COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Chief Judge Huff, Judge Humphreys and Senior Judge Bumgardner UNPUBLISHED
Argued at Salem, Virginia
DOMINIQUE DESMOND HAMPTON MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY v. Record No. 0038-15-3 JUDGE ROBERT J. HUMPHREYS NOVEMBER 17, 2015 COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF DANVILLE James J. Reynolds, Judge
Maana K. Parcham, Assistant Public Defender (Heath L. Sabin, Assistant Public Defender, on brief), for appellant.
Steven A. Witmer, Senior Assistant Attorney General (Mark R. Herring, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Dominique Desmond Hampton (“Hampton”) appeals his convictions from the Circuit
Court of the City of Danville (the “circuit court”) for possession of a firearm by a violent felon in
violation of Code § 18.2-308.2, breaking and entering while armed with a deadly weapon in
violation of Code § 18.2-90, and use of a firearm in the commission of robbery in violation of
Code § 18.2-53.1, claiming the evidence was insufficient to prove the rifle he used was a real
firearm.
When the sufficiency of the evidence is challenged on appeal, this Court “must examine
the evidence that supports the conviction and allow the conviction to stand unless it is plainly
wrong or without evidence to support it.” Vincent v. Commonwealth, 276 Va. 648, 652, 668
S.E.2d 137, 139-40 (2008). The relevant inquiry is whether “‘any rational trier of fact could
have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.’” Kelly v.
* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. Commonwealth, 41 Va. App. 250, 257, 584 S.E.2d 444, 447 (2003) (en banc) (quoting Jackson
v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979)). This Court’s deference to the fact finder “applies not
only to findings of fact, but also to any reasonable and justified inferences the fact-finder may
have drawn from the facts proved.” Sullivan v. Commonwealth, 280 Va. 672, 676, 701 S.E.2d
61, 63-64 (2010).
“‘Circumstantial evidence is as competent and is entitled to as much weight as direct
evidence, provided it is sufficiently convincing to exclude every reasonable hypothesis except
that of guilt.’” Holloway v. Commonwealth, 57 Va. App. 658, 665, 705 S.E.2d 510, 513 (2011)
(en banc) (quoting Coleman v. Commonwealth, 226 Va. 31, 53, 307 S.E.2d 864, 876 (1983)).
“Circumstantial evidence is not viewed in isolation.” Commonwealth v. Hudson, 265 Va. 505,
514, 578 S.E.2d 781, 786 (2003). “While no single piece of evidence may be sufficient, the
‘combined force of many concurrent and related circumstances, each insufficient in itself, may
lead a reasonable mind irresistibly to a conclusion.”’ Derr v. Commonwealth, 242 Va. 413, 425,
410 S.E.2d 662, 669 (1991) (citations omitted).
Hampton asserts that the firearm he used was actually a BB gun, which he claims is
insufficient as a matter of law to support convictions under Code §§ 18.2-308.2, 18.2-90, and
18.2-53.1.
Code § 18.2-308.2 makes it unlawful for
any person under the age of 29 who was adjudicated delinquent as a juvenile 14 years of age or older at the time of the offense of a delinquent act which would be a felony if committed by an adult . . . to knowingly and intentionally possess or transport any firearm or ammunition for a firearm.
The Supreme Court of Virginia has interpreted the term “firearm” as it applies to Code
§ 18.2-308.2 to mean “any instrument designed, made, and intended to fire or expel a projectile
-2- by means of an explosion.” Armstrong v. Commonwealth, 263 Va. 573, 583, 562 S.E.2d 139,
145 (2002).
Pursuant to Code § 18.2-90, it is unlawful for a person to enter a dwelling in the
nighttime or break and enter a dwelling in the daytime. The penalty for such conduct is
enhanced to a Class 2 felony “if such person was armed with a deadly weapon at the time of such
entry.” Code § 18.2-90. “A deadly weapon is one which is likely to produce death or great
bodily injury from the manner in which it is used, and whether a weapon is to be regarded as
deadly often depends more on the manner in which it has been used than on its intrinsic
character.” Pritchett v. Commonwealth, 219 Va. 927, 929, 252 S.E.2d 352, 353 (1979) (internal
quotations omitted).
Code § 18.2-53.1 provides that “it shall be unlawful for any person to use or attempt to
use any pistol, shotgun, rifle, or other firearm or display such weapon in a threatening manner
while committing or attempting to commit . . . robbery.” The Supreme Court of Virginia held
that a conviction may be sustained under Code § 18.2-53.1 “upon proof that [a] defendant
employed an instrument which gave the appearance of having a firing capability, whether or not
the object actually had the capacity to propel a bullet by the force of gunpowder.” Holloman v.
Commonwealth, 221 Va. 196, 199, 269 S.E.2d 356, 358 (1980).
In support of his argument that the gun Hampton admitted to using during the criminal
acts was not a firearm, Hampton relies entirely on his own testimony that the rifle he used was
actually a BB gun. However, the witness testimony describing the appearance of the gun
combined with Hampton’s threats to kill Kristin Morrison (“Morrison”) was sufficient to support
the circuit court’s conclusion that the rifle was in fact a real weapon. See Redd v.
Commonwealth, 29 Va. App. 256, 259, 511 S.E.2d 436, 438 (1999) (holding that a clerk’s
description of the object as “a long black gun” was insufficient, alone, to prove that the object
-3- was a firearm; however, defendant’s threat, upon presenting the weapon, to kill the clerk was an
implied assertion that the object was a functioning weapon, and was sufficient to support the trial
court’s finding that the object was a firearm).
Both Morrison and Hampton’s co-conspirator, Keshawn Trotter (“Trotter”) testified that
the gun Hampton used was a real rifle. Morrison described the weapon as a “large black gun”
that looked like a military rifle, and Trotter explained that the gun was all black and looked like
an “assault rifle.” The circuit court could reasonably consider that Morrison had some
familiarity with guns, having been to the gun range with her brothers and friends. Further,
Trotter testified that the gun Hampton used was a real rifle, not Trotter’s BB gun, as Hampton
claimed. Morrison also testified that Hampton demanded, “Bitch, where the money?” while
pointing the real rifle at her head. Morrison testified that she could feel the metal barrel of the
rifle against her head. Trotter confirmed that Hampton had the rifle pointing at Morrison at the
time he made demands for money. Hampton also threatened Morrison by stating, “I’m gonna
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COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Chief Judge Huff, Judge Humphreys and Senior Judge Bumgardner UNPUBLISHED
Argued at Salem, Virginia
DOMINIQUE DESMOND HAMPTON MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY v. Record No. 0038-15-3 JUDGE ROBERT J. HUMPHREYS NOVEMBER 17, 2015 COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF DANVILLE James J. Reynolds, Judge
Maana K. Parcham, Assistant Public Defender (Heath L. Sabin, Assistant Public Defender, on brief), for appellant.
Steven A. Witmer, Senior Assistant Attorney General (Mark R. Herring, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Dominique Desmond Hampton (“Hampton”) appeals his convictions from the Circuit
Court of the City of Danville (the “circuit court”) for possession of a firearm by a violent felon in
violation of Code § 18.2-308.2, breaking and entering while armed with a deadly weapon in
violation of Code § 18.2-90, and use of a firearm in the commission of robbery in violation of
Code § 18.2-53.1, claiming the evidence was insufficient to prove the rifle he used was a real
firearm.
When the sufficiency of the evidence is challenged on appeal, this Court “must examine
the evidence that supports the conviction and allow the conviction to stand unless it is plainly
wrong or without evidence to support it.” Vincent v. Commonwealth, 276 Va. 648, 652, 668
S.E.2d 137, 139-40 (2008). The relevant inquiry is whether “‘any rational trier of fact could
have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.’” Kelly v.
* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. Commonwealth, 41 Va. App. 250, 257, 584 S.E.2d 444, 447 (2003) (en banc) (quoting Jackson
v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979)). This Court’s deference to the fact finder “applies not
only to findings of fact, but also to any reasonable and justified inferences the fact-finder may
have drawn from the facts proved.” Sullivan v. Commonwealth, 280 Va. 672, 676, 701 S.E.2d
61, 63-64 (2010).
“‘Circumstantial evidence is as competent and is entitled to as much weight as direct
evidence, provided it is sufficiently convincing to exclude every reasonable hypothesis except
that of guilt.’” Holloway v. Commonwealth, 57 Va. App. 658, 665, 705 S.E.2d 510, 513 (2011)
(en banc) (quoting Coleman v. Commonwealth, 226 Va. 31, 53, 307 S.E.2d 864, 876 (1983)).
“Circumstantial evidence is not viewed in isolation.” Commonwealth v. Hudson, 265 Va. 505,
514, 578 S.E.2d 781, 786 (2003). “While no single piece of evidence may be sufficient, the
‘combined force of many concurrent and related circumstances, each insufficient in itself, may
lead a reasonable mind irresistibly to a conclusion.”’ Derr v. Commonwealth, 242 Va. 413, 425,
410 S.E.2d 662, 669 (1991) (citations omitted).
Hampton asserts that the firearm he used was actually a BB gun, which he claims is
insufficient as a matter of law to support convictions under Code §§ 18.2-308.2, 18.2-90, and
18.2-53.1.
Code § 18.2-308.2 makes it unlawful for
any person under the age of 29 who was adjudicated delinquent as a juvenile 14 years of age or older at the time of the offense of a delinquent act which would be a felony if committed by an adult . . . to knowingly and intentionally possess or transport any firearm or ammunition for a firearm.
The Supreme Court of Virginia has interpreted the term “firearm” as it applies to Code
§ 18.2-308.2 to mean “any instrument designed, made, and intended to fire or expel a projectile
-2- by means of an explosion.” Armstrong v. Commonwealth, 263 Va. 573, 583, 562 S.E.2d 139,
145 (2002).
Pursuant to Code § 18.2-90, it is unlawful for a person to enter a dwelling in the
nighttime or break and enter a dwelling in the daytime. The penalty for such conduct is
enhanced to a Class 2 felony “if such person was armed with a deadly weapon at the time of such
entry.” Code § 18.2-90. “A deadly weapon is one which is likely to produce death or great
bodily injury from the manner in which it is used, and whether a weapon is to be regarded as
deadly often depends more on the manner in which it has been used than on its intrinsic
character.” Pritchett v. Commonwealth, 219 Va. 927, 929, 252 S.E.2d 352, 353 (1979) (internal
quotations omitted).
Code § 18.2-53.1 provides that “it shall be unlawful for any person to use or attempt to
use any pistol, shotgun, rifle, or other firearm or display such weapon in a threatening manner
while committing or attempting to commit . . . robbery.” The Supreme Court of Virginia held
that a conviction may be sustained under Code § 18.2-53.1 “upon proof that [a] defendant
employed an instrument which gave the appearance of having a firing capability, whether or not
the object actually had the capacity to propel a bullet by the force of gunpowder.” Holloman v.
Commonwealth, 221 Va. 196, 199, 269 S.E.2d 356, 358 (1980).
In support of his argument that the gun Hampton admitted to using during the criminal
acts was not a firearm, Hampton relies entirely on his own testimony that the rifle he used was
actually a BB gun. However, the witness testimony describing the appearance of the gun
combined with Hampton’s threats to kill Kristin Morrison (“Morrison”) was sufficient to support
the circuit court’s conclusion that the rifle was in fact a real weapon. See Redd v.
Commonwealth, 29 Va. App. 256, 259, 511 S.E.2d 436, 438 (1999) (holding that a clerk’s
description of the object as “a long black gun” was insufficient, alone, to prove that the object
-3- was a firearm; however, defendant’s threat, upon presenting the weapon, to kill the clerk was an
implied assertion that the object was a functioning weapon, and was sufficient to support the trial
court’s finding that the object was a firearm).
Both Morrison and Hampton’s co-conspirator, Keshawn Trotter (“Trotter”) testified that
the gun Hampton used was a real rifle. Morrison described the weapon as a “large black gun”
that looked like a military rifle, and Trotter explained that the gun was all black and looked like
an “assault rifle.” The circuit court could reasonably consider that Morrison had some
familiarity with guns, having been to the gun range with her brothers and friends. Further,
Trotter testified that the gun Hampton used was a real rifle, not Trotter’s BB gun, as Hampton
claimed. Morrison also testified that Hampton demanded, “Bitch, where the money?” while
pointing the real rifle at her head. Morrison testified that she could feel the metal barrel of the
rifle against her head. Trotter confirmed that Hampton had the rifle pointing at Morrison at the
time he made demands for money. Hampton also threatened Morrison by stating, “I’m gonna
give you to the count of ten to, you know, give me what I want, and . . . or I’m gonna shoot you.”
Then, Hampton proceeded to count down from ten. Taken together, the description of the
weapon coupled with Hampton’s threatening use of the gun is sufficient to support the circuit
court’s conclusion that the weapon was a real firearm. The circuit court could also conclude that
Hampton’s concealment of the rifle in a blanket was further indication that the weapon was real,
as there would have been no need to conceal a BB gun, which Hampton could lawfully possess.
Additionally, Hampton’s testimony at trial was contradicted by the testimony of both the
victim, Morrison, and his co-conspirator, Trotter. “The credibility of a witness and the
inferences to be drawn from proven facts are matters solely for the fact finder’s determination.”
Marable v. Commonwealth, 27 Va. App. 505, 509, 500 S.E.2d 233, 235 (1998). “In its role of
judging witness credibility, the fact finder is entitled to disbelieve the self-serving testimony of
-4- the accused and to conclude that the accused is lying to conceal his guilt.” Id. at 509-10, 500
S.E.2d at 235. There is ample evidence in the record to support the circuit court’s determination
that Hampton’s testimony was not credible. Hampton was unable to describe the layout of
Trotter’s basement, even though he claimed that he retrieved Trotter’s BB gun from there earlier
that evening. Additionally, Hampton’s claim that the weapon he used had an orange tip was
directly contradicted by both Morrison and Trotter. Finally, Hampton’s claims that he did not
utter a word while in the house and did not strike Morrison were refuted by Morrison and
Trotter.
The circuit court acknowledged the inconsistencies between the testimony of Hampton
and Morrison, and expressly rejected Hampton’s testimony stating, “either Ms. Morrison is not
telling the truth or the defendant is not telling the truth, and based upon the evidence which the
[c]ourt has heard, it’s not a difficult decision for the [c]ourt to make. The [c]ourt believes Ms.
Morrison beyond a reasonable doubt.” The circuit court found Hampton’s testimony to be a
fabrication and was thus entitled to conclude that Hampton testified falsely “in an effort to
conceal his guilt.” Covil v. Commonwealth, 268 Va. 692, 696, 604 S.E.2d 79, 82 (2004). In
rejecting the notion that Trotter’s BB gun was the weapon Hampton used, the circuit court
further noted, “the defendant pointed a gun at [Morrison], threatened to kill her, demanded
money, initiated a count-down on a threat to shoot her . . . those are assertions of operability that
I think go well beyond what is required to establish something is a firearm.”
Concluding there is ample evidence in the record to support the circuit court’s finding
that Hampton’s rifle was in fact a real firearm within the meaning of Code § 18.2-308.2, we hold
that the evidence was also sufficient for the circuit court to conclude it was a deadly weapon
within the meaning of Code § 18.2-90 based upon the manner in which it was used and that the
-5- rifle had the appearance of being a firearm as required by Code § 18.2-53.1. Accordingly, we
affirm Hampton’s convictions.
Affirmed.
-6-