Stuart, J.
Ejectment for the recovery of a tract of land lying in Kosciusko county. The suit was instituted in Kosciusko, and taken by change of venue to St. Joseph. Trial by the Court on an agreed state of facts; finding and judgment for the defendants. The Stauffers appeal.
The facts agreed upon and the documentary evidence, made part of the record in proper form, are given in full.
“ For the purpose of a trial at the present term, and for the purpose of dispensing with other proofs at such trial, the following facts are mutually admitted:
“ 1. That Alexander Stephenson, the ancestor of the defendants, entered upon and made an actual settlement and residence upon said tract of land, he being then the head of a family and a housekeeper and [continued to reside thereon] without any cessation or interval from October, 1835, until the day of his death, which occurred in the month of October, 1850; and the land was then, and remained, the proporty of the United States, until conveyed as in this agreement shown.
“2. That the state of Indiana, in 1839, selected this tract of land, amongst others, for the purpose of aiding her in the construction of the Wabash and Erie Canal, from the mouth of the Tippecanoe river to Terre Haute, and filed with the secretary of the treasury a list of the lands so by her selected, of which said tract was one; and [145]*145that the list so filed is the same referred to in the first section of the act of Congress of-February 27, 1841, confirming lands so selected to the state.
“ 3. That on October 9, 1841, the defendants’ ancestor proved his settlement upon the land, and claimed a preemption thereon, conformably to the rules of the general land-office; exemplifications of which proofs are herewith submitted marked ‘ A.,’ and all objection to the manner or want of authentication waived, and the facts therein mentioned admitted to be true; and on the day last mentioned, he paid for said land, and got his duplicate certificate of final payment from the proper officer of the United States, at the land-office at Winnimac. The production of the duplicate certificate is waived.
“4. That neither the said Alexander Stephenson, the ancestor, nor the said defendants, Ms heirs, ever received a patent for the land from the general government.
“ 5. That on the 15th of November, 1843, the lessors of the plaintiff bought said land from the state of Indiana, and afterwards, on the 10th of April, 1850, procured patents therefor from the state. The production of the patents is waived.
“ 6. That Alexander Stephenson died intestate on the first day of October, 1850, and that the defendants are his only heirs at law, &c.
“7. That the lessors of the plaintiff, for the space of a year or more before they purchased said land from the state of Indiana, knew of Alexander Stephenson's possession of and residence upon the land, and that he had had a settlement thereon for several years, and ever since October,, 1835.”
These áre all the material facts agreed upon and signed by the parties in April, 1852.
The other evidence shows that Stephenson, with his wife and children, moved into a house he had built thereon, in October, 1836; that they have made that their only home ever since, residmg there up to March 6, 1841; and that there were twelve acres cleared and in cultivation.
The lessors of the plaintiff, therefore, claim under a title [146]*146from the state of Indiana; the defendants under a preemption and purchase from the United States.
The act of Congress of March 2, 1827, entitled “ An act to grant a certain quantity of land to the state of Indiana, for the purpose of aiding her in opening a canal between the Wabash river and lake Erie,” has nothing to do with the question at bar, further than as a historical link. The selections under that act were, by its terms, confined to the alternate sections five miles each side of the canal. The land in controversy in this case is far beyond these limits, and not affected by that act.
The same is trae of another act on the same subject, approved May 29, 1830. It gives the state the power to select a certain quantity" of land in lieu of the canal lands granted by the former act, but which had been previously disposed of by the United States. The selection, however, is limited to the reserved alternate sections five miles each side of the canal.
In 1839, the state proceeded to select certain other lands outside of the ten-mile strip bordering on the canal, for the purpose of continuing that work from the mouth of the Tippecanoe to Terre Haute. This selection, extending over the north part of the state, and embracing the quarter-section in controversy, was confirmed to the state by the act of Congress approved February 27, 1841. The confirmation runs, — “that there be and hereby is confirmed to the state of Indiana, the land selected by her under the provisions of the act of the 2d of March, 1827, entitled, &c., for that portion of the canal between the mouth of the Tippeca/noe river and Terre Haute.”
It is contended in argument, that this is a legislative construction of the act of March, 1827,.recognizing the canal as to be extended to Terre Haute, and the right of the state to select lands as she did. So far as the rights of the United States alone were involved, perhaps this construction might be admitted. But such a legislative construction cannot be admitted to the prejudice of parties who have acquired rights under other acts of Congress.
That the selection of lands by the state in 1839, was not [147]*147made under the act of March 2, 1827, is perfectly clear: 1. In that the rights of the state are expressly confined to the alternate sections five miles on each side the canal. 2. In that the canal has its western terminus at the mouth of the Tippecanoe. 3. In that the legislature of Indiana is expressly limited in the application of the proceeds to “the purposes aforesaid, and no other” — that is to say, to the mailing a canal from the mouth of the Tippecanoe to lake Erie. The lessors of the plaintiff must, therefore, rely solely on the act of February, 1841. The selection made by the state in 1839, receives no support from prior legislation, further than the United States herself may be affected. The selection of the state in 1839, appears to have been made without authority, and considerately adopted by the federal legislature.
The terms of the act of February, 1841, very clearly show that Congress did not thereby intend to compromit any rights but those of the United States. The second section of that act guardedly provides, “ that should any of said lands, at the time of their selection and location by the state, have been subject to any right of pre-emption,” &c., the state is thereby authorized to select other lands in lieu of those so encumbered. 5 U. S. Stat. 414.
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Stuart, J.
Ejectment for the recovery of a tract of land lying in Kosciusko county. The suit was instituted in Kosciusko, and taken by change of venue to St. Joseph. Trial by the Court on an agreed state of facts; finding and judgment for the defendants. The Stauffers appeal.
The facts agreed upon and the documentary evidence, made part of the record in proper form, are given in full.
“ For the purpose of a trial at the present term, and for the purpose of dispensing with other proofs at such trial, the following facts are mutually admitted:
“ 1. That Alexander Stephenson, the ancestor of the defendants, entered upon and made an actual settlement and residence upon said tract of land, he being then the head of a family and a housekeeper and [continued to reside thereon] without any cessation or interval from October, 1835, until the day of his death, which occurred in the month of October, 1850; and the land was then, and remained, the proporty of the United States, until conveyed as in this agreement shown.
“2. That the state of Indiana, in 1839, selected this tract of land, amongst others, for the purpose of aiding her in the construction of the Wabash and Erie Canal, from the mouth of the Tippecanoe river to Terre Haute, and filed with the secretary of the treasury a list of the lands so by her selected, of which said tract was one; and [145]*145that the list so filed is the same referred to in the first section of the act of Congress of-February 27, 1841, confirming lands so selected to the state.
“ 3. That on October 9, 1841, the defendants’ ancestor proved his settlement upon the land, and claimed a preemption thereon, conformably to the rules of the general land-office; exemplifications of which proofs are herewith submitted marked ‘ A.,’ and all objection to the manner or want of authentication waived, and the facts therein mentioned admitted to be true; and on the day last mentioned, he paid for said land, and got his duplicate certificate of final payment from the proper officer of the United States, at the land-office at Winnimac. The production of the duplicate certificate is waived.
“4. That neither the said Alexander Stephenson, the ancestor, nor the said defendants, Ms heirs, ever received a patent for the land from the general government.
“ 5. That on the 15th of November, 1843, the lessors of the plaintiff bought said land from the state of Indiana, and afterwards, on the 10th of April, 1850, procured patents therefor from the state. The production of the patents is waived.
“ 6. That Alexander Stephenson died intestate on the first day of October, 1850, and that the defendants are his only heirs at law, &c.
“7. That the lessors of the plaintiff, for the space of a year or more before they purchased said land from the state of Indiana, knew of Alexander Stephenson's possession of and residence upon the land, and that he had had a settlement thereon for several years, and ever since October,, 1835.”
These áre all the material facts agreed upon and signed by the parties in April, 1852.
The other evidence shows that Stephenson, with his wife and children, moved into a house he had built thereon, in October, 1836; that they have made that their only home ever since, residmg there up to March 6, 1841; and that there were twelve acres cleared and in cultivation.
The lessors of the plaintiff, therefore, claim under a title [146]*146from the state of Indiana; the defendants under a preemption and purchase from the United States.
The act of Congress of March 2, 1827, entitled “ An act to grant a certain quantity of land to the state of Indiana, for the purpose of aiding her in opening a canal between the Wabash river and lake Erie,” has nothing to do with the question at bar, further than as a historical link. The selections under that act were, by its terms, confined to the alternate sections five miles each side of the canal. The land in controversy in this case is far beyond these limits, and not affected by that act.
The same is trae of another act on the same subject, approved May 29, 1830. It gives the state the power to select a certain quantity" of land in lieu of the canal lands granted by the former act, but which had been previously disposed of by the United States. The selection, however, is limited to the reserved alternate sections five miles each side of the canal.
In 1839, the state proceeded to select certain other lands outside of the ten-mile strip bordering on the canal, for the purpose of continuing that work from the mouth of the Tippecanoe to Terre Haute. This selection, extending over the north part of the state, and embracing the quarter-section in controversy, was confirmed to the state by the act of Congress approved February 27, 1841. The confirmation runs, — “that there be and hereby is confirmed to the state of Indiana, the land selected by her under the provisions of the act of the 2d of March, 1827, entitled, &c., for that portion of the canal between the mouth of the Tippeca/noe river and Terre Haute.”
It is contended in argument, that this is a legislative construction of the act of March, 1827,.recognizing the canal as to be extended to Terre Haute, and the right of the state to select lands as she did. So far as the rights of the United States alone were involved, perhaps this construction might be admitted. But such a legislative construction cannot be admitted to the prejudice of parties who have acquired rights under other acts of Congress.
That the selection of lands by the state in 1839, was not [147]*147made under the act of March 2, 1827, is perfectly clear: 1. In that the rights of the state are expressly confined to the alternate sections five miles on each side the canal. 2. In that the canal has its western terminus at the mouth of the Tippecanoe. 3. In that the legislature of Indiana is expressly limited in the application of the proceeds to “the purposes aforesaid, and no other” — that is to say, to the mailing a canal from the mouth of the Tippecanoe to lake Erie. The lessors of the plaintiff must, therefore, rely solely on the act of February, 1841. The selection made by the state in 1839, receives no support from prior legislation, further than the United States herself may be affected. The selection of the state in 1839, appears to have been made without authority, and considerately adopted by the federal legislature.
The terms of the act of February, 1841, very clearly show that Congress did not thereby intend to compromit any rights but those of the United States. The second section of that act guardedly provides, “ that should any of said lands, at the time of their selection and location by the state, have been subject to any right of pre-emption,” &c., the state is thereby authorized to select other lands in lieu of those so encumbered. 5 U. S. Stat. 414. Thus, while Congress generously transferred the rights of the United States to the state, it was cautiously provided that the grant or confirmation should not interfere with the rights of pre-emptors.
It but remains, therefore, to glance at the pre-emption laws, and the rights of Stephenson's heirs under them.
The act of May 29, 1830, gave pre-emption rights to actual settlers, under various restrictions, who were then in possession, and had cultivated any part of the land during the previous year (1829). The act was limited to one year from its passage.
The act of June 22, 1838, granted pre-emption rights to “ every actual settler of the public lands, being the head of a family, or over twenty-one years of age, who was in possession and a housekeeper, by personal residence thereon at the time of the passage of that act, and for four months [148]*148next preceding.” For the benefit of such persons, the act 0f May 29,1830, was revived and continued in force for two years.
The act of Time 1,1840, continued the act of June 22, 1838, in force for two years more — thus carrying the preemption acts into June, 1842. This is as far as it is necessary for the purposes of this case to pursue this branch of the inquiry.
What were the rights of Stephenson under these laws ? It is admitted that he occupied the quarter-section in controversy from 1835 continuously up to his death in 1850. It is admitted that he filled every requirement of the several acts — being an actual settler, resident, householder, man of a family, for more than four months prior to the act of 1838. He was, therefore, entitled to pre-emption under that act as extended by the act of June 1, 1840. He continued so entitled from June 22, 1838, to June 22, 1842. He had such pre-emption right in 1839, when the state selected his land for canal purposes. His land was not, therefore, confirmed, by the act of February, 1841, to the state. It was embraced in the provisions of the second section of that act, as lands which, at the time of their selection and location by the state, were subject to the preemption right of Stephenson. In lieu of this land, the state might, under that section, have selected and reported other lands. But we apprehend it was not in the power of the state or the United States, to divest the title acquired by Stephenson. Nor was it, as we have seen, the intention of Congress to divest or disturb such a title as that of Stephenson. On the contrary, rights acquired under the preemption laws are expressly recognized and protected in the confirming act. Not only so, but the consequences to the state, of this protection to pre-emptors, are anticipated and repaired at the expense of the United States. The state is authorized to select other lands in lieu of such selections as have been thus pre-empted.
We are, therefore, of opinion that the act of February, 1841, confirming the selections of land made by this state in 1839, did not embrace or affect Stephenson's land; and [149]*149that his proof of pre-emption and payment in October, 1841, was a sufficient compliance with the pre-emption laws as revived and extended
Something is said in argument about the certificate of purchase being cancelled by the commissioner of the general land-office. Among the papers in evidence is the exemplification of such a certificate with the word “can-celled” written over it. But it nowhere appears how, where, or by what authority, it was cancelled, if such were the fact. Something more than the mere word “ cancelled” would be necessary to establish the fact. The fiat of a mere government official, would not ordinarily be accepted by the Courts as a sufficient reason for annulling a contract, even where the state of Indiana was to be benefited thereby, and the wrong thus done was to one of her humblest citizens. A mere subordinate executive officer cannot be permitted to place himself above the law. We know no way of annulling contracts but by consent of parties, or by judicial proceedings.
It is further to be considered in this instance, that the agreed statement of facts is silent on the subject of cancellation. Not only so, but the agreement expressly admits that on the 9th of October, 1841, the defendants’ ancestor proved his pre-emption claim, paid for the land, and received his duplicate certificate of final payment from the proper officer of the United States, the production of which certificate is expressly waived. This seems to the Court conclusive of Stephenson's title, the evidence of which was his certificate of final payment.
It only remains to inquire what was the legal effect of that certificate under our laws? Was it evidence of a legal, or only of an equitable title in Stephenson?
It is urged in argument, that the certificate conveys no legal title; that the legal title was passed by the United States to the state, and by the latter to the lessors of the plaintiff. On these assumed facts, it is well urged that the legal title must prevail. Till. Adams on Eject. 32.—Rench v. Doe, 2 Blackf. 309.— Spencer's Lessee v. Marckel, 2 Ohio R. 263.—Jackson v. Harrington, 9 Cow. 86.
T. G. Harris, H C. Newcomb, and J. S. Harvey, for the appellant.
J. S. Frazer, for the appellees.
But the legislature of this state has made land-office certificates of final payment, evidence of legal title. Laws of 1833, p. 112.—R. S. 1843, c. 29, ss. 1, 8, 9. These enactments were carefully examined in Dickerson v. Nelson, 4 Ind. R. 160, and the attention of the Court was again called to them by petition for a rehearing. Dickerson v. Nelson, id. 280. It was there held that certificates of purchase or of final payment were evidence of legal title.
Stephenson’s title was, therefore, a legal title; and connecting it with the pre-emption laws and his occupancy under them, it was both prior and superior to the title of the lessors of the plaintiff, derived from the confirmatory act of Congress of 1841. Nor can the lessors of the plaintiff claim as innocent purchasers. It is admitted* that they were aware of the occupancy and rights of Stephenson at the time they purchased.
Per Curiam.
The judgment is affirmed with costs.
No reservation or appropriation of a tract of land can be made, after a citizen lias acquired a right to it under a pre-emption law. United States v. Fitzgerald, 15 Pet. 401.—14 Curtis’s R. 128, It was decided in Lytle v. Arkansas (9 How. 314—18 Curtis’s R. 154), that the act of June 15, 1832 (4 U. S. Stat. at Large, 531), granting land to the territory of Arkansas, did not affect a pre-emption right then duly proved.