Do v. Tri City Healthcare District

Opinion

2 3 4 5 6 7 10 11 MIKE DO, Case No.: 19cv2253-MSB(NLS)

12 Plaintiff, ORDER DENYING PLAINTIFF’S MOTION 13 v. FOR LEAVE TO FILE THIRD AMENDED COMPLAINT 14 TRI CITY HEALTHCARE DISTRICT, dba TRI

CITY MEDICAL CENTER, et al., 15 [ECF NOS. 26, 28, 35] Defendants. 16 17 18 Presently before the Court is Plaintiff’s Motion for Leave to File Third Amended 19 Complaint (“Motion”).1 (See ECF Nos. 26, 28, 35.) For the following reasons, the Court 20 DENIES the Motion. 21

22 23 1 Plaintiff incorrectly titled his Motion filed on September 22, 2020, as a “Motion for Leave to File Amended Complaint to Add Defendants.” (ECF No. 26 at 1.) On September 24, 2020, Plaintiff clarified 24 in his “Amended Notice of Motion for Leave to File Third Amended Complaint” that he was seeking to 25 add an additional claim and not additional defendants. (See ECF No. 28.) Further, in his September 22, 2020 Motion, Plaintiff failed to attach a version of the proposed amendment showing, through 26 redlining or some other method, how the proposed complaint differed from the operative complaint. (ECF No. 26.) On October 9, 2020, the Court ordered Plaintiff to supplement his filings with a redlined 27 version of his proposed amended pleading as required by Civil Local Rule 15.1(b). (ECF No. 34.) 2 This action arises out of Plaintiff’s employment with Tri City Healthcare District, 3 dba Tri City Medical Center’s (“Tri City”) Information Technology (“IT”) Department. On 4 November 25, 2019, Plaintiff filed a Complaint against his former employer and 5 supervisors, Defendants Tri City, Mark Albright, and Steve Dietlin. (ECF No. 1.) The 6 Complaint asserted the following two causes of action: (1) hostile work environment- 7 supervisor, against Defendant Tri City; and (2) intentional infliction of emotional 8 distress, against all Defendants. (Id. at 6-8.) 9 On March 26, 2020, Plaintiff filed a First Amended Complaint (“FAC”), alleging the 10 following five causes of action: (1) hostile work environment-supervisor, against all 11 Defendants; (2) retaliation, against all Defendants; (3) wrongful termination, against all 12 Defendants; (4) negligence, against all Defendants; and (5) intentional infliction of 13 emotional distress, against all Defendants. (ECF No. 3 at 7-16.) On April 21, 2020, 14 Defendants filed a Motion to Dismiss the FAC, which Chief Judge Larry Alan Burns 15 granted in part on July 1, 2020. (See ECF Nos. 4 & 12.) Judge Burns dismissed the 16 following claims with prejudice: (1) hostile work environment, against Defendants 17 Albright and Dietlin; (2) retaliation, against Defendants Albright and Dietlin; (3) wrongful 18 termination, against Defendants Albright and Dietlin; (4) negligence, against all 19 Defendants; and (5) intentional infliction of emotional distress, against Defendants 20 Dietlin and Tri City. (ECF No. 12.) 21 On July 14, 2020, Plaintiff filed a Second Amended Complaint (“SAC”), which is the 22 operative pleading in this action. (ECF No. 15.) The SAC asserts the following causes of 23 action: (1) hostile work environment-supervisor, against Defendant Tri City; 24 (2) retaliation, against Defendant Tri City; (3) wrongful termination, against Defendant 25 Tri City; and (4) intentional infliction of emotional distress, against Defendant Albright. 26 (Id.) Defendants filed an Answer to Plaintiff’s SAC on July 28, 2020. (ECF No. 18.) On 27 September 9, 2020, the Court conducted an Early Neutral Evaluation Conference 2 final judgement, and all post-trial proceedings,” and the case was reassigned to 3 Magistrate Judge Berg. (ECF No. 33.) 4 On September 22, 2020, Plaintiff filed the instant Motion, (ECF No. 26), which he 5 supplemented on September 24, 2020, and October 12, 2020, (ECF Nos. 28 & 35). 6 Plaintiff seeks leave to file a Third Amended Compliant (“TAC”) adding a new cause of 7 action for disability discrimination2 against Defendant Tri City. (See ECF Nos. 26, 28, 35.) 9 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15(a)(2) provides that “a party may amend its 10 pleading only with the opposing party’s written consent or the court’s leave[,]” and such 11 leave shall be “freely give[n] . . . when justice so requires.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)(2). 12 While the rule is construed with “extreme liberality,” Roth v. Garcia Marquez, 942 F.2d 13 617, 628 (9th Cir. 1991), leave to amend “is not to be granted automatically.” Owens v. 14 Kaiser Found. Health Plan, Inc., 244 F.3d 708, 712 (9th Cir. 2001). The decision whether 15 to grant leave to amend remains within the discretion of the district court. Leadsinger, 16 Inc. v. BMG Music Publ’g, 512 F.3d 522, 532 (9th Cir. 2008). The district court “may 17 deny leave to amend due to ‘undue delay, bad faith or dilatory motive on the part of the 18 movant, repeated failure to cure deficiencies by amendments previously allowed, undue 19 prejudice to the opposing party by virtue of allowance of the amendment, [and] futility 20 of amendment.’” Id. (quoting Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 182 (1962)); Brown v. 21 Stored Value Cards, Inc., 953 F.3d 567, 574 (9th Cir. 2020) (citing Foman, 371 U.S. at 22 182). 23

24 25 2 The Court notes that when Plaintiff initially filed the Motion, he also included a negligence claim in his proposed TAC. (ECF No. 26-4 at 17-18.) The negligence claim, however, was dismissed with 26 prejudice on July 1, 2020. (See ECF No. 12 at 2.) Plaintiff subsequently clarified that he incorrectly included the negligence claim in his proposed TAC, and removed the negligence claim from his 27 proposed TAC. (See ECF No. 35; ECF No. 38 at 5.) Accordingly, the Court will not address the 2 Plaintiff seeks to file a TAC adding a new claim for disability discrimination against 3 Defendant Tri City. (See ECF Nos. 26, 28, 35.) Plaintiff contends that the claim is timely 4 because his counsel first learned during the September 9, 2020 ENE that Plaintiff’s 5 original pro se EEOC complaint made a charge of disability discrimination against 6 Defendant Tri City. (See ECF No. 26-1 at 2, 6.) Plaintiff further argues that the proposed 7 claim relates back “to the prior complaint because both are based on the identical set of 8 fact allegations and . . . Defendants have not been deprived of notice of the [disability 9 discrimination] claim.” (Id. at 2, 8; see also id. at 7.) Plaintiff also maintains that the 10 Court should grant his Motion, because he filed the Motion before the Court’s deadline 11 to amend pleadings set in the Case Management Order. (Id. at 6.) 12 Defendants assert in their Opposition that Plaintiff’s proposed disability 13 discrimination claim is barred by the applicable statute of limitations, and the claim does 14 not relate back to Plaintiff’s original Complaint because it does not arise out of the same 15 conduct, transaction or occurrence as the Complaint. (ECF No. 36 at 4-5.) Defendants 16 also argue that Plaintiff’s counsel’s alleged lack of knowledge of the disability cause of 17 action is irrelevant because Plaintiff was aware of the May 2019 EEOC charge and the 18 underlying factual allegations when he filed his Complaint in federal court. (Id. at 11.) 19 Defendants further contend that the filing of the proposed TAC would require additional 20 motion work on issues that have already been litigated, and result in undue delay; 21 Plaintiff knew or should have known the facts and theories in the proposed TAC when 22 he filed his original Complaint; and Plaintiff has already amended his pleadings twice. 23 (Id. at 5, 11-13.) Defendants thus assert that there is no good cause to grant Plaintiff’s 24 motion for leave to amend, and ask the Court to deny the motion. (Id. at 11-13.) 25 In his Reply, Plaintiff contends that his proposed disability discrimination claim 26 arises from the same facts as his original Equal Employment Opportunity Commission 27 (“EEOC”) charge, and good cause exists to allow the proposed amendment. (ECF No. 2 claims in his May 2019 EEOC charge, was not given a copy of the EEOC charge, “was thus 3 unaware” of what was written on the EEOC charge, and first learned of its contents 4 when Defendants provided the document after the September 9, 2020 ENE. (ECF No. 38 5 at 4-5.) Plaintiff also asserts that Defendant TriCity withheld details from him about his 6 May 2019 EEOC charge by failing to provide a copy of the document. (Id. at 5-6.) 7 In their Sur-Reply, which was authorized by the Court, Defendants argue that the 8 Do Declaration contains material misstatements. (See ECF No. 41; ECF No. 42 at 2-3.) 9 Defendants contend that Plaintiff digitally signed his May 2019 EEOC charge on May 22, 10 2019, received a copy of the charge, was given an opportunity to review the charge, 11 recommended a change before he signed it, downloaded a copy of his signed charge on 12 June 29, 2019, and actively used the EEOC’s online portal to provide supplemental 13 information, upload documents, and communicate with the EEOC investigator.3 (ECF 14 No. 42 at 2-3.) Defendants further maintain that Plaintiff’s disability discrimination 15 claim is untimely, because Plaintiff cannot rely on the May 2019 EEOC charge to 16 establish relationship back to his disability discrimination claim, and good cause does 17 not exist to grant Plaintiff leave to amend. (Id. at 3-4.) Defendants therefore ask the 18 Court to deny Plaintiff’s Motion. (Id. at 6.) 19 20

21 22 3 To substantiate their arguments, Defendants provided a declaration from Jeffrey P. Ames (“Ames Declaration”), and exhibits A-C to the Ames Declaration. (ECF No. 42-1.) On November 11, 2020, 23 Plaintiff filed an “Objection to Evidence Submitted with Tri-City’s Surreply.” (ECF No. 43.) Plaintiff objects to Exhibits A, B, and C submitted by Defendants, as well as paragraph 3 of the Ames 24 Declaration. (See id.) Specifically, Plaintiff objects to exhibits A-C on the ground that the they are 25 “hearsay under [Federal Rule of Evidence] FRE 801, which are inadmissible under FRE 802, and which are not made admissible as a public records hearsay exception by FRE 803(8) because the records are 26 neither certified (self authenticated) or authenticated by competent independent evidence.” (Id. at 2.) Plaintiff objects to paragraph 3 of the Ames Declaration arguing that it “fails to demonstrate any 27 foundation for personal knowledge as to the meaning of the entries in the ‘activity log’.” (Id. at 3.) The 2 with the EEOC or an equivalent state agency, like the DFEH, and receiving a right-to-sue 3 letter.” Scott v. Gino Morena Enters., LLC, 888 F.3d 1101, 1106 (9th Cir. 2018) (citing 42 4 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(e)(1)); Jasch v. Potter, 302 F.3d 1092, 1094 (9th Cir. 2002)). “The 5 charge must be filed within 180 days after the allegedly unlawful employment practice 6 occurred.” Id. (citing 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(e)(1)). “[A]fter exhausting administrative 7 remedies, a claimant has 90 days to file a civil action.” Id. (citing 42 U.S.C. § 2000e- 8 5(f)(1)). 9 Plaintiff was terminated on November 19, 2018. (ECF No. 15 at 7.) On May 22, 10 2019, Plaintiff filed a “Charge of Discrimination” with the California Department of Fair 11 Employment and Housing (“DFEH”), which was dual filed with the EEOC alleging 12 disability discrimination by Plaintiff’s former employer Tri-City. (ECF No. 36-1, Decl. of 13 Mary E. Allain (“Allain Decl.”) at 2; Ex. A.) On May 22, 2019, the DFEH issued Plaintiff a 14 notice of right to sue based on the May 2019 charge of discrimination. (Allain Decl. at 2; 15 Ex. B.) On August 28, 2019, the EEOC issued Plaintiff a notice of right to sue based on 16 the May 2019 charge of discrimination. (Allain Decl. at 2; Ex. C.) Plaintiff filed his 17 original Complaint in federal court on November 25, 2019, one day before the 18 expiration of the ninety-day deadline to file a civil action, triggered by the August 28, 19 2019 EEOC right-to-sue letter. (See ECF No. 1.) Plaintiff’s Complaint alleged that 20 “Plaintiff has timely made his complaint to the Federal Equal Employment Opportunity 21 Commission, which terminated its investigation and issued its right to sue letter on or 22 about August 28, 2019.” (Id. at 3.) Over a year later, on September 22, 2020, Plaintiff 23 filed the instant Motion seeking to add a new disability discrimination claim. (See ECF 24 No. 26.) Because more than ninety days have passed since the EEOC issued Plaintiff the 25 right-to-sue notice based on the May 2019 discrimination charge, the proposed 26 disability discrimination claim is untimely, unless it relates back to Plaintiff’s original 27 Complaint. 2 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15(c) provides that “[a]n amendment to a pleading 3 relates back to the date of the original pleading when [(1)] the law that provides the 4 applicable statute of limitations allows relation back [and (2)] the amendment asserts a 5 claim or defense that arose out of the conduct, transaction, or occurrence set out—or 6 attempted to be set out—in the original pleading.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(c)(1). “[C]onduct, 7 transaction, or occurrence” refers to “a common ‘core of operative facts’ [that] unit[e] 8 the original and newly asserted claims.” Mayle v. Felix, 545 U.S. 644, 659 (2005) (citing 9 Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(c)). Relation back is “proper if the original pleading put the defendant 10 on notice of the ‘particular transaction or set of facts’ that the plaintiff believes to have 11 caused the complained of injury.” Percy v. S.F. Gen. Hosp., 841 F.2d 975, 979 (9th Cir. 12 1988) (quoting Santana v. Holiday Inns, Inc., 686 F.2d 736, 739 (9th Cir. 1982)). 13 Therefore, “[r]elation back . . . hinges on notice” to the adverse party—“not of the 14 specific claims themselves, but of ‘the facts that form[ ] the basis for those claims.’” 15 Feinstein v. Serv. Sols. Grp. LLC, Case No: 08-CV-1174 W (WMc), 2012 WL 12953075, at 16 *4 (S.D. Cal. Aug. 7, 2012) (quoting Martell v. Trilogy Ltd., 872 F.2d 322, 326 (9th Cir. 17 1989)). The express language of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15(c) “points only to the 18 ‘original pleading’ as the source of notice necessary to satisfy the relation-back 19 doctrine.” Id. at *5; see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(c)(1)(B) (“An amendment to a pleading 20 relates back to the date of the original pleading when . . . the amendment asserts a 21 claim or defense that arose out of the conduct, transaction, or occurrence set out—or 22 attempted to be set out—in the original pleading.”) (emphasis added). 23 Plaintiff cites his original EEOC charge to establish relation back; however, 24 Plaintiff’s analysis is incorrect because Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15(c) looks to the 25 original complaint, not the original EEOC charge. See Feinstein, 2012 WL 12953075, at 26 *4 (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(c)(1)(B)). The EEOC charge is not the “original pleading,” 27 and Defendants therefore have not been put on notice of the disability discrimination 2 serve as substitute for the notice required to be provided by the complaint under the 3 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.”). 4 Further, having closely analyzed Plaintiff’s original Complaint, the Court finds that 5 Plaintiff’s proposed new disability discrimination claim does not share a “common core 6 of operative facts” with the claims presented in the Complaint. See Mayle, 545 U.S. at 7 659 (internal quotation marks omitted). In his original Complaint, Plaintiff alleged that 8 he developed a “severe stress related nerve deterioration” due to “campaign of 9 harassment and hostile work environment,” was forced to take sick leave, and was 10 subsequently terminated for abandoning his employment and failing to communicate 11 with his employer. (ECF No. 1 at 6.) Plaintiff’s Complaint asserted two causes of action 12 for hostile work environment and intentional infliction of emotional distress. (Id. at 6- 13 8.) The original Complaint did not reference “disability,” did not include any allegations 14 that Plaintiff was a qualified disabled person within the meaning of the ADA, or that 15 Plaintiff suffered any kind of adverse employment action because of his alleged 16 disability. (See ECF No. 1.) Notably, a claim for disability discrimination would be 17 proven (or disproven) by different evidence as Plaintiff’s existing claims. See Percy, 841 18 F.2d at 978 (quotation omitted) (when considering a motion to amend a complaint to 19 state a new claim against an original defendant, a court “compares the original 20 complaint with the amended complaint and decides whether the claim to be added will 21 likely be proved by the ‘same kind of evidence’ offered in support of the original 22 pleading.”); Hutton v. Elf Atochem N. Am., Inc., 273 F.3d 884, 891 (9th Cir. 2001) (A 23 prima facie case of discrimination under the ADA requires a showing of the following: 24 “(1) [plaintiff] is a disabled person within the meaning of the statute; (2) [plaintiff] is a 25 qualified individual with a disability; and (3) [plaintiff] suffered an adverse employment 26 action because of his disability.”); see also Williams v. Boeing, 517 F.3d 1120, 1133 (9th 27 Cir. 2008) (finding that the proposed amendment did not relate back to the original 2 would be used to prove the existing claims and the new claim). 3 Plaintiff’s original Complaint did not provide Defendants with notice that they 4 should be prepared to investigate, take steps to preserve evidence, and defend a 5 disability discrimination claim. See ASARCO, LLC v. Union Pac. R.R. Co., 765 F3d 999, 6 1005 (9th Cir. 2014) (quotation omitted) (“Consistent with the protective purpose of the 7 statute of limitations, ‘[f]airness to the defendant demands that the defendant be able 8 to anticipate claims that might follow from the facts alleged by the plaintiff.’”); see also 9 Percy, 841 F.2d at 979-80 (finding that plaintiff’s § 1983 claim did not relate back to the 10 Title VII discrimination claim contained in the original complaint because the original 11 complaint contained no facts supporting the § 1983 claim); Feinstein, 2012 WL 12 12953075, at *4-5 (finding that plaintiff’s termination “can hardly be said to constitute a 13 ‘core’ of facts ‘uniting the original and newly asserted claims’” (quoting Mayle, 545 U.S. 14 at 659)). The Court therefore finds that Plaintiff’s proposed disability discrimination 15 claim does not relate back to Plaintiff’s original Complaint for purposes of the statute of 16 limitations. 17 B. Foman Factors 18 As noted above, district courts consider the following factors when evaluating a 19 motion for leave to amend: (1) undue delay; (2) the movant’s bad faith or dilatory 20 motive; (3) previous opportunities to amend; (4) futility of amendment; and 21 (5) prejudice to the opposing party. See Foman, 371 U.S. at 182; Brown, 953 F.3d at 574 22 Leadsinger, Inc., 512 F.3d at 532. Accordingly, the Court addresses each factor below. 23 1. Undue delay 24 “Undue delay is delay that prejudices the nonmoving party or imposes 25 unwarranted burdens on the court.” Davis v. Powell, 901 F. Supp. 2d 1196, 1212 (S.D. 26 Cal. 2012) (quotation omitted). “Late amendments to assert new theories are not 27 reviewed favorably when the facts and the theory have been known to the party 2 omitted). A court should consider “whether the moving party knew or should have 3 known the facts and theories raised by the amendment in the original pleading.” 4 Jackson v. Bank of Haw., 902 F.2d 1385, 1388 (9th Cir. 1990) (emphasis added). 5 As a preliminary matter, to the extent Plaintiff argues that his proposed 6 amendment is timely because he filed his Motion seeking leave to amend before the 7 deadline to amend pleadings set in the Court’s Case Management Order, (see Mot. at 8 26-1 at 6), the Ninth Circuit expressly rejected such argument, reasoning as follows: 9 In assessing timeliness, we do not merely ask whether a motion was filed within the period of time allotted by the district court in a Rule 16 10 scheduling order. Rather, in evaluating undue delay, we also inquire 11 “whether the moving party knew or should have known the facts and theories raised by the amendment in the original pleading.” 12

13 AmerisourceBergen Corp. v. Dialysist West, Inc., 465 F.3d 946, 952-53 (9th Cir. 2006) 14 (quoting Jackson, 902 F.2d at 1388). Accordingly, the Court will next analyze whether 15 Plaintiff “knew or should have known the facts and theories raised by the amendment in 16 the original pleading.” See id. 17 Plaintiff filed his original Complaint on November 25, 2019. (See ECF No. 1.) The 18 Complaint alleged, in relevant part, the following: “Plaintiff has timely made his 19 complaint to the Federal Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, which terminated 20 its investigation, and issued its right to sue letter on or about August 28, 2019.” (Id. at 3 21 (emphasis added).) In light of the above allegations, it is apparent that at the time of 22 filing of Plaintiff’s original Complaint over a year ago, Plaintiff and his counsel knew 23 about Plaintiff’s May 2019 EEOC charge, and that the EEOC issued the right-to-sue letter 24 on August 28, 2019. (See id.) As such, the facts underlying Plaintiff’s proposed disability 25 discrimination claim were readily available to Plaintiff months before filing of the 26 original Complaint. Even if Plaintiff did not have a copy of his May 2019 EEOC charge, he 27 and his counsel should have obtained and investigated the charge before filing Plaintiff’s 2 that the document was readily available to Plaintiff, and Plaintiff was not diligent in 3 prosecuting this case. The Court therefore concludes that Plaintiff “should have known 4 the facts and theories raised by the amendment in the original pleading,” and that his 5 year-long delay in moving to amend to add the disability discrimination claim is 6 unreasonable. See Jackson, 902 F.2d at 1388; see also Texaco, Inc. v. Ponsoldt, 939 F.2d 7 794, 799 (9th Cir. 1991) (citing Jackson, 902 F.2d at 1388) (finding unreasonable an eight 8 month delay between obtaining a relevant fact and seeking a leave to amend); Parker v. 9 Joe Lujan Enters., Inc., 848 F.2d 118, 121 (9th Cir. 1988) (finding undue delay and 10 affirming district court’s denial of motion to amend, where the proposed amendment 11 sought to add a new theory of liability known to the plaintiff years earlier); United States 12 Equal Emp’t Opportunity Comm’n v. Global Horizons, Inc., CIVIL NO. 11-00257 LEK-RLP, 13 2013 WL 12123697, at *3 (D. Haw. Sept. 10, 2013) (concluding that plaintiff “knew or 14 should have known” of the relevant facts relevant to its proposed amendment, where 15 the facts were publicly available). 16 Accordingly, the Court finds that Plaintiff unduly delayed in filing the Motion, and 17 allowing Plaintiff to amend his complaint for the third time at this stage of the 18 proceedings would cause undue delay to the litigation. This factor, therefore, weighs 19 against allowing the proposed amendment. 20 2. Movant’s bad faith or dilatory motive 21 A court may deny a leave to amend if the amendment would “not save the 22 complaint or the plaintiff is merely seeking to prolong the litigation by adding new but 23 baseless legal theories.” Griggs v. Pace Am. Grp., Inc., 170 F.3d 877, 881 (9th Cir. 1999). 24 In this case, there is no showing that Plaintiff is moving to amend merely to prolong the 25 litigation. The Court, therefore, finds that this factor weighs in favor of granting Plaintiff 26 leave to amend. 27 / / / 2 “The district court’s discretion to deny leave to amend is particularly broad where 3 plaintiff has previously amended the complaint.” Ascon Props., Inc. v. Mobil Oil Co., 866 4 F.2d 1149, 1160 (9th Cir. 1989); Fid. Fin. Corp. v. Fed. Home Loan Bank of S.F., 792 F.2d 5 1432, 1438 (9th Cir. 1986) (same; denying leave to file fourth amended complaint 6 because “[t]he factual bases of the claims were known to [plaintiff] long before.”). In 7 this case, Plaintiff filed his original Complaint on November 25, 2019, a FAC—on 8 March 26, 2020, and a SAC—on July 14, 2020. (ECF Nos. 1, 3, 15.) Because Plaintiff has 9 already amended his pleadings twice, and because Plaintiff and his counsel knew before 10 filing the original Complaint that Plaintiff had filed a charge with EEOC in May 2019, and 11 that the EEOC had issued the right-to-sue letter on August 28, 2019, the Court finds that 12 this factor weighs against allowing the proposed amendment. See Ascon Props., Inc., 13 866 F.2d at 1160; Fid. Fin. Corp., 792 F.2d at 1438. 14 4. Futility of amendment 15 “Futility of amendment can, by itself, justify the denial of a motion for leave to 16 amend.” Bonin v. Calderon, 59 F.3d 815, 845 (9th Cir. 1995). “Leave to amend need not 17 be given if a complaint, as amended, is subject to dismissal.” Moore v. Kayport Package 18 Exp., Inc., 885 F.2d 531, 538 (9th Cir. 1989). A “leave to amend may be denied as futile 19 if the statute of limitations has run.” Johnson v. Exec. Protective Agency K9 & 20 Investigative Servs. Inc., Civil No. 07cv0570-J (AJB), 2009 WL 3213971, at *3 (S.D. Cal. 21 Sept. 28, 2009). 22 As discussed in detail above, Plaintiff’s proposed new disability discrimination 23 claim is untimely and does not relate back to the original Complaint. Accordingly, the 24 Court finds that Plaintiff’s proposed disability discrimination claim is futile. This factor 25 therefore weighs against allowing the proposed amendment. See Leadsinger, Inc., 512 26 F.3d at 532 (“We have previously accepted [futility of amendment] as a basis upon 27 which a district court may deny leave to amend.”). 2 Courts in the Ninth Circuit have found “undue prejudice” where the new claims 3 “‘would have greatly altered the nature of the litigation and would have required 4 defendants to have undertaken, at a late hour, an entirely new course of defense.” See 5 SAES Getters S.p.A. v. Aeronex, Inc., 219 F. Supp. 2d 1081, 1086 (S.D. Cal. 2002) 6 (citing Morongo Band of Mission Indians v. Rose, 893 F.2d 1074, 1079 (9th Cir. 1990)). 7 Showings of prejudice include having to reopen discovery and delaying the proceedings 8 because of the amendment. See Solomon v. N. Am. Life & Cas. Ins. Co., 151 F.3d 1132, 9 1139 (9th Cir. 1998). Prejudice to the opposing party carries the “greatest weight.” 10 Eminence Cap., LLC v. Aspeon, Inc., 316 F.3d 1048, 1052 (9th Cir. 2003). 11 In this case, the Court issued its Case Management Order on September 25, 2020, 12 which set January 4, 2021, as the deadline to serve written discovery, and March 10, 13 2021—as the deadline to complete fact discovery. (ECF No. 31 at 2.) Plaintiff’s current 14 operative pleading alleges causes of action for hostile work environment, retaliation, 15 wrongful termination, and intentional infliction of emotional distress, (see ECF No. 15), 16 and the parties have been conducting discovery relevant to those causes of action. 17 Although discovery is still ongoing, the written discovery deadline is fast approaching, 18 and a new claim for disability discrimination would require additional discovery of 19 completely different facts relevant to Plaintiff’s proposed new disability discrimination 20 claim. This case was filed over a year ago, Defendants’ motion to dismiss was briefed 21 and ruled on, and the proposed amendment will necessitate another round of motion 22 practice related to Plaintiff’s pleadings, as well as additional discovery, which will 23 significantly delay the proceedings. (See ECF No. 36 at 12 (containing Defendants’ 24 representations that they would be forced to “file a motion to dismiss Plaintiff’s 25 untimely disability discrimination claim” if the amendment is granted)); see also 26 Jackson, 902 F.2d at 1387 (finding prejudice, where the opposing party had to conduct 27 additional discovery because the proposed new claim “advance[d] different legal 2 alter[]” the nature of the litigation, and would require Defendants to “undertake[], at a 3 late hour, an entirely new course of defense,” increasing litigation costs, and prejudicing 4 Defendants. See Morongo Band of Mission Indians, 893 F.2d at 1079; see also 5 AmerisourceBergen Corp., 465 F.3d at 953 (quotation omitted) (finding that the district 6 court did not abuse its discretion in denying leave to amend, even where eight months 7 of discovery remained, because allowing the amendment would have “unfairly imposed 8 potentially high, additional litigation costs on [defendant] that could have easily been 9 avoided” had plaintiff pursued its proposed new theory in the original complaint; 10 further noting that it would be prejudicial to defendant to allow “[plaintiff] to ‘advance 11 different legal theories and require proof of different facts’ at this stage in the 12 litigation.”). Accordingly, this factor weighs against allowing the amendment. See 13 Morongo Band of Mission Indians, 893 F.2d at 1079 (finding that the district court did 14 not abuse its discretion in denying leave to amend when plaintiff moved to amend two 15 years after the filing of the initial complaint, and the new claims would have greatly 16 altered the nature of the litigation and required the opposing party to prepare “an 17 entirely new course of defense.”); Singh v. City of Oakland, 295 F. App’x. 118, 122 (9th 18 Cir. 2008) (finding that the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying plaintiff 19 leave to file a proposed Third Amended Complaint, where the plaintiff had known the 20 facts alleged in the proposed amendment many months before moving for leave to 21 amend, and the new claims would have required additional discovery and trial 22 preparation, prejudicing the opposing party and delaying the proceedings). 23 6. Conclusion 24 In sum, four out of five factors considered by courts in deciding whether to grant 25 leave to amend weigh against allowing the proposed amendment. See Foman, 371 U.S. 26 at 182; Leadsinger, Inc., 512 F.3d at 532. 27 / / / 2 Plaintiff's proposed new disability discrimination claim is untimely and does not 3 relate back to Plaintiff’s original Complaint. Further, the majority of the factors 4 || considered by district courts in determining whether to grant leave to amend weigh 5 || against allowing the proposed amendment. The Court therefore DENIES Plaintiff’s 6 || motion for leave to file a Third Amended Complaint. 8 || Dated: December 11, 2020 _ = _ 2 FA 10 Honorable Michael S. Berg United States Magistrate Judge 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28