NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING MOTION AND, IF FILED, DETERMINED
IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL OF FLORIDA SECOND DISTRICT
ANTHONY E. DOGODA, JR., ) ) Appellant, ) ) v. ) Case No. 2D16-4447 ) AMY DOGODA, ) ) Appellee. ) )
Opinion filed December 6, 2017.
Appeal from the Circuit Court for Sarasota County; Frederick P. Mercurio, Judge.
Peter J. Mackey and B. Kyle Stalnaker of Mackey Law Group, P.A., Bradenton, for Appellant.
Kenneth M. Poole, Jr. of Syprett, Meshad, Resnick, Lieb, Dumbaugh, Jones, Krotec & Westheimer, P.A., Sarasota, for Appellee.
LaROSE, Chief Judge.
Anthony E. Dogoda, Jr. appeals an order denying his supplemental
petition to modify alimony. We have jurisdiction. See Fla. R. App. P. 9.030(b)(1)(A).
The trial court abused its discretion in concluding that the filing date of the final
dissolution judgment was the operative date from which to assess whether a subsequent substantial change in circumstances justified an alimony modification.
Consequently, we reverse.1
Background
The parties married in October 1991. Mr. Dogoda filed for divorce in
March 2013. Eventually, the parties entered into a marital settlement agreement (MSA)
that resolved all outstanding issues between them. As relevant here, the MSA obligated
Mr. Dogoda to pay monthly durational alimony of $1250.
The MSA provided that it "shall become effective and enforceable when
both parties have executed it." The MSA was fully executed by September 19, 2014.
Unfortunately, the trial court did not enter a final judgment of dissolution until December
30, 2014. While awaiting entry of the final judgment, Mr. Dogoda made the required
alimony payments called for by the MSA.
Mr. Dogoda was a firefighter. During the time between execution of the
MSA and entry of the final judgment, he engaged in fire department physical fitness
drills. Because of his "horrible" performance, he considered retirement. He asked the
City of Sarasota Firefighter's Pension Board about possible 2015 retirement dates. Mr.
Dogoda had explored his retirement options yearly for the previous ten years. In early
December 2014, the Pension Board approved Mr. Dogoda's retirement, effective
January 23, 2015.
Three months after his retirement, Mr. Dogoda petitioned for a downward
modification of his alimony obligation. He cited to his reduced retirement income, which
was due to the equitable distribution of his fire department retirement pension, coupled
1 Because our resolution of this issue moots consideration of Mr. Dogoda's other appellate issue, we do not address it. -2- with the financial hardship caused by his monthly alimony payment. After an evidentiary
hearing, the trial court entered an order denying Mr. Dogoda's petition.
The trial court found that Mr. Dogoda's "retirement was contemplated prior
to the actual [final judgment] being entered [on] December 30, 2014." More specifically,
the trial court observed that "Mr. Dogoda took a step to activate or put into place his
retirement effective January, 2015[;] . . . he took the step to have the Pension Board
approve his retirement."
Nonetheless, the trial court characterized Mr. Dogoda's retirement as
"voluntary in nature" with "nothing about him retiring or exercising his retirement option
to be spiteful or in any way to thwart Ms. Dogoda from receiving any benefits to which
she is entitled." Rather, the trial court believed that it was constrained from awarding
relief because Mr. Dogoda decided to retire before entry of the final judgment.
Specifically, the trial court lamented that if it "could ignore the second prong of the three-
prong test for modification of alimony, the court would have granted Mr. Dogoda's
[petition]."
Analysis
We review the trial court's order under an abuse of discretion standard.
See Driggers v. Driggers, 127 So. 3d 762, 763 (Fla. 2d DCA 2013). Under Florida law,
[w]hen the parties enter into an agreement for payments for . . . alimony . . . in connection with a proceeding for dissolution . . . and the circumstances or the financial ability of either party changes . . . either party may apply to the circuit court . . . for an order decreasing or increasing the amount of . . . alimony, and the court has jurisdiction to make orders as equity requires, with due regard to the changed circumstances or the financial ability of the parties . . . .
§ 61.14(1)(a), Fla. Stat. (2015).
-3- The petitioner must show "that (1) there has been a substantial change in
circumstances, (2) the change was not contemplated at the time of the final judgment of
dissolution, and (3) the change is sufficient, material, permanent, and involuntary."
Jarrard v. Jarrard, 157 So. 3d 332, 336 (Fla. 2d DCA 2015) (citing Eisemann v.
Eisemann, 5 So. 3d 760, 762 (Fla. 2d DCA 2009)); see also Pimm v. Pimm, 601 So. 2d
534, 536 (Fla. 1992). We know that when a party seeks to modify an existing support
order, "the proof required to modify a settlement agreement and the proof required to
modify an award established by court order shall be the same." § 61.14(7). Thus, Mr.
Dogoda bears no heavier burden because the alimony award was instituted through an
MSA rather than by court order.
In Pimm, 601 So. 2d at 535, a case involving the retirement of the payor
spouse, the Florida Supreme Court held that retirement, if reasonable, can support the
finding of a substantial change in circumstances. The reasonableness of the voluntary
retirement depends on "the payor's age, health, and motivation for retirement, as well as
the type of work the payor performs and the age at which others engaged in that line of
work normally retire." Id. at 537; see also Wilson v. Wilson, 37 So. 3d 877, 881 (Fla. 2d
DCA 2010) ("In Pimm, the supreme court held that voluntary retirement is a change of
circumstances that may be considered, together with other relevant factors, in
determining whether to modify alimony if the retirement is reasonable."). The trial court
found Mr. Dogoda's retirement to be reasonable, and Ms. Dogoda does not challenge
this finding on appeal.
Key to the disposition of the case before us is whether, under Pimm's
second prong, Mr. Dogoda's retirement "was . . . contemplated at the time of final
judgment of dissolution." Pimm, 601 So. 2d at 536. Recall the unusual factual scenario -4- before us: between the date the parties executed the MSA and entry of the final
judgment of dissolution, Mr. Dogoda decided to retire. Ms. Dogoda contends that Mr.
Dogoda's retirement cannot serve as a basis for alimony modification because it was
contemplated before entry of the final judgment. Indeed, the Pension Board approved
his retirement several weeks before entry of the final judgment.
Ms. Dogoda's entreaty ignores the language of section 61.14(1)(a), which
allows for a party to pursue modification "[w]hen the parties enter into an agreement for
payments for . . . alimony . . . in connection with a proceeding for dissolution . . .and the
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NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING MOTION AND, IF FILED, DETERMINED
IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL OF FLORIDA SECOND DISTRICT
ANTHONY E. DOGODA, JR., ) ) Appellant, ) ) v. ) Case No. 2D16-4447 ) AMY DOGODA, ) ) Appellee. ) )
Opinion filed December 6, 2017.
Appeal from the Circuit Court for Sarasota County; Frederick P. Mercurio, Judge.
Peter J. Mackey and B. Kyle Stalnaker of Mackey Law Group, P.A., Bradenton, for Appellant.
Kenneth M. Poole, Jr. of Syprett, Meshad, Resnick, Lieb, Dumbaugh, Jones, Krotec & Westheimer, P.A., Sarasota, for Appellee.
LaROSE, Chief Judge.
Anthony E. Dogoda, Jr. appeals an order denying his supplemental
petition to modify alimony. We have jurisdiction. See Fla. R. App. P. 9.030(b)(1)(A).
The trial court abused its discretion in concluding that the filing date of the final
dissolution judgment was the operative date from which to assess whether a subsequent substantial change in circumstances justified an alimony modification.
Consequently, we reverse.1
Background
The parties married in October 1991. Mr. Dogoda filed for divorce in
March 2013. Eventually, the parties entered into a marital settlement agreement (MSA)
that resolved all outstanding issues between them. As relevant here, the MSA obligated
Mr. Dogoda to pay monthly durational alimony of $1250.
The MSA provided that it "shall become effective and enforceable when
both parties have executed it." The MSA was fully executed by September 19, 2014.
Unfortunately, the trial court did not enter a final judgment of dissolution until December
30, 2014. While awaiting entry of the final judgment, Mr. Dogoda made the required
alimony payments called for by the MSA.
Mr. Dogoda was a firefighter. During the time between execution of the
MSA and entry of the final judgment, he engaged in fire department physical fitness
drills. Because of his "horrible" performance, he considered retirement. He asked the
City of Sarasota Firefighter's Pension Board about possible 2015 retirement dates. Mr.
Dogoda had explored his retirement options yearly for the previous ten years. In early
December 2014, the Pension Board approved Mr. Dogoda's retirement, effective
January 23, 2015.
Three months after his retirement, Mr. Dogoda petitioned for a downward
modification of his alimony obligation. He cited to his reduced retirement income, which
was due to the equitable distribution of his fire department retirement pension, coupled
1 Because our resolution of this issue moots consideration of Mr. Dogoda's other appellate issue, we do not address it. -2- with the financial hardship caused by his monthly alimony payment. After an evidentiary
hearing, the trial court entered an order denying Mr. Dogoda's petition.
The trial court found that Mr. Dogoda's "retirement was contemplated prior
to the actual [final judgment] being entered [on] December 30, 2014." More specifically,
the trial court observed that "Mr. Dogoda took a step to activate or put into place his
retirement effective January, 2015[;] . . . he took the step to have the Pension Board
approve his retirement."
Nonetheless, the trial court characterized Mr. Dogoda's retirement as
"voluntary in nature" with "nothing about him retiring or exercising his retirement option
to be spiteful or in any way to thwart Ms. Dogoda from receiving any benefits to which
she is entitled." Rather, the trial court believed that it was constrained from awarding
relief because Mr. Dogoda decided to retire before entry of the final judgment.
Specifically, the trial court lamented that if it "could ignore the second prong of the three-
prong test for modification of alimony, the court would have granted Mr. Dogoda's
[petition]."
Analysis
We review the trial court's order under an abuse of discretion standard.
See Driggers v. Driggers, 127 So. 3d 762, 763 (Fla. 2d DCA 2013). Under Florida law,
[w]hen the parties enter into an agreement for payments for . . . alimony . . . in connection with a proceeding for dissolution . . . and the circumstances or the financial ability of either party changes . . . either party may apply to the circuit court . . . for an order decreasing or increasing the amount of . . . alimony, and the court has jurisdiction to make orders as equity requires, with due regard to the changed circumstances or the financial ability of the parties . . . .
§ 61.14(1)(a), Fla. Stat. (2015).
-3- The petitioner must show "that (1) there has been a substantial change in
circumstances, (2) the change was not contemplated at the time of the final judgment of
dissolution, and (3) the change is sufficient, material, permanent, and involuntary."
Jarrard v. Jarrard, 157 So. 3d 332, 336 (Fla. 2d DCA 2015) (citing Eisemann v.
Eisemann, 5 So. 3d 760, 762 (Fla. 2d DCA 2009)); see also Pimm v. Pimm, 601 So. 2d
534, 536 (Fla. 1992). We know that when a party seeks to modify an existing support
order, "the proof required to modify a settlement agreement and the proof required to
modify an award established by court order shall be the same." § 61.14(7). Thus, Mr.
Dogoda bears no heavier burden because the alimony award was instituted through an
MSA rather than by court order.
In Pimm, 601 So. 2d at 535, a case involving the retirement of the payor
spouse, the Florida Supreme Court held that retirement, if reasonable, can support the
finding of a substantial change in circumstances. The reasonableness of the voluntary
retirement depends on "the payor's age, health, and motivation for retirement, as well as
the type of work the payor performs and the age at which others engaged in that line of
work normally retire." Id. at 537; see also Wilson v. Wilson, 37 So. 3d 877, 881 (Fla. 2d
DCA 2010) ("In Pimm, the supreme court held that voluntary retirement is a change of
circumstances that may be considered, together with other relevant factors, in
determining whether to modify alimony if the retirement is reasonable."). The trial court
found Mr. Dogoda's retirement to be reasonable, and Ms. Dogoda does not challenge
this finding on appeal.
Key to the disposition of the case before us is whether, under Pimm's
second prong, Mr. Dogoda's retirement "was . . . contemplated at the time of final
judgment of dissolution." Pimm, 601 So. 2d at 536. Recall the unusual factual scenario -4- before us: between the date the parties executed the MSA and entry of the final
judgment of dissolution, Mr. Dogoda decided to retire. Ms. Dogoda contends that Mr.
Dogoda's retirement cannot serve as a basis for alimony modification because it was
contemplated before entry of the final judgment. Indeed, the Pension Board approved
his retirement several weeks before entry of the final judgment.
Ms. Dogoda's entreaty ignores the language of section 61.14(1)(a), which
allows for a party to pursue modification "[w]hen the parties enter into an agreement for
payments for . . . alimony . . . in connection with a proceeding for dissolution . . .and the
circumstances or the financial ability of either party changes." That is, under the statute,
the touchstone for modification is whether, after the parties entered into the MSA, their
respective circumstances or financial abilities have changed. Critically, the statute
omits, and therefore, does not condition modification, upon the date of the trial court's
ratification of the MSA. See Villanueva v. State, 200 So. 3d 47, 52 (Fla. 2016) ("[A]
matter that is not covered by a statute is to be treated as intentionally not covered.").
We reject Ms. Dogoda's argument that Pimm's second prong establishes
a bright-line rule. "Section 61.14 . . . extends jurisdiction to the trial courts to 'make
orders as equity requires' to modify an award of alimony." Mouton v. Mouton, 590 So.
2d 40, 41 (Fla. 2d DCA 1991) (quoting § 61.14(1), Florida Statues (1989)). Consistent
with notions of equity is the consideration of whether the parties contemplated the
substantial change in circumstances and accounted for such a change when they
agreed on the terms of the support award. See Mendes v. Mendes, 947 So. 2d 450,
452 (Fla. 4th DCA 2006) ("The trial court based its decision [to deny the ex-husband's
petition for alimony reduction] on the well-established principle that modification may not
be based upon factors affecting income known to the parties at the time a final judgment -5- is entered."). After all, "if the likelihood of a particular occurrence was one of the factors
which the court or the parties considered in initially fixing the award in question, it would
be grossly unfair subsequently to change the result simply because the anticipated
event has come to pass." Jaffee v. Jaffee, 394 So. 2d 443, 445 (Fla. 3d DCA 1981).
We find the reasoning in Jaffee both intuitive and persuasive.
Consistent with Jaffee, the relevant analysis of the second prong of Pimm
begins with what the parties contemplated at the time they agreed to the terms of the
MSA, not the arbitrary date when the trial court entered the final judgment. Mr. Dogoda
made his retirement decision after execution of the MSA. Consequently, despite his
annual inquiries concerning possible retirement dates, he and Ms. Dogoda necessarily
failed to contemplate his retirement when they entered into the MSA. Cf. Allison v.
Allison, 554 So. 2d 1196, 1198 (Fla. 1st DCA 1989) ("A possibility that income will
decrease is not knowledge that it will do so."). Equity demands that Mr. Dogoda's
subsequent decision to retire not be held against him in his attempts to modify his
alimony obligation.
We find further support for our position in the explicit language of the
MSA. "Settlement agreements are to be interpreted in accordance with laws governing
contracts. Thus, absent evidence of the parties' intent to the contrary, the unambiguous
language of the agreement should be interpreted according to its plain meaning."
Johnson v. Johnson, 848 So. 2d 1272, 1273 (Fla. 2d DCA 2003) (citation omitted). The
MSA specifically provided that it was to take effect upon its execution by both parties.
Consistent with that provision and after the parties signed the MSA, Mr. Dogoda began
to remit his monthly alimony payments to Ms. Dogoda.
-6- In cases involving an MSA, the effective date of the agreement
establishes the date to which a trial court should look in determining whether a
substantial change in circumstances was contemplated by the parties. This is
especially so in cases like this one where there is an extended delay between execution
of the MSA and entry of the final judgment. Were we to adopt Ms. Dogoda's position,
we would be effectively, and needlessly, foisting language upon the MSA that the
contracting parties did not include, and which would change the terms of the parties'
agreement. We are loathe to do so.
Conclusion
For the reasons set forth above, we reverse the order denying Mr.
Dogoda's petition seeking modification of alimony. We remand for further proceedings
consistent with this opinion.
Reversed and remanded.
BLACK and ROTHSTEIN-YOUAKIM, JJ., Concur.
-7-