D.M. v. Dale County Department of Human Resources (Appeal from Dale Juvenile Court: JU-20-169.03).

• Court: Court of Civil Appeals of Alabama
• Decided: September 20, 2024
• Docket: CL-2024-0302
• Status: Published

Opinion

Rel: September 20, 2024

Notice: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the advance sheets of Southern Reporter. Readers are requested to notify the Reporter of Decisions, Alabama Appellate Courts, 300 Dexter Avenue, Montgomery, Alabama 36104-3741 ((334) 229-0650), of any typographical or other errors, in order that corrections may be made before the opinion is published in Southern Reporter.

ALABAMA COURT OF CIVIL APPEALS SPECIAL TERM, 2024 ________________________

CL-2024-0301 and CL-2024-0302 ________________________

D.M.

v.

Dale County Department of Human Resources

Appeals from Dale Juvenile Court (JU-20-168.03 and JU-20-169.03) ________________________

CL-2024-0303 ________________________

D.D.

Appeal from Dale Juvenile Court (JU-20-169.03) CL-2024-0301, CL-2024-0302, and CL-2024-0303

MOORE, Presiding Judge.

D.M. ("the mother") appeals from judgments entered by the Dale

Juvenile Court ("the juvenile court") terminating her parental rights to

N.K.M. and N.S.M. ("the children"). D.D. ("the father") appeals from the

judgment of the juvenile court terminating his parental rights to N.S.M.

For the reasons discussed herein, we reverse the judgments and remand

the cases.

Procedural Background

On October 30, 2023, the Dale County Department of Human

Resources ("DHR") filed petitions to terminate the parental rights of the

mother to N.K.M. and to terminate the parental rights of the mother and

the father N.S.M.1 The juvenile court conducted a trial on the petitions

on April 11, 2024. On April 16, 2024, the juvenile court entered

judgments terminating the mother's parental rights to N.K.M. and

N.S.M. and the father's parental rights to N.S.M. The mother and the

father timely appealed the judgments.

1DHR also petitioned to terminate the parental rights of M.H. to

N.K.M. M.H. consented to entry of a judgment terminating his parental rights, and he has not appealed. 2 CL-2024-0301, CL-2024-0302, and CL-2024-0303

Issues

The mother and the father both argue that the judgments

terminating their parental rights are not supported by sufficient evidence

of grounds for termination or of the lack of viable alternatives. They also

assert that the juvenile court did not receive sufficient evidence

indicating that the termination of parental rights would serve the best

interests of the children. We find the last issue dispositive of these

appeals.

Standard of Review

A judgment terminating parental rights must be supported by clear

and convincing evidence, which is " ' "[e]vidence that, when weighed

against evidence in opposition, will produce in the mind of the trier of fact

a firm conviction as to each essential element of the claim and a high

probability as to the correctness of the conclusion." ' " C.O. v. Jefferson

Cnty. Dep't of Hum. Res., 206 So. 3d 621, 627 (Ala. Civ. App. 2016)

(quoting L.M. v. D.D.F., 840 So. 2d 171, 179 (Ala. Civ. App. 2002), quoting

in turn Ala. Code 1975, § 6-11-20(b)(4)).

" '[T]he evidence necessary for appellate affirmance of a judgment based on a factual finding in the context of a case in which the ultimate standard for a factual decision by the trial court is clear and convincing evidence is 3 CL-2024-0301, CL-2024-0302, and CL-2024-0303

evidence that a fact-finder reasonably could find to clearly and convincingly ... establish the fact sought to be proved.'

"KGS Steel, [Inc. v. McInish,] 47 So. 3d [749,] 761 [(Ala. Civ. App. 2006)].

"... [F]or trial courts ruling ... in civil cases to which a clear-and-convincing-evidence standard of proof applies, 'the judge must view the evidence presented through the prism of the substantive evidentiary burden[,]' [Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 255 (1986)]; thus, the appellate court must also look through a prism to determine whether there was substantial evidence before the trial court to support a factual finding, based upon the trial court's weighing of the evidence, that would 'produce in the mind [of the trial court] a firm conviction as to each element of the claim and a high probability as to the correctness of the conclusion. [Ala. Code 1975,] § 25-5-81(c)."

Ex parte McInish, 47 So. 3d 767, 778 (Ala. 2008). This court does not

reweigh the evidence but, rather, determines whether the findings of fact

made by the juvenile court are supported by evidence that the juvenile

court could have found to be clear and convincing. See Ex parte T.V., 971

So. 2d 1, 9 (Ala. 2007). When those findings rest on ore tenus evidence,

this court presumes their correctness. Id. We review the legal

conclusions to be drawn from the evidence without a presumption of

correctness. J.W. v. C.B., 68 So. 3d 878, 879 (Ala. Civ. App. 2011).

4 CL-2024-0301, CL-2024-0302, and CL-2024-0303

The Evidence

When the mother was 18 or 19 years old, she engaged in a sexual

relationship with the father, who, at that time, was in his late 30's and

living in Pensacola, Florida. N.S.M. was born of that relationship on

September 27, 2016; however, the mother informed the father that

another man was the biological father of N.S.M. The father would

occasionally care for N.S.M., but only as a friend of the mother's and not

as the father of the child.

The mother moved to Dale County at some point and began a sexual

relationship with M.H.; that relationship led to the conception and birth

of N.K.M. on June 6, 2019. Thereafter, the mother and the children

resided together. In March 2020, DHR implemented a safety plan for the

children arising from concerns that the mother was abusing marijuana

and exposing the children to that drug. The mother violated the safety

plan by leaving Dale County to live with the children in Pensacola with

her family. In November 2020, she returned to Dale County with the

children and a paramour. When the paramour attempted to cash a stolen

check, local police notified DHR, and DHR picked up the children and

placed them in foster care. Drug tests from November 25, 2020, showed

that the mother was positive for marijuana and methamphetamine and 5 CL-2024-0301, CL-2024-0302, and CL-2024-0303

that the children were also positive for methamphetamine. The mother

was "indicated," see Ala. Code 1975, § 26-14-8(a)(1) (defining "indicated"),

for child abuse and neglect.

The mother did not regularly submit to drug screens, but she did

submit to one drug screen in 2021, which was negative; DHR questioned

whether the urine tested in that drug screen was the mother's and

whether the results were valid. DHR requested that the mother provide

it with "full information" regarding that 2021 drug screen but the mother

did not provide DHR with that information. The DHR representative

testified that the one questionable negative drug screen in 2021 was not

sufficient to show that the mother was not abusing drugs and could safely

parent the children. She testified that, in her opinion, the mother had

not changed her behavior in any demonstrable way to become fit to

properly parent the children.

The mother moved to Pensacola at some point in 2022, preventing

her from receiving full services from DHR. The mother has

transportation issues, so she does not travel to attend visits with the

children or to attend individualized-service-plan ("ISP") meetings. At the

time of the trial, the mother had visited with the children in person on

only two occasions since 2021, but she had talked to them regularly, every 6 CL-2024-0301, CL-2024-0302, and CL-2024-0303

other week, using the videoconferencing application Zoom. The mother

had attended the ISP meetings by telephone. DHR had provided

transportation services to assist the parents with attending in-person

visits, but the mother did not take advantage of those services. The

mother did not attend the trial.

After the mother informed the father that he was probably the

biological father of N.S.M., the father submitted to genetic testing in

2022; that testing confirmed his paternity. A child-support proceeding

ensued, and the father was adjudicated to be the legal father of N.S.M.

The father pays regular child support for N.S.M. through an income-

withholding order. He works as a painting foreman.

The father testified that he wanted a father-child relationship with

N.S.M., but he admitted that he had not informed N.S.M. of their

biological relationship, had not visited with N.S.M., and had not sent her

any birthday or Christmas gifts since he had learned of his paternity.

DHR arranged for visits, but the father did not attend them. In February

2024, DHR provided the father with a "Zoom link" so that he could visit

with N.S.M. remotely; although the father claimed that he had not

understood how to access the link, the father had not made any inquiries

to DHR to clear up his confusion. The father offered vague and 7 CL-2024-0301, CL-2024-0302, and CL-2024-0303

unsatisfactory explanations for why he had not exerted any real effort to

form a paternal relationship with N.S.M. since she has been in foster

care, repeatedly asserting that he simply had not known what to do and

had not wanted to overstep his bounds.

The father tested positive for marijuana, cocaine, and alcohol on the

date of the trial. The father admitted to regular recreational drug use,

but he denied that it had impaired his ability to parent his two teenage

children, with whom he shared a residence. A post on the social-media

platform Facebook post by one of those teenagers indicated that that

teenager may be using drugs. The father denied any knowledge of the

post and stated that he did not want to invade the privacy of his teenagers

by prying into their social-media accounts. The father has an extensive

criminal history, including a conviction for lewd and lascivious conduct

with a minor female for which he was a registered sex offender. The

father, who was 45 years old at the time of the trial, spent a lot of his

social time skateboarding and hanging around a younger, drug-fueled

crowd.

At the time of the trial, the children had been residing together with

their foster mother for three years. The foster mother testified that

N.K.M. has asthma and autism, which, she said, affects his behavior and 8 CL-2024-0301, CL-2024-0302, and CL-2024-0303

his speech and that N.S.M. had recently been diagnosed with anxiety.

N.K.M. was enrolled in a pre-kindergarten program for children with

special needs that was working toward improving his speech and social

and emotional skills. N.S.M. was enrolled in first grade, and the school

was contacting the foster mother every day to pick N.S.M. up from school

due to her anxiety. The foster mother testified that the children should

stay together because N.K.M. thrives when he is with N.S.M.

Analysis

Section 12-15-319(a), Ala. Code 1975, a part of the Alabama

Juvenile Justice Act ("the AJJA"), Ala. Code 1975, § 12-15-101 et seq.,

provides that a juvenile court "may" terminate parental rights if clear

and convincing evidence proves that the parents "are unable or unwilling

to discharge their responsibilities to and for the child, or that the conduct

or condition of the parents renders them unable to properly care for the

child and that the conduct or condition is unlikely to change in the

foreseeable future." Furthermore, when exercising its discretion in

deciding whether to terminate parental rights, "the court shall consider

the best interests of the child." Id. Accordingly, a juvenile court must

make "a separate determination that termination of parental rights

serves the best interests of the child, and, if it does not, it may not 9 CL-2024-0301, CL-2024-0302, and CL-2024-0303

terminate parental rights." J.A. v. S.L., [Ms. CL-2023-0576, June 28,

2024] ___ So. 3d ___, ___ (Ala. Civ. App. 2024).

In this case, the juvenile court found that the children had bonded

with their foster mother, who had cared for them the previous three

years, and that it would be contrary to their best interests to be separated

from her and from each other. The juvenile court further found that it

would be in the best interests of the children to terminate the parental

rights of the mother and the father so that the children could be freed for

adoption. The mother and the father argue, however, that the juvenile

court did not receive sufficient evidence to sustain the latter finding.

They point out that the foster mother did not testify that she intended to

adopt the children, and DHR did not present any evidence identifying

any other adoptive resource or tending to prove that the children would

likely be adopted.

In J.A., supra, this court explained that, before terminating

parental rights, a juvenile court should consider whether the termination

of parental rights will likely afford the children permanency through

adoption. This court said:

"The best-interests-of-the-child inquiry focuses exclusively on the impact of the termination on the needs and interests of the child. In considering the best interests of the child, a 10 CL-2024-0301, CL-2024-0302, and CL-2024-0303

juvenile court is determining not whether it can terminate parental rights, but whether it should terminate parental rights for the benefit of the child for whom the remedy is intended. See S.D.P. v. U.R.S., 18 So. 3d 936, 942 (Ala. Civ. App. 2009) (Moore, J., concurring specially).

"In examining whether termination of parental rights promotes the best interests of the child, a juvenile court should consider all the traditional best-interests factors, see Ex parte Devine, 398 So. 2d 686, 696 (Ala. 1981) (holding that, in deciding what is in the best interests of the child, the fact- finder should consider, among other things, the emotional, social, moral, material, and educational needs of the child), but the court should primarily focus on the effect of the proposed termination on the child's needs for security, stability, and permanency. See S.D.P., 18 So. 3d at 944 (Moore, J., concurring specially). By allowing a juvenile court to involuntarily sever the rights of a parent so that the child can be adopted without the consent of that parent, termination of parental rights is a remedy that is specially designed to meet the particularized needs of a child for a stable and permanent custodial arrangement. See T.W. v. Calhoun Cnty. Dep't of Hum. Res., [[Ms. CL-2022-0694, June 2, 2023] ___ So. 3d ___ (Ala. Civ. App. 2023)]. Thus, at a minimum, when deciding whether termination of parental rights is in the best interests of a child, a juvenile court should focus on whether termination of the legal relationship between the child and the parent will protect the welfare of the child and promote the stability and permanency of the child. Id."

___ So. 3d at ___.

The record in this case is very similar to the record in T.W. v.

Calhoun County Department of Human Resources, [Ms. CL-2022-0694,

June 2, 2023] ___ So. 3d ___ (Ala. Civ. App. 2023), in which the Calhoun

11 CL-2024-0301, CL-2024-0302, and CL-2024-0303

Juvenile Court terminated the parental rights of a parent to two children

with special health and educational needs. The evidence showed that the

two siblings were residing together in a foster home with a foster parent

who would not agree to adopt them. The Calhoun County Department of

Human Resources had implemented a permanency plan calling for the

adoption of the two siblings, but no adoptive resource had been identified.

The agency presented no evidence as to the likelihood that the two

siblings would be adopted following termination of their parental rights

or to the methodology it would follow to assure their adoption. In

reversing the judgment, this court said:

"This court has repeatedly emphasized that, before proceeding to terminate the parental rights of the parents of special-needs children, a juvenile court must consider whether the children will likely achieve permanency through adoption. ... In order for the juvenile court to consider that factor, it was incumbent upon DHR to present clear and convincing evidence of the viability of adoption so that the juvenile court could make an informed evaluation and decision .... However, DHR did not even attempt to introduce any evidence on that point."

In this case, the record contains no evidence indicating that the

children, whose special needs impede their adoption prospects, see Ala.

Admin. Code (Dep't of Hum. Res.), r. 660-5-22-.06 (defining a "special

needs child," for the purpose of subsidized adoption, as, among other 12 CL-2024-0301, CL-2024-0302, and CL-2024-0303

things, a child who is over five years of age; or who is in a group of two or

more siblings seeking joint adoption; or who has a physical disability; or

who is receiving ongoing medical treatment for an emotional or

behavioral issue), were adoptable, as a unit or otherwise. See 42 U.S.C.

§ 671(a)(31)(A) (provision of federal law requiring states to develop a plan

to use reasonable efforts to place siblings together in the same adoptive

home). From the record, the juvenile court could not have reasonably

determined that adoption was a likely outcome for the children or that

their permanency interests would be advanced by termination of the

mother's and the father's parental rights. The judgments only leave legal

custody of the children with DHR with a right and duty to use reasonable

efforts to place the children for adoption, an outcome that remains

strictly speculative.

Unlike in T.W., in these cases, the juvenile court determined that

the mother had abandoned the children and that the father had

abandoned N.S.M. If so, the juvenile court properly found grounds for

termination, and it did not have to exhaust viable alternatives before

terminating the parents' parental rights. See C.C. v. L.J., 176 So. 3d 208

(Ala. Civ. App. 2015). However, the juvenile court still had to determine

from the evidence that termination of parental rights would serve the 13 CL-2024-0301, CL-2024-0302, and CL-2024-0303

best interests of the children by likely providing them permanency

through adoption as a separate essential element. See J.A., supra. The

juvenile court did not receive any evidence on this crucial point, so its

judgments must be reversed.

Conclusion

Based on the record before us, the juvenile court could not have

been clearly convinced that the termination of the parental rights of the

mother and the father would serve the best interests of the children.

Thus, we conclude that the juvenile court erred in terminating the

parental rights of the mother and the father. We, therefore, reverse the

judgments and remand the cases for further proceedings consistent with

this opinion.

CL-2024-0301 -- REVERSED AND REMANDED WITH

INSTRUCTIONS.

CL-2024-0302 -- REVERSED AND REMANDED WITH

CL-2024-0303 -- REVERSED AND REMANDED WITH

Edwards, Hanson, Fridy, and Lewis, JJ., concur.