USCA4 Appeal: 23-1454 Doc: 30 Filed: 03/25/2024 Pg: 1 of 9
UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
No. 23-1454
DON BLANKENSHIP,
Plaintiff - Appellant,
v.
DONALD TRUMP, JR.,
Defendant - Appellee,
and
DOES 1-50 INCLUSIVE,
Defendant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of West Virginia, at Charleston. John T. Copenhaver, Jr., Senior District Judge. (2:19−cv−00549)
Submitted: December 21, 2023 Decided: March 25, 2024
Before AGEE and RUSHING, Circuit Judges, and KEENAN, Senior Circuit Judge.
Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.
ON BRIEF: Jeffrey S. Simpkins, SIMPKINS LAW OFFICE PLLC, Williamson, West Virginia, for Appellant. John M. Adkins, Lindsay M. Gainer, BOWLES RICE, LLP, Charleston, West Virginia, for Appellee. USCA4 Appeal: 23-1454 Doc: 30 Filed: 03/25/2024 Pg: 2 of 9
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.
2 USCA4 Appeal: 23-1454 Doc: 30 Filed: 03/25/2024 Pg: 3 of 9
PER CURIAM:
In this case, we consider an appeal by plaintiff Don Blankenship from the district
court’s award of summary judgment to defendant Donald Trump, Jr. on Blankenship’s
claims under West Virginia law of defamation, false light invasion of privacy, and civil
conspiracy. Because we agree with the district court that the record is insufficient to show
that Trump, Jr. made a defamatory statement with actual malice, we affirm the district
court’s judgment.
I.
We state the facts in the light most favorable to Blankenship, the party against whom
summary judgment was awarded. See Knibbs v. Momphard, 30 F.4th 200, 213 (4th Cir.
2022). In 2010, Blankenship was serving as CEO of Massey Energy Company when an
explosion occurred at one of Massey Energy’s coal mines, killing 29 individuals.
Blankenship was charged with several related federal crimes, both felony and misdemeanor
counts, and ultimately was convicted of only one misdemeanor offense for conspiracy to
violate federal mine safety standards. See United States v. Blankenship, 19 F.4th 685, 688-
69 (4th Cir. 2021). He served one year in prison.
After his release from prison, Blankenship announced in January 2018 that he
intended to run for office to represent West Virginia in the United States Senate. After
losing in the May 8, 2018 primary election, Blankenship alleged that certain political and
news media sources, including Trump, Jr., had conspired to ensure his defeat by referring
to Blankenship as a “felon,” even though he had been convicted only of a misdemeanor
3 USCA4 Appeal: 23-1454 Doc: 30 Filed: 03/25/2024 Pg: 4 of 9
offense. See Blankenship v. NBCUniversal, LLC, 60 F.4th 744, 750 (4th Cir. 2023)
(affirming award of summary judgment in favor of numerous defendants on similar claims
by Blankenship). On May 3, 2018, Trump, Jr. had published on a social media website a
statement encouraging “the people of West Virginia to make a wise decision and reject
Blankenship!” Later that day, a CNN news reporter posted on the same social media
website a statement that “[President Donald J.] Trump’s son urges West Virginia
Republicans to reject Blankenship, who responds by labeling [Trump, Jr.] part of the
‘establishment.’” The CNN reporter’s statement included a link to a CNN news article,
which stated that Blankenship had “recently finished serving a yearlong sentence following
a misdemeanor conviction.”
Trump, Jr. “reposted” on that social media website the CNN reporter’s statement
and also stated: “Ha, now I’m establishment? No, I’m realistic & I know” that United
States Senator Joe Manchin likely would “run ads [in a general election against
Blankenship] featuring the families of those 29 miners killed due to actions that sent
[Blankenship] to prison.” When a third party responded to Trump Jr.’s post that “Manchin
[would not] do that. His ads are usually ab[ou]t him,” Trump, Jr. responded: “[Manchin’s]
probably never run against a felon.”
Blankenship filed suit against Trump, Jr. in West Virginia state court, alleging state
law claims of defamation, false light invasion of privacy, and civil conspiracy. 1 Trump,
1 Blankenship listed as additional defendants Does 1-50, “currently unknown” to Blankenship, who shared a plan with Trump, Jr. to defeat Blankenship. Those defendants were not identified before or addressed by the district court in this case.
4 USCA4 Appeal: 23-1454 Doc: 30 Filed: 03/25/2024 Pg: 5 of 9
Jr. removed the action to federal district court, and filed a motion for summary judgment.
The district court granted the summary judgment motion, concluding that Blankenship’s
failure to demonstrate that Trump, Jr. acted with actual malice defeated each of
Blankenship’s claims. Blankenship now appeals.
II.
We review de novo the district court’s decision awarding summary judgment. RXD
Media, LLC v. IP Application Dev. LLC, 986 F.3d 361, 372 (4th Cir. 2021). Summary
judgment is appropriate only “if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to
any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ.
P. 56(a). The district court may award summary judgment only if it concludes that the
evidence would not permit a jury to return a verdict in favor of the nonmoving party.
Variety Stores, Inc. v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 888 F.3d 651, 659 (4th Cir. 2018).
As indicated above, in conducting this review, we consider the facts “in the light
most favorable” to Blankenship, the non-moving party. Knibbs, 30 F.4th at 213 (citation
omitted). “A party is entitled to summary judgment when ‘the nonmoving party has failed
to make a sufficient showing on an essential element of [his] case with respect to which
[he] has the burden of proof.’” Blankenship, 60 F.4th at 756 (quoting Celotex Corp. v.
Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986)).
We begin by addressing Blankenship’s defamation claim. To prove a claim for
defamation under West Virginia law, “a public-figure plaintiff like Blankenship must
establish that the statements (1) contain a provably false assertion of fact and (2) were
5 USCA4 Appeal: 23-1454 Doc: 30 Filed: 03/25/2024 Pg: 6 of 9
published with actual malice.” 2 Id. at 757 (citing Pritt v. Republican Nat’l Comm., 557
S.E.2d 853, 861-62 (W. Va. 2001)). In the present case, we will assume, without deciding,
that Trump, Jr.’s statement satisfies the element of false assertion of fact, because we can
resolve the appeal based on the element of actual malice. See id. (similarly assuming the
falsity element).
“Establishing actual malice is no easy task” because the plaintiff “bears the burden”
of proving actual malice “by clear and convincing evidence.” Carr v. Forbes, Inc., 259
F.3d 273, 282 (4th Cir. 2001); see Blankenship, 60 F.4th at 757-58. This burden of proof
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USCA4 Appeal: 23-1454 Doc: 30 Filed: 03/25/2024 Pg: 1 of 9
UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
No. 23-1454
DON BLANKENSHIP,
Plaintiff - Appellant,
v.
DONALD TRUMP, JR.,
Defendant - Appellee,
and
DOES 1-50 INCLUSIVE,
Defendant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of West Virginia, at Charleston. John T. Copenhaver, Jr., Senior District Judge. (2:19−cv−00549)
Submitted: December 21, 2023 Decided: March 25, 2024
Before AGEE and RUSHING, Circuit Judges, and KEENAN, Senior Circuit Judge.
Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.
ON BRIEF: Jeffrey S. Simpkins, SIMPKINS LAW OFFICE PLLC, Williamson, West Virginia, for Appellant. John M. Adkins, Lindsay M. Gainer, BOWLES RICE, LLP, Charleston, West Virginia, for Appellee. USCA4 Appeal: 23-1454 Doc: 30 Filed: 03/25/2024 Pg: 2 of 9
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.
2 USCA4 Appeal: 23-1454 Doc: 30 Filed: 03/25/2024 Pg: 3 of 9
PER CURIAM:
In this case, we consider an appeal by plaintiff Don Blankenship from the district
court’s award of summary judgment to defendant Donald Trump, Jr. on Blankenship’s
claims under West Virginia law of defamation, false light invasion of privacy, and civil
conspiracy. Because we agree with the district court that the record is insufficient to show
that Trump, Jr. made a defamatory statement with actual malice, we affirm the district
court’s judgment.
I.
We state the facts in the light most favorable to Blankenship, the party against whom
summary judgment was awarded. See Knibbs v. Momphard, 30 F.4th 200, 213 (4th Cir.
2022). In 2010, Blankenship was serving as CEO of Massey Energy Company when an
explosion occurred at one of Massey Energy’s coal mines, killing 29 individuals.
Blankenship was charged with several related federal crimes, both felony and misdemeanor
counts, and ultimately was convicted of only one misdemeanor offense for conspiracy to
violate federal mine safety standards. See United States v. Blankenship, 19 F.4th 685, 688-
69 (4th Cir. 2021). He served one year in prison.
After his release from prison, Blankenship announced in January 2018 that he
intended to run for office to represent West Virginia in the United States Senate. After
losing in the May 8, 2018 primary election, Blankenship alleged that certain political and
news media sources, including Trump, Jr., had conspired to ensure his defeat by referring
to Blankenship as a “felon,” even though he had been convicted only of a misdemeanor
3 USCA4 Appeal: 23-1454 Doc: 30 Filed: 03/25/2024 Pg: 4 of 9
offense. See Blankenship v. NBCUniversal, LLC, 60 F.4th 744, 750 (4th Cir. 2023)
(affirming award of summary judgment in favor of numerous defendants on similar claims
by Blankenship). On May 3, 2018, Trump, Jr. had published on a social media website a
statement encouraging “the people of West Virginia to make a wise decision and reject
Blankenship!” Later that day, a CNN news reporter posted on the same social media
website a statement that “[President Donald J.] Trump’s son urges West Virginia
Republicans to reject Blankenship, who responds by labeling [Trump, Jr.] part of the
‘establishment.’” The CNN reporter’s statement included a link to a CNN news article,
which stated that Blankenship had “recently finished serving a yearlong sentence following
a misdemeanor conviction.”
Trump, Jr. “reposted” on that social media website the CNN reporter’s statement
and also stated: “Ha, now I’m establishment? No, I’m realistic & I know” that United
States Senator Joe Manchin likely would “run ads [in a general election against
Blankenship] featuring the families of those 29 miners killed due to actions that sent
[Blankenship] to prison.” When a third party responded to Trump Jr.’s post that “Manchin
[would not] do that. His ads are usually ab[ou]t him,” Trump, Jr. responded: “[Manchin’s]
probably never run against a felon.”
Blankenship filed suit against Trump, Jr. in West Virginia state court, alleging state
law claims of defamation, false light invasion of privacy, and civil conspiracy. 1 Trump,
1 Blankenship listed as additional defendants Does 1-50, “currently unknown” to Blankenship, who shared a plan with Trump, Jr. to defeat Blankenship. Those defendants were not identified before or addressed by the district court in this case.
4 USCA4 Appeal: 23-1454 Doc: 30 Filed: 03/25/2024 Pg: 5 of 9
Jr. removed the action to federal district court, and filed a motion for summary judgment.
The district court granted the summary judgment motion, concluding that Blankenship’s
failure to demonstrate that Trump, Jr. acted with actual malice defeated each of
Blankenship’s claims. Blankenship now appeals.
II.
We review de novo the district court’s decision awarding summary judgment. RXD
Media, LLC v. IP Application Dev. LLC, 986 F.3d 361, 372 (4th Cir. 2021). Summary
judgment is appropriate only “if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to
any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ.
P. 56(a). The district court may award summary judgment only if it concludes that the
evidence would not permit a jury to return a verdict in favor of the nonmoving party.
Variety Stores, Inc. v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 888 F.3d 651, 659 (4th Cir. 2018).
As indicated above, in conducting this review, we consider the facts “in the light
most favorable” to Blankenship, the non-moving party. Knibbs, 30 F.4th at 213 (citation
omitted). “A party is entitled to summary judgment when ‘the nonmoving party has failed
to make a sufficient showing on an essential element of [his] case with respect to which
[he] has the burden of proof.’” Blankenship, 60 F.4th at 756 (quoting Celotex Corp. v.
Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986)).
We begin by addressing Blankenship’s defamation claim. To prove a claim for
defamation under West Virginia law, “a public-figure plaintiff like Blankenship must
establish that the statements (1) contain a provably false assertion of fact and (2) were
5 USCA4 Appeal: 23-1454 Doc: 30 Filed: 03/25/2024 Pg: 6 of 9
published with actual malice.” 2 Id. at 757 (citing Pritt v. Republican Nat’l Comm., 557
S.E.2d 853, 861-62 (W. Va. 2001)). In the present case, we will assume, without deciding,
that Trump, Jr.’s statement satisfies the element of false assertion of fact, because we can
resolve the appeal based on the element of actual malice. See id. (similarly assuming the
falsity element).
“Establishing actual malice is no easy task” because the plaintiff “bears the burden”
of proving actual malice “by clear and convincing evidence.” Carr v. Forbes, Inc., 259
F.3d 273, 282 (4th Cir. 2001); see Blankenship, 60 F.4th at 757-58. This burden of proof
requires a showing that the speaker knew that the statement “was false or [had a] reckless
disregard of whether it was false.” N.Y. Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254, 279-80 (1964).
A plaintiff can demonstrate “reckless disregard” by showing that “‘the defendant in fact
entertained serious doubts as to the truth of its publication’ but nonetheless published it.”
Blankenship, 60 F.4th at 757 (quoting St. Amant v. Thompson, 390 U.S. 727, 731 (1968)).
Accordingly, the plaintiff must show that the defendant had “a high degree of awareness
of . . . probable falsity.” Id. (quoting Harte-Hanks Commc’ns, Inc. v. Connaughton, 491
U.S. 657, 692 (1989)). Such a showing requires “concrete” evidence, id. at 758 (quoting
Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 256 (1986)), which “must produce an
2 Blankenship’s claim regarding Trump, Jr.’s written statements is actually a libel claim, but the elements of libel and defamation are identical. See Greenfield v. Schmidt Baking Co., 485 S.E.2d 391, 393-94 (W. Va. 1997). “For simplicity, we follow the parties’ approach and use the term ‘defamation’ to refer to all claims.” Blankenship, 60 F.4th at 757 n.4.
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‘abiding conviction’ that actual malice is ‘highly probable,’” id. (quoting Cannon v. Peck,
36 F.4th 547, 566 (4th Cir. 2022)).
On appeal, Blankenship argues that the district court improperly credited Trump,
Jr.’s deposition testimony that he was unaware that Blankenship had been convicted only
of a misdemeanor, and that the district court failed to draw all inferences in Blankenship’s
favor. As he did in the district court, Blankenship primarily rests his argument on the fact
that Trump, Jr. had “reposted” on social media a reporter’s statement that included a link
to a CNN news article explaining that Blankenship had served “a yearlong sentence
following a misdemeanor conviction.” Blankenship also contends that Trump, Jr.’s
credibility was undermined by his failure to identify a specific person or news article that
had referred to Blankenship as a “felon.” According to Blankenship, a “reasonable jury
could deduce” that Trump, Jr. had read the CNN news article regarding Blankenship’s
misdemeanor conviction and was aware that Blankenship had not been convicted of a
felony offense. We disagree with Blankenship’s argument. 3
After reviewing the record, we agree with the district court’s conclusion that
Blankenship’s evidence was “wholly insufficient to show [that] Trump, Jr. knew” that his
statement “was false or that he had a high degree of awareness of its probable falsity.” As
the district court observed, Blankenship merely speculated, and failed to produce any
3 We also summarily reject as meritless Blankenship’s requests that we alter the evidentiary standard for summary judgment and the actual malice standard for public figures, as well as his constitutional challenge to the summary judgment standard. 7 USCA4 Appeal: 23-1454 Doc: 30 Filed: 03/25/2024 Pg: 8 of 9
evidence, that Trump, Jr. must have read the CNN article referenced in the CNN reporter’s
social media post.
The district court further observed that Trump, Jr. testified during his deposition that
he based his statement that Blankenship was a “felon” on “numerous” sources across
various media referring to Blankenship in that manner. This testimony was supported by
the record, which showed that prior to Trump, Jr.’s comment various news sources referred
to Blankenship as a “felon.” Cf. Blankenship, 60 F.4th at 768 (explaining that the record
showed that commentators and journalists did not doubt the truth of Blankenship’s felon
status but were merely “confused about how to describe a person who served a year in
prison for a federal offense”). Based on this record, we conclude that the district court did
not err in holding that the evidence corroborated Trump, Jr.’s statement that he thought he
was accurately describing Blankenship as a “felon.” Moreover, we agree with the district
court’s determination that Blankenship failed to rebut this evidence.
In sum, we conclude that Blankenship failed to set forth any “concrete” evidence to
support his argument that Trump, Jr. acted with actual malice. See id. at 758 (quoting
Liberty Lobby, 477 U.S. at 256). As the district court observed, the evidence fell “well
short of showing by clear and convincing evidence that Trump, Jr. ‘entertained serious
doubts as to the truth of the publication,’ or ‘actually had a high degree of awareness of . . .
probable falsity.’” Blankenship v. Trump, No. 2:19-cv-549, 2023 WL 2728727, at *8
(S.D.W. Va. Mar. 30, 2023) (quoting St. Amant, 390 U.S. at 731 and Connaughton, 491
U.S. at 688).
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Because we conclude that the record fails to show that Trump, Jr. published his
statement with actual malice, we necessarily affirm the district court’s award of summary
judgment on Blankenship’s claims of false light invasion of privacy and civil conspiracy.
See Blankenship, 60 F.4th at 769 (explaining that under West Virginia law “a public-figure
plaintiff alleging false light must prove that the defendant made a false statement with
actual malice,” and that a civil conspiracy claim requires proof of an underlying wrongful
act such as defamation).
III.
For these reasons, we affirm the district court’s order awarding summary judgment
to Trump, Jr.
AFFIRMED