat superior, a corporate employer is responsible for the conduct of its employees. See Florida Real Estate Commission v. McGregor, 336 So.2d 1156, 1159 (Fla. 1976). Absent exceptional circumstances, however, this liability does not extend to corporate principals or shareholders. See Dania Jai-Alai Palace, Inc. v. Sykes, 450 So.2d 1114, 1120-21 (Fla. 1984) (holding that liability for an employee’s negligence extends only to the employer-corporation, based on the rule that persons using the corporate form to conduct business are protected from personal liability unless the corporation is formed or used for an illegal, fraudulent or other unjust purpose which justifies piercing of the corporate veil) (citation
10 § 20(a) liability may render a debt nondischargeable under § 523(a)(2)(A) would
be to extend the holding of Strang beyond its basis in agency law. We conclude
that the potential scope of § 20(a) liability does not fall within a narrow reading of
Strang. We decline to expand the holding of Strang; thus, we hold that a debtor’s §
20(a) liability for another’s fraud – to the extent that it expands the imputation of
liability beyond respondeat superior liability – does not impute culpability to the
debtor so as to render a debt nondischargeable by the debtor under § 523(a)(2)(A).
Although it may be true that § 20(a) liability is akin to agency liability in
some respects, fraud liabilities, other than securities violations, resulting from the
actions of a corporate employee are not ordinarily imputed to the principals or
shareholders of the corporation and rendered nondischargeable under §
523(a)(2)(A). See RecoverEdge L.P. v. Pentecost, 44 F.3d 1284, 1296-97 (5th Cir.
1995) (rejecting the argument that the fraud of one corporate officer, director, and
shareholder should be imputed to another officer, director, and shareholder, the
President, noting that the involved officer was not an agent of the President of the
omitted). 7 Accord Paul F. Newton & Co. v Texas Commerce Bank, 630 F.2d 1111, 1117-18 (5th Cir. 1980) (observing that, in enacting § 20(a), “Congress intended to extend the coverage of the [federal securities] acts to encompass persons who exercised effective control over persons directly liable for violations of the acts and upon whom agency law or other common law principles would not impose liability”).
11 corporation). We see nothing in the bankruptcy laws,8 the securities laws, or the
legislative history of § 20(a) to suggest that such a liability resulting from
violations of securities laws should be treated differently for purposes of the fraud
exception from dischargeability. To the contrary, well established bankruptcy law
directs courts to construe narrowly exceptions to discharge in order to give affect
to the fresh start policy of the Bankruptcy Code. Congress has enacted numerous
very specific exceptions to discharge, see 11 U.S.C. § 523; we believe that an
exception for § 20(a) liability should come from Congress and not the judiciary.
Hoffend did not allege, and does not argue, that Villa is liable pursuant to
respondeat superior for the alleged fraud of the H.J. Meyers employees.9 There
being no issue of liability pursuant to respondeat superior in this appeal, we hold
8 Hoffend argues that a line of cases following Strang supports his position that another’s fraud may be imputed to a debtor to render a debt nondischargeable by the debtor. See, e.g., In re M.M. Winkler & Assocs., 239 F.3d 746, 751 (5th Cir. 2001) (holding that a debt incurred through the fraud of one business partner was nondischargeable as to innocent partners who, although unaware of the fraud, were liable for the debt under state partnership law); BancBoston Mortgage Corp. v. Ledford, 970 F.2d 1556, 1561 (6th Cir. 1992) (holding that an obligation based on a partner’s fraud was nondischargeable by a debtor although the debtor neither knew of nor ratified his partner’s fraud), cert. denied sub nom., Sikes v. BancBoston Mortgage Corp., 507 U.S. 916, 113 S. Ct. 1272 (1993); Luce v. First Equip. Leasing Corp., 960 F.2d 1277, 1282 (5th Cir. 1992) (holding that a husband’s fraudulent acts in his capacity as his wife’s business partner were imputed to the wife, making the debt nondischargeable by her under § 523(a)(2)(A)). These cases are not helpful to Hoffend, as they rely on principles of agency law to impute liability, and they were decided in the context of the business partnership framework. As discussed above, § 20(a) liability does not fall within the narrow scope of this precedent. 9 Thus, we address no issues relating to a claim of liability on the part of Villa pursuant to respondeat superior.
12 that Villa’s potential § 20(a) liability is not in itself sufficient to render the debt
nondischargeable under § 523(a)(2)(A).
Hoffend cites Owens v. Miller, 240 B.R. 566 (Bankr. W.D. Mo. 1999), as
particular support for his argument that fraud may be imputed under § 20(a) for
nondischargeability purposes. Like the instant case, the plaintiffs in Owens sought
to impute to the Chairman of the Board and President-Chief Executive Officer
liability for the actual fraud of a broker-employee of the corporate brokerage firm.
The bankruptcy court noted the general rule that an employee of a corporation is
not an agent of the corporation’s principals, thus acknowledging that there was no
respondeat superior liability. See id. at 578. However, the court held that there
was § 20(a) controlling person liability. See id. at 580. Although recognizing that
no reported case had ever found nondischargeability on the basis of § 20(a)
imputed liability, the court indicated that § 20(a) created an agency-like
relationship, and held that the § 20(a) imputed liability of the corporate principals
was nondischargeable under § 523(a)(2)(A). See id. at 580-81.
We are not persuaded by Owens. As noted above, we believe that the
relationship described by § 20(a) is distinct from an agency relationship, and we
decline to expand the holding of Strang beyond liabilities imposed pursuant to the
doctrine of respondeat superior.
13 CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the District Court’s order affirming the
Bankruptcy Court’s dismissal of Hoffend’s nondischargeability complaint is
AFFIRMED.