MoCLELLAN, J.
— -There can he no doubt that the act or omission of the appellee in leaving for many years, within the limits of a public street in the tOAvn of Centerville, an obstruction created by sawing off a telegraph pole three feet above the ground, was such negligence as to render it liable for injury to a traveler on the street, unless the traveler was himself guilty of negligence contributory to his injury. — Postal Tel. Co. v. Jones, 133 Ala. 217, 32 South. 500.
, The important question presented is whether the appellant was, as a matter of law, guilty of contributory negligence, barring his recovery, as was ruled below. The appellant insists that the inquiry of contributory negligence vel non was for the jury. We approve the contention of the appellant. This court, in City of Montgomery v. Wright, 72 Ala. 411, 47 Am. Rep. 422, announced - conclusions which, in our opinion, control the decision of the question on this appeal. There it was contended that because the plaintiff undertook to traverse, in the nighttime, a sidewalk in a public street, Avhich had been rendered in part unsafe, and of which fact the plaintiff had knowledge,- his act Avas per se negligent, and barred a recovery for injury resulting from his falling into the “washout.” It appeared that the plaintiff was familiar with the defective condition of the sidewalk, ■and its location and character. It also appeared that the space between the inside line of the sidewalk and the nearest edge thereto of the “washout” was seven feet. It was over this seven feet the plaintiff undertook'to travel. After stating the well-known rule pivwailing with us as to when contributory negligence vel non .is, on the evidence, a question of Iuav only) and hence, for the court, and after adverting to the general doctrine that, negligence is ordinarily a mixed inquiry of laAv and [226] fact, it was held that the plaintiff was not, prima facie, guilty .of negligence in ordering his course on the occasion as above indicated. The evidence showed, as in this case, that the course taken was one generally used by the public in traversing Bell street, and that, so far as that record revealed, no injury had attended such general use. The court there, very properly we think, accorded weight to the fact that the plaintiff Avas familiar with the situation with reference to the defect in the sidewalk, its location, and necessarily its danger, if he encountered it.
The circumstances of the case at bar require'the application of the rulings made in Wright’s Case. Here the familiarity of the appellant with the situation created by the “stump” left by the appellee in the street Avas proven conclusively. He had passed it for years. It Avas just to the side of a path leading, angling, across the street. The path Avas of ‘common use by those having the purpose to cross that street and to go ’in the direction appellant was, on the occasion, headed. Had the appellant not veered from the path, he would not have collided Avith the obstruction. It Avas undisputedly shoAvn that appellant undertook to govern his steps, so as to keep the path, by reference to a tree and telephone pole, seen by him on the same side of the street as the “stump,” and the relation of Avliich, in [joint of location, to the tree and telephone pole, were known to him. He testified that he Avalked carefully — a care and caution employed, it Avas open to inference, at least, with the view of avoiding contact with the “stump.” We cannot now, any more than could be done in Wright’s Case, ignore the fact of appellant’s familiarity with the situation in the street at that point, to the end that he can be pronounced negligent because of his act in attempting to cross the street, even in the nighttime, along the [227] path. As stated, by remaining in the path he Avon Id not have encountered the “stump.” It was in immediate consequence of his veering from the path that he did come in contact AAdth the “stump.” His negligence, if such it Asms, certainly did not consist in his selection of the route across the street, but, if culpable at all, “in the want of care exercised in walking, after he made the selection.”- — Wright’s Case, supra. The familiarity of appellant AAdth the situation at that point in the street might have had a natural tendency to afford a reasonable assurance, to the ordinarily prudent person likewise circumstanced, that he could safely cross the street by the path, and thus avoid collision AAdth the “stump.” It is common knowledge, based on common experience, that a person may avoid an obstacle, even in darkness, by reliance upon memory of location, relative, as well as in fact, of such obstacle. The unattended blind give frequent evidence of practical Operation of this faculty. But, while this is true, and should be given consideration in determining whether ordinary care has characterized certain conduct, it does not result that negligence may not be imputed, in point of fact, to one Avhose familiarity with the situation aaus of the greatest degree. The circumstances must control the conclusion, and the familiarity indicated is but one of them. Here the obstruction Avas small AA'hen compared to the street’s surface in that immediate neighborhood, and was AAdthout the line of the sideAvalk, as Avell as of the path. It might well be that an ordinarily prudent timveler, familiar with the status, would take the course appellant did, upon the reasonable assumption that he could effect his journey without, collision AAdth the obstruction. Unquestionably such conduct, under the circumstances here presented, cannot be pronounced per se negligent. Whéther negligent or not, must be determined by the jury.
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MoCLELLAN, J.
— -There can he no doubt that the act or omission of the appellee in leaving for many years, within the limits of a public street in the tOAvn of Centerville, an obstruction created by sawing off a telegraph pole three feet above the ground, was such negligence as to render it liable for injury to a traveler on the street, unless the traveler was himself guilty of negligence contributory to his injury. — Postal Tel. Co. v. Jones, 133 Ala. 217, 32 South. 500.
, The important question presented is whether the appellant was, as a matter of law, guilty of contributory negligence, barring his recovery, as was ruled below. The appellant insists that the inquiry of contributory negligence vel non was for the jury. We approve the contention of the appellant. This court, in City of Montgomery v. Wright, 72 Ala. 411, 47 Am. Rep. 422, announced - conclusions which, in our opinion, control the decision of the question on this appeal. There it was contended that because the plaintiff undertook to traverse, in the nighttime, a sidewalk in a public street, Avhich had been rendered in part unsafe, and of which fact the plaintiff had knowledge,- his act Avas per se negligent, and barred a recovery for injury resulting from his falling into the “washout.” It appeared that the plaintiff was familiar with the defective condition of the sidewalk, ■and its location and character. It also appeared that the space between the inside line of the sidewalk and the nearest edge thereto of the “washout” was seven feet. It was over this seven feet the plaintiff undertook'to travel. After stating the well-known rule pivwailing with us as to when contributory negligence vel non .is, on the evidence, a question of Iuav only) and hence, for the court, and after adverting to the general doctrine that, negligence is ordinarily a mixed inquiry of laAv and [226] fact, it was held that the plaintiff was not, prima facie, guilty .of negligence in ordering his course on the occasion as above indicated. The evidence showed, as in this case, that the course taken was one generally used by the public in traversing Bell street, and that, so far as that record revealed, no injury had attended such general use. The court there, very properly we think, accorded weight to the fact that the plaintiff Avas familiar with the situation with reference to the defect in the sidewalk, its location, and necessarily its danger, if he encountered it.
The circumstances of the case at bar require'the application of the rulings made in Wright’s Case. Here the familiarity of the appellant with the situation created by the “stump” left by the appellee in the street Avas proven conclusively. He had passed it for years. It Avas just to the side of a path leading, angling, across the street. The path Avas of ‘common use by those having the purpose to cross that street and to go ’in the direction appellant was, on the occasion, headed. Had the appellant not veered from the path, he would not have collided Avith the obstruction. It Avas undisputedly shoAvn that appellant undertook to govern his steps, so as to keep the path, by reference to a tree and telephone pole, seen by him on the same side of the street as the “stump,” and the relation of Avliich, in [joint of location, to the tree and telephone pole, were known to him. He testified that he Avalked carefully — a care and caution employed, it Avas open to inference, at least, with the view of avoiding contact with the “stump.” We cannot now, any more than could be done in Wright’s Case, ignore the fact of appellant’s familiarity with the situation in the street at that point, to the end that he can be pronounced negligent because of his act in attempting to cross the street, even in the nighttime, along the [227] path. As stated, by remaining in the path he Avon Id not have encountered the “stump.” It was in immediate consequence of his veering from the path that he did come in contact AAdth the “stump.” His negligence, if such it Asms, certainly did not consist in his selection of the route across the street, but, if culpable at all, “in the want of care exercised in walking, after he made the selection.”- — Wright’s Case, supra. The familiarity of appellant AAdth the situation at that point in the street might have had a natural tendency to afford a reasonable assurance, to the ordinarily prudent person likewise circumstanced, that he could safely cross the street by the path, and thus avoid collision AAdth the “stump.” It is common knowledge, based on common experience, that a person may avoid an obstacle, even in darkness, by reliance upon memory of location, relative, as well as in fact, of such obstacle. The unattended blind give frequent evidence of practical Operation of this faculty. But, while this is true, and should be given consideration in determining whether ordinary care has characterized certain conduct, it does not result that negligence may not be imputed, in point of fact, to one Avhose familiarity with the situation aaus of the greatest degree. The circumstances must control the conclusion, and the familiarity indicated is but one of them. Here the obstruction Avas small AA'hen compared to the street’s surface in that immediate neighborhood, and was AAdthout the line of the sideAvalk, as Avell as of the path. It might well be that an ordinarily prudent timveler, familiar with the status, would take the course appellant did, upon the reasonable assumption that he could effect his journey without, collision AAdth the obstruction. Unquestionably such conduct, under the circumstances here presented, cannot be pronounced per se negligent. Whéther negligent or not, must be determined by the jury.
[228] Counsel for appellee rely, in supporting the conclu■sion below, on the case of McAdory v. L. & N. R. R. Co., 109 Ala. 638, 19 South. 905. It is further insisted that in Montgomery Ry. Co. v. Smith, 146 Ala. 316, 39 South. 757, the principle underlying the former case is approved in the ruling made upon charge 25 refused to that defendant. It is obvious that the ruling in the McAdory Case, wherein Hix was adjudged guilty of contributory negligence, forbidding a recovery by his personal representative, was upon the state of fact there involved. That the' situation, known to Hix, giving rise to the requisite ■care which he was held not to have exercised, was different from, and the hazard immeasurably greater than, that out of which appellant’s injury grew, is apparent. Hix undertook, in the nighttime, to pass an abyss 15 feet wide and 30 feet deep. The court rested its ruling upon two theories, viz., that if he could by the exercise of ordinary prudence have seen the “cut,” and omitted the ■exercise of that care, and was injured, he was negligent; •or that if he undertook to pass the “cut,” “in such dangerous proximity to it,” when unable to- see its limits, and was injured in consequence, he was negligent. The known hazard, as appears, led the court to -declare and impose on Hix a care commensurate therewith. The object to be avoided by Hix was of magnitude, whereas the •object here was of inconsiderable, relatively speaking, size. While Hix had passed the “cut” before, within the two weeks it had existed, and knew its location and depth, no such familiarity, as the result of frequent passage thereby, as appellant had, was shown to have been possessed by Hix. And, besides, it appeared that Hix’s companion, just ahead of him, avoided the “cut,” •and it was observed that Hix might readily have seen and followed him, with the same safe result. This last • circumstance has no counterpart in the record in hand. [229] From these differentiating circumstances, we need hardly state that no departure from the doctrine or result attained in the McAdory Case is a consequence of the-conclusion entertained on this appeal.
The Smith Case, referred to ahoye in its treatment of charge 25, refused to the defendant, does not assume to declare what is ordinary care in respect to the use of defective street. It does announce the general duty on the-part of the traveler, but when such traveler has met the-obligation in the exercise of ordinary care to avoid injury from the known defect is not undertaken to be stated. Certainly it was not the purpose of the court in the Smith Gctse to overrule the Wright Case} supra,. The court erred in giving the general affirmative charge at the request of the defendant.
Plea 7 must be construed as imputing to plaintiff negligence — the nonexercise of ordinary care — in walking past the “stump,” and not in the selection of the general route across the street. To sustain the plea, it must be so found by the jury from the facts and circumstances shown by the evidence. Whether he observed due care in walking by the “stump” on the occasion is not to be controlled, alone, in conclusion by the facts that the night Avas dark and that he could not see the post before-colliding with it. They are factors, of course, to be considered in determining whether the care observed by plaintiff was of the character requisite. So interpreted, we-hold the plea to be good against the grounds of demurrer assigned.'
Plea A has no place in this case, and should be stricken on motion. Contributory negligence is the only other possible defense, aside from that made by a general traverse of the allegations of the complaint.
[230] For the error stated, the judgment is reversed, and the cause is remanded.
Reversed and remanded.
Dowdell, C. J. and Simpson and Mayfield, JJ., concur.