RENDERED: JUNE 4, 2021; 10:00 A.M. NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
Commonwealth of Kentucky Court of Appeals
NO. 2020-CA-0835-MR
DOMINIC TILFORD APPELLANT
APPEAL FROM JEFFERSON CIRCUIT COURT v. HONORABLE AUDRA J. ECKERLE, JUDGE ACTION NO. 20-CR-000636
COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY APPELLEE
OPINION AFFIRMING
** ** ** ** **
BEFORE: CLAYTON, CHIEF JUDGE; DIXON AND MAZE, JUDGES.
DIXON, JUDGE: Dominic Tilford appeals from the order holding him in
contempt entered on June 18, 2020, by the Jefferson Circuit Court. Following a
careful review of the record, briefs, and law, we affirm.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Tilford was indicted on two counts of first-degree strangulation,
intimidating a participant in the legal process, theft by unlawful taking over $500 but less than $10,000, first-degree unlawful imprisonment, fourth-degree assault,
second-degree fleeing or evading police, second-degree burglary, retaliating
against a participant in the legal process, violation of conditions of release, theft by
unlawful taking under $500, and being a first-degree persistent felony offender.
His bond was set at $25,000 full cash, which he posted by way of a $50,000
property bond. A condition of his bond was to have no contact with the victim.
After Tilford was indicted by a grand jury for the above-mentioned charges, he
incurred new charges for second-degree burglary, retaliating against a participant
in the legal process, theft by unlawful taking under $500, and violation of
conditions of release. Consequently, a warrant for arrest on indictment was issued,
setting his bond at $100,000 full cash.
On April 21, 2020, the Commonwealth filed a combined, renewed
motion to hold Tilford in contempt and to increase his bond, alleging he continued
to contact the victim from jail. In its motion, the Commonwealth informed the trial
court:
[f]rom March 22nd and April 21st, the Defendant has called the victim 244 times with 80 of the calls being complete. He has spoken with her for a total of 1177.35 minutes (19.62 hours). The average duration of the 80 calls is 883 seconds (14.72 minutes). Most of the calls are made with other inmate accounts to conceal his illicit contact.
-2- (footnotes omitted). The motion was noticed to be heard at the convenience of the
court due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On May 29, 2020, the trial court entered an
order setting the hearing on the motion for contempt and increased bond for June
10, 2020. At the hearing, various motions were heard, including a motion to
dismiss previously filed by Tilford. When the trial court addressed the motion to
hold Tilford in contempt and increase his bond, Tilford objected, stating he did not
receive notice that the motion was to be heard that day. The trial court overruled
his objection and proceeded with the hearing. By order entered June 18, 2020, the
trial court granted the motion to hold Tilford in contempt and increased his bond to
$200,000 cash due to his continued violations of the nonfinancial conditions of his
bond and direct court orders. This appeal followed.1
STANDARD OF REVIEW
“We review the trial court’s exercise of its contempt powers for abuse
of discretion, Lewis [v. Lewis], 875 S.W.2d [862,] 864 [(Ky. 1993)], but we apply
the clear error standard to the underlying findings of fact.” Kentucky Cabinet for
Health and Family Servs. v. Ivy, 353 S.W.3d 324, 332 (Ky. 2011) (citing Blakeman
v. Schneider, 864 S.W.2d 903 (Ky. 1993)). “The test for abuse of discretion is
1 Another panel of our Court addressed the appeal taken from the rulings on the motion to increase bond. See Dominic Tilford v. Commonwealth of Kentucky, Case No. 2020-CA-0841- ME, September 8, 2020, order vacating and remanding. That appeal pertained to a bail issue and proceeded under Kentucky Rules of Criminal Procedure (RCr) 4.43 as an expedited appeal.
-3- whether the trial [court’s] decision was arbitrary, unreasonable, unfair, or
unsupported by sound legal principles.” Commonwealth v. English, 993 S.W.2d
941, 945 (Ky. 1999) (citations omitted).
ANALYSIS
On appeal, Tilford argues the hearing on the contempt motion was
held without notice to him, and the trial court excluded his presence while allowing
the Commonwealth to appear in person and silenced his counsel during much of
the hearing. Tilford requests our Court vacate the trial court’s order holding him in
contempt and remand the motion to the trial court to hold a hearing to comport
with due process of law.
“An elementary and fundamental requirement of due process in any
proceeding which is to be accorded finality is notice reasonably calculated, under
all the circumstances, to apprise interested parties of the pendency of the action
and afford them an opportunity to present their objections.” Mullane v. Central
Hanover Bank & Tr. Co., 339 U.S. 306, 314, 70 S. Ct. 652, 657, 94 L. Ed. 865
(1950). To prepare meaningfully for a hearing, an offender must receive notice of
the time, place, and nature of the hearing. Jones v. Bailey, 576 S.W.3d 128, 150
(Ky. 2019).
In this case, it does appear Tilford and/or his counsel received notice
the contempt motion was to be heard on June 10, 2020. Due to altered court
-4- operations during the COVID-19 pandemic, the motion was noticed to be heard at
the convenience of the court. However, on April 29, 2020, the trial judge signed
an order setting the hearing for June 10, 2020. While the order was stamped as
entered by the circuit court clerk on May 29, 2020, the court’s June 18, 2020, order
states the order does not appear to have been entered by the clerk. Nevertheless,
and even though the order does not contain a distribution list, the case history
verifies distribution of the order setting the motion for hearing by the clerk, stating
it was sent to all counsel of record and parties not represented by counsel. “There
is always a presumption that a communication that was properly stamped,
addressed and deposited in the mail was received by the addressee. Once the fact
of address, stamp and deposit is proven, the burden shifts to the addressee to prove
that he has never received the letter.” Haven Point Enters., Inc. v. United Kentucky
Bank, Inc., 690 S.W.2d 393, 395 (Ky. 1985) (citation omitted). Accordingly, it
appears notice was provided to Tilford that the contempt motion would be heard on
June 10, 2020. Thus, a new hearing is not warranted on the grounds of insufficient
notice.
Next, Tilford argues he was not afforded due process because of his
perceived imbalance of appearing remotely while the Commonwealth appeared in
person. The trial court specifically noted the only reason the Commonwealth
appeared in person was to play telephone calls into the record for the court. As we
-5- previously noted, ordinary court proceedings were altered at the time of the hearing
due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Pursuant to the Supreme Court of Kentucky’s
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
RENDERED: JUNE 4, 2021; 10:00 A.M. NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
Commonwealth of Kentucky Court of Appeals
NO. 2020-CA-0835-MR
DOMINIC TILFORD APPELLANT
APPEAL FROM JEFFERSON CIRCUIT COURT v. HONORABLE AUDRA J. ECKERLE, JUDGE ACTION NO. 20-CR-000636
COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY APPELLEE
OPINION AFFIRMING
** ** ** ** **
BEFORE: CLAYTON, CHIEF JUDGE; DIXON AND MAZE, JUDGES.
DIXON, JUDGE: Dominic Tilford appeals from the order holding him in
contempt entered on June 18, 2020, by the Jefferson Circuit Court. Following a
careful review of the record, briefs, and law, we affirm.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Tilford was indicted on two counts of first-degree strangulation,
intimidating a participant in the legal process, theft by unlawful taking over $500 but less than $10,000, first-degree unlawful imprisonment, fourth-degree assault,
second-degree fleeing or evading police, second-degree burglary, retaliating
against a participant in the legal process, violation of conditions of release, theft by
unlawful taking under $500, and being a first-degree persistent felony offender.
His bond was set at $25,000 full cash, which he posted by way of a $50,000
property bond. A condition of his bond was to have no contact with the victim.
After Tilford was indicted by a grand jury for the above-mentioned charges, he
incurred new charges for second-degree burglary, retaliating against a participant
in the legal process, theft by unlawful taking under $500, and violation of
conditions of release. Consequently, a warrant for arrest on indictment was issued,
setting his bond at $100,000 full cash.
On April 21, 2020, the Commonwealth filed a combined, renewed
motion to hold Tilford in contempt and to increase his bond, alleging he continued
to contact the victim from jail. In its motion, the Commonwealth informed the trial
court:
[f]rom March 22nd and April 21st, the Defendant has called the victim 244 times with 80 of the calls being complete. He has spoken with her for a total of 1177.35 minutes (19.62 hours). The average duration of the 80 calls is 883 seconds (14.72 minutes). Most of the calls are made with other inmate accounts to conceal his illicit contact.
-2- (footnotes omitted). The motion was noticed to be heard at the convenience of the
court due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On May 29, 2020, the trial court entered an
order setting the hearing on the motion for contempt and increased bond for June
10, 2020. At the hearing, various motions were heard, including a motion to
dismiss previously filed by Tilford. When the trial court addressed the motion to
hold Tilford in contempt and increase his bond, Tilford objected, stating he did not
receive notice that the motion was to be heard that day. The trial court overruled
his objection and proceeded with the hearing. By order entered June 18, 2020, the
trial court granted the motion to hold Tilford in contempt and increased his bond to
$200,000 cash due to his continued violations of the nonfinancial conditions of his
bond and direct court orders. This appeal followed.1
STANDARD OF REVIEW
“We review the trial court’s exercise of its contempt powers for abuse
of discretion, Lewis [v. Lewis], 875 S.W.2d [862,] 864 [(Ky. 1993)], but we apply
the clear error standard to the underlying findings of fact.” Kentucky Cabinet for
Health and Family Servs. v. Ivy, 353 S.W.3d 324, 332 (Ky. 2011) (citing Blakeman
v. Schneider, 864 S.W.2d 903 (Ky. 1993)). “The test for abuse of discretion is
1 Another panel of our Court addressed the appeal taken from the rulings on the motion to increase bond. See Dominic Tilford v. Commonwealth of Kentucky, Case No. 2020-CA-0841- ME, September 8, 2020, order vacating and remanding. That appeal pertained to a bail issue and proceeded under Kentucky Rules of Criminal Procedure (RCr) 4.43 as an expedited appeal.
-3- whether the trial [court’s] decision was arbitrary, unreasonable, unfair, or
unsupported by sound legal principles.” Commonwealth v. English, 993 S.W.2d
941, 945 (Ky. 1999) (citations omitted).
ANALYSIS
On appeal, Tilford argues the hearing on the contempt motion was
held without notice to him, and the trial court excluded his presence while allowing
the Commonwealth to appear in person and silenced his counsel during much of
the hearing. Tilford requests our Court vacate the trial court’s order holding him in
contempt and remand the motion to the trial court to hold a hearing to comport
with due process of law.
“An elementary and fundamental requirement of due process in any
proceeding which is to be accorded finality is notice reasonably calculated, under
all the circumstances, to apprise interested parties of the pendency of the action
and afford them an opportunity to present their objections.” Mullane v. Central
Hanover Bank & Tr. Co., 339 U.S. 306, 314, 70 S. Ct. 652, 657, 94 L. Ed. 865
(1950). To prepare meaningfully for a hearing, an offender must receive notice of
the time, place, and nature of the hearing. Jones v. Bailey, 576 S.W.3d 128, 150
(Ky. 2019).
In this case, it does appear Tilford and/or his counsel received notice
the contempt motion was to be heard on June 10, 2020. Due to altered court
-4- operations during the COVID-19 pandemic, the motion was noticed to be heard at
the convenience of the court. However, on April 29, 2020, the trial judge signed
an order setting the hearing for June 10, 2020. While the order was stamped as
entered by the circuit court clerk on May 29, 2020, the court’s June 18, 2020, order
states the order does not appear to have been entered by the clerk. Nevertheless,
and even though the order does not contain a distribution list, the case history
verifies distribution of the order setting the motion for hearing by the clerk, stating
it was sent to all counsel of record and parties not represented by counsel. “There
is always a presumption that a communication that was properly stamped,
addressed and deposited in the mail was received by the addressee. Once the fact
of address, stamp and deposit is proven, the burden shifts to the addressee to prove
that he has never received the letter.” Haven Point Enters., Inc. v. United Kentucky
Bank, Inc., 690 S.W.2d 393, 395 (Ky. 1985) (citation omitted). Accordingly, it
appears notice was provided to Tilford that the contempt motion would be heard on
June 10, 2020. Thus, a new hearing is not warranted on the grounds of insufficient
notice.
Next, Tilford argues he was not afforded due process because of his
perceived imbalance of appearing remotely while the Commonwealth appeared in
person. The trial court specifically noted the only reason the Commonwealth
appeared in person was to play telephone calls into the record for the court. As we
-5- previously noted, ordinary court proceedings were altered at the time of the hearing
due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Pursuant to the Supreme Court of Kentucky’s
Administrative Order (“AO”) 2020-39, “beginning June 1, 2020[,] . . . Courts shall
resume hearing civil and criminal matters using available telephonic and video
technology to conduct all proceedings remotely.” It further mandated, “All parties
are expected to use available technology to further the resolution of all cases.” Id.
The AO also included certain exceptions allowing limited in-person proceedings.
Given these circumstances, we cannot say there was any imbalance in the
proceeding or that the trial court clearly erred or abused its discretion in allowing
the contempt hearing to proceed in the manner it was conducted.
Moreover, Tilford expressly waived his right to proceed in person.
Although there is little published case law on this exact issue, the court in United
States v. Reynolds, 44 M.J. 726, 729-30 (A. Ct. Crim. App. 1996), aff’d, 49 M.J.
260 (C.A.A.F. 1998), observed:
Although we find that the military judge in this case erred by utilizing the telephonic Article 39(a) session, the appellant is entitled to relief only if the error “materially prejudiced [his] substantial rights.” In this case the appellant consented to the procedure and attempted to waive the statutory and regulatory requirements concerning the presence of the parties. In his original filing before this court, the appellant did not attack the speakerphone procedure as error or allege that any of his substantial rights were adversely affected. The procedures used in this case were correct in all material aspects except that they were conducted over a
-6- speakerphone rather than in person. The appellant would receive an undeserved windfall if we were to set aside the findings and sentence because of a procedure that was used with his and his counsel’s consent. This court- martial involved several preliminary sessions conducted pursuant to Article 39(a), [Uniform Code of Military Justice]. When viewed as a whole, these procedures did not depart from the standards of fairness in such a way as to undermine public confidence in the military justice system. Thus, we are satisfied, on the facts of this case, that the appellant suffered no prejudice.
(Emphasis added) (footnote omitted).
Similar notions of fairness are applicable to the case herein. Both
Tilford and the Commonwealth called, questioned, and cross-examined witnesses
who appeared telephonically. Tilford does not argue the hearing would have
proceeded any differently had it been held in person. Consequently, Tilford has
failed to demonstrate any prejudice from the mostly remote hearing—one that was
essentially being held telephonically pursuant to the AO in effect at that time. Like
Reynolds, on review, we cannot say the procedures used by the trial court at this
hearing departed from the standards of fairness in such a way as to undermine
public confidence in our justice system. Accordingly, we find neither clear error
nor an abuse of discretion in conducting the contempt hearing in this manner.
Tilford’s final argument is that the trial court erred in muting his
counsel on multiple occasions during the hearing. It is undisputed the trial court
muted Tilford’s counsel for several relatively brief periods of time throughout the
-7- proceeding. However, after each of those occasions, Tilford’s counsel was given
the opportunity to continue speaking to offer additional objections, questions,
and/or comments. It is this key difference that distinguishes this case from
Delahanty v. Commonwealth ex rel. Maze, 295 S.W.3d 136 (Ky. App. 2009). The
Delahanty Court held, “without the right to object to questions asked during an
adversarial proceeding, the county attorney cannot be an effective advocate for the
citizens. Laboring under the intimidation of contempt, the county attorney’s role is
reduced to that of an idle bystander and his voice as an advocate muted.” Id. at
143.
Despite the fact that Tilford’s counsel was literally muted on several
occasions, the trial court still provided his counsel ample opportunity to zealously
and effectively represent Tilford. To that end, Tilford has proffered no objections,
questions, or comments that would have been made that were otherwise unable to
be made due to his counsel being muted. Accordingly, Tilford has failed to
demonstrate that his counsel was unable to make an appropriate record or that he
was prejudiced in any way by the trial court’s muting of his counsel.
Nonetheless, Tilford takes issue with the trial court’s references to his
counsel “screaming” in its order. Any mischaracterization of defense counsel’s
tone or speaking volume by the trial court in its order amounts to no more than
harmless error. It is well-established, a single error alone does not necessarily
-8- require reversal, and our Court is bound to review the error for possible
harmlessness. CR2 61.01 provides:
No error in either the admission or the exclusion of evidence and no error or defect in any ruling or order or in anything done or omitted by the court or by any of the parties is ground for granting a new trial or for setting aside a verdict or for vacating, modifying, or otherwise disturbing a judgment or order, unless refusal to take such action appears to the court inconsistent with substantial justice. The court at every stage of the proceeding must disregard any error or defect in the proceeding which does not affect the substantial rights of the parties.
Tilford has failed to demonstrate any error of the trial court affecting his
substantial rights; thus, we affirm.
CONCLUSION
Therefore, and for the foregoing reasons, the order of the Jefferson
Circuit Court is AFFIRMED.
CLAYTON, CHIEF JUDGE, AND MAZE, JUDGE, CONCUR IN RESULT ONLY.
2 Kentucky Rules of Civil Procedure.
-9- BRIEFS FOR APPELLANT: BRIEF FOR APPELLEES:
Rob Eggert Daniel Cameron Louisville, Kentucky Attorney General of Kentucky
Jason B. Moore Special Assistant Attorney General Louisville, Kentucky
-10-