TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN
NO. 03-10-00656-CV
DKH Homes, LP, Appellant
v.
Beth A. Kilgo and Billy R. Kilgo, Appellees
FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TRAVIS COUNTY, 353RD JUDICIAL DISTRICT
NO. D-1-GN-10-000200, HONORABLE RHONDA HURLEY, JUDGE PRESIDING
M E M O R A N D U M O P I N I O N
DKH Homes, LP ("DKH") sued Beth and Billy Kilgo ("the Kilgos") for breach of
contract alleging that the Kilgos failed to comply with a contractual obligation to build a new home,
using DKH as the builder, on a lot they purchased from DKH. After a bench trial, the court found
that the contract between DKH and the Kilgos did not contain an enforceable obligation to construct
a home and that DKH's evidence of lost profits was too speculative to support an award of damages.
The trial court rendered a take-nothing judgment in favor of the Kilgos, and this appeal followed.
We will affirm.
BACKGROUND
The Kilgos and DKH executed an Unimproved Property Contract ("the Contract")
on September 5, 2007, pursuant to which DKH agreed to sell, and the Kilgos agreed to buy, an
unimproved lot in Travis County ("the Lot") for $200,000 with a closing date on or before
September 28, 2007. The Contract included Addendum A, which was titled Exclusive Construction
Option and Right of First Refusal Agreement ("the Agreement"). The Agreement was executed by
DKH and the Kilgos on September 4, 2007 and includes the following paragraphs:
2. Commencement of Construction: [The Kilgos] agree to commence
construction of a single family residence (and its attached or detached garage)
on the Property (the "Residence"), in compliance with paragraph 3 below,
within twelve (12) months after the date of this Agreement.
3. Exclusive Builder: [The Kilgos] agree that they will exclusively utilize
[DKH] as the contractor for construction of the Residence, and all related
improvements to the Property, pursuant to the terms of [DKH]'s then-current
form of standard variable price residential construction contract, providing
for a total contract price including reimbursement of actual construction
costs, payment of general overhead and supervision of three percent (3%) of
the actual construction costs and an additional contractor's profit of fifteen
percent (15%) of the actual construction costs of the Residence (and all
related improvements to the Property) (i.e., "cost plus").
DKH contends that it discounted the Lot's purchase price by $25,000 in exchange for the Kilgos'
execution of the Agreement and that it would not have entered into the Contract without the executed
Agreement. It is undisputed that the parties closed on the sale of the Lot in a timely fashion and that
the Kilgos paid the full purchase price of $200,000.
In the spring of 2009, DKH contacted the Kilgos to inquire as to the status of building
a house on the Lot. At that time, the Kilgos informed DKH that they were not planning to build on
the Lot, but instead had bought a different lot and were planning to build a house on that lot using
a different builder as the contractor. In January 2010, DKH sued the Kilgos alleging that they
breached their agreement to build a house on the Lot and seeking to recover either actual damages,
liquidated damages under a provision of the Agreement, or specific performance of the promise to
build the house. After a bench trial, the court rendered a take-nothing judgment in favor of the
Kilgos based on its conclusion that the Agreement was unenforceable and that the evidence DKH
presented in support of its damages claim was too speculative to support an award of damages. The
trial court filed findings of fact and conclusions of law in support of the judgment. In its first
three issues on appeal, DKH challenges the following conclusions made by the trial court: (1) the
Agreement is unenforceable as a matter of law because it does not contain certain disclosures
required by statute to be included in residential construction contracts; (2) the Agreement is
unenforceable because it does not contain the essential elements of a contract to build a home; and
(3) the Agreement is an unenforceable agreement to agree to enter into a residential construction
contract in the future. In its fourth and fifth issues, DKH challenges the trial court's findings that
the evidence of DKH's lost profits was speculative and that a liquidated damages provision
contained in the Agreement was unenforceable. In its sixth issue, DKH complains that the trial court
erred by excluding testimony regarding damages DKH suffered due to the Kilgos' alleged failure to
mediate the dispute.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review conclusions of law de novo to determine whether they are legally correct.
Goodenbour v. Goodenbour, 64 S.W.3d 69, 76 (Tex. App.--Austin 2001, pet. denied). We evaluate
the trial court's legal conclusions independently to determine whether the trial court correctly drew
the legal conclusions from the facts. Dallas Morning News v. Board of Trustees, 861 S.W.2d 432,
536 (Tex. App.--Dallas 1993, writ denied). If the reviewing court determines a conclusion of law
is erroneous, but the trial court rendered the proper judgment, the erroneous conclusion of law does
not require reversal. BMC Software Belg., N.V. v. Marchand, 83 S.W.3d 789, 794 (Tex. 2001).
The trial court's admission or exclusion of evidence is reviewed under an
abuse-of-discretion standard. City of Brownsville v. Alvarado, 897 S.W.2d 750, 753 (Tex. 1995).
The trial court abuses its discretion when it acts in an arbitrary or unreasonable manner without
reference to any guiding rules or principles. Jelinek v. Casas, 328 S.W.3d 526, 539 (Tex. 2010).
For the exclusion of evidence to constitute reversible error, the complaining party must show that
(1) the trial court committed error and (2) the error probably caused the rendition of an improper
judgment. State v. Central Expressway Sign Assocs., 302 S.W.3d 866, 870 (Tex. 2009) (citing
McCraw v. Maris, 828 S.W.2d 756, 757 (Tex. 1992)). The exclusion or admission of evidence is
likely harmless if the evidence was cumulative or the rest of the evidence was so one-sided that the
error likely made no difference in the judgment. Reliance Steel & Aluminum Co. v. Sevcik,
267 S.W.3d 867 (Tex. 2008). But if erroneously admitted or excluded evidence was crucial to a key
issue, the error is likely harmful. Id.
DISCUSSION
DKH sued the Kilgos for breach of contract arising out of their failure to build a
house on the Lot--using DKH as the construction contractor--within 12 months of signing the
Agreement. DKH's claim in this regard is dependent on a finding that the Kilgos entered into an
enforceable contract for DKH to build them a home. The trial court found that the Kilgos did not
and rendered a take-nothing judgment in their favor. We first consider whether the trial court
erroneously concluded that the Kilgos were not obligated to construct a house on the Lot using DKH
as the construction contractor.
DKH contends that the construction obligation is contained in the Agreement.
The trial court, however, concluded that the Agreement did not constitute an enforceable
contract to construct a house. First, the trial court concluded that the Agreement was unenforceable
because it did not "contain the essential elements of a contract to build a home." We agree. To be
enforceable, a contract must be sufficiently definite in its terms that a court can understand what the
promisor undertook. T. O. Stanley Boot Co. v. Bank of El Paso, 847 S.W.2d 218, 221 (Tex. 1992).
The material terms of the contract must be agreed on before a court can enforce it. Id. If an
alleged agreement is so indefinite as to make it impossible for a court to fix the legal obligations
and liabilities of the parties, it cannot constitute an enforceable contract. University Nat'l Bank
v. Ernst & Whinney, 773 S.W.2d 707, 710 (Tex. App.--San Antonio 1989, no writ). A lack of
definiteness in an agreement may concern various elements, including time of performance, price
to be paid, work to be done, or service to be done. Gannon v. Baker, 830 S.W.2d 706, 709
(Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1992, writ denied); Terrell v. Nelson Puett Mortgage Co.,
511 S.W.2d 366, 369 (Tex. Civ. App.--Austin 1974, writ ref'd n.r.e.).
Whether an agreement has all the essential terms to be an enforceable agreement is
a question of law. See America's Favorite Chicken Co. v. Samaras, 929 S.W.2d 617, 625 (Tex.
App.--San Antonio 1996, writ denied). Each contract should be considered separately to determine
its material terms. See T. O. Stanley Boot Co., 847 S.W.2d at 221 (citing Bridewell v. Pritchett,
562 S.W.2d 956, 958 (Tex. Civ. App.--Fort Worth 1978, writ ref'd n.r.e.)). We conclude that the
Agreement at issue does not include terms essential to an agreement to construct a house. For
example, the Agreement does not include any of the information essential to define the undertaking
such as the size of the house contemplated, the price of the house on a per-square-foot or other basis,
or the time for completing construction. In fact, DKH's principal Keith Husband acknowledged at
trial that the Agreement lacked several elements he considered essential to a contract to build a
house, including a construction budget, plans and specifications for the home to be built, a method
for handling change orders, and completion dates or estimated completion dates. The Agreement
refers only to the construction of "a single family residence" for an undetermined price. The missing
elements are essential terms of a contract to build a house; without them, the Agreement is too
indefinite to constitute an enforceable agreement.
DKH contends that the Agreement did not include these essential terms because the
parties contemplated entering into a separate residential construction contract "once the Kilgos
finalized their plans on what house they wanted to build on the property." If that is the case,
however, the Agreement is simply an agreement to make a future contract. To be enforceable, an
agreement to enter into a future contract must specify all its material and essential terms, leaving
none to be agreed on as the result of future negotiations. See Ski River Dev., Inc. v. McCalla,
167 S.W.3d 121, 135 (Tex. App.--Waco 2005, pet. denied) (citing Parker Chiropractic Research
Found. v. Fairmont Dallas Hotel Co., 500 S.W.2d 196, 201 (Tex. Civ. App.--Dallas 1973, no
writ)). When an essential term is left open for future negotiation, the parties have nothing more than
an unenforceable "agreement to agree." See Oakrock Exploration Co. v. Killam, 87 S.W.3d 685, 690
(Tex. App.--San Antonio 2002, pet. denied). As previously stated, the Agreement here lacks several
of the terms essential to a contract to build a home. Consequently, it does not constitute an
enforceable agreement to enter into a future contract but is instead an unenforceable agreement to
agree. The trial court properly concluded that if, as DKH contends, Addendum A is not the
construction contract itself, it is simply an "'agreement to agree' in the future to a residential
construction contract and is unenforceable." We overrule DKH's second and third appellate issues.
In its first issue, DKH challenges the trial court's conclusion that the Agreement is
not enforceable because it does not contain the disclosures then required by statute to be included
in a contract for construction of a new home. See Act of May 24, 2007, 80th Leg., R.S., ch. 843,
§ 30, 2007 Tex. Gen. Laws 1752, 1761 (expired Sept. 1, 2009) (contract for new construction not
enforceable unless it contains builder's name and certificate of registration and certain notice
provisions). DKH does not dispute that the disclosures are missing from the Agreement, but
contends that the disclosures were not required because the Agreement is not a residential
construction contract subject to the statute. Having already concluded that the Agreement is not
enforceable because it lacks essential terms or is at best an unenforceable agreement to agree, we
need not address whether the Agreement is unenforceable for this additional reason--failure to
contain statutorily required notice provisions.
Having concluded that there was no enforceable contract obligating the Kilgos to
construct a home on the Lot using DKH as the construction contractor, there could be no breach of
such a contract and DKH was not entitled to recover damages under that theory. Consequently, we
need not address DKH's fourth and fifth issues challenging the district court's conclusions that
DKH's "evidence regarding lost profits was speculative and [it] was not entitled to an award of
expectancy damages" and that "the liquidated damages clause in [the Agreement] is an illegal
penalty and unenforceable." The trial court properly rendered a take-nothing judgment against DKH
on its breach-of-contract cause of action.
In its sixth issue, DKH complains of the trial court's refusal to permit Keith Husband,
DKH's principal, to testify regarding damages arising out of the Kilgos' alleged failure to mediate
this dispute. The trial court expressly found that "the parties and their attorneys met prior to the time
suit was filed in an attempt to resolve their differences," and "[t]he mediation provisions found in
[the Agreement] were not materially breached by any of the parties." Given that the Agreement was
unenforceable, failure to mediate could not constitute a material breach and exclusion of evidence
of such failure could not be harmful error. Assuming the Agreement did contain an enforceable
mediation agreement, however, would not change the result. The trial court concluded that neither
the Kilgos nor DKH failed to comply with their mediation obligations. DKH does not challenge
these findings. When, as here, findings of fact are filed, unchallenged findings are binding on the
appellate court unless the contrary is established as a matter of law, or there is no evidence to support
the finding. See McGalliard v. Kuhlman, 722 S.W.2d 694, 696-97 (Tex. 1986). Husband testified
at trial that he met with the Kilgos and their attorney prior to DKH's filing suit, but the parties were
not able to reach an agreement on how to resolve their differences. He also testified that there were
further attempts to negotiate a resolution even after suit was filed. DKH makes no effort in its brief
to establish that, as a matter of law, the Kilgos failed to negotiate with DKH in an effort to resolve
this dispute, and there is evidence to support the trial court's finding that the Kilgos did not breach
an agreement to negotiate. The Agreement requires that "the dispute shall be submitted to mediation
before resorting to litigation." While Husband testified that DKH requested mediation and the
Kilgos declined, there is no evidence that DKH attempted to compel mediation before or after filing
suit.
In any event, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in refusing to admit testimony
from Husband regarding the damages allegedly arising from any breach of an agreement to mediate.
DKH argued that, as a result of the failure to mediate the case, it incurred attorney's fees in
prosecuting its breach-of-contract claim against the Kilgos and attempted to testify regarding the
amount of those fees. Counsel for the Kilgos objected to Husband's testimony on the ground that
it called for speculation. The trial court sustained the objection and excluded the testimony. This
was not an abuse of discretion. DKH's claim that the attorney's fees it has incurred in prosecuting
this suit resulted from the Kilgos' failure to mediate presupposes that the parties would have reached
an agreement had they mediated the case. That the parties would have reached an agreement in
mediation is pure speculation, and any testimony to the effect that the failure to mediate necessarily
caused DKH to incur attorney's fees for filing suit is too speculative to constitute relevant or
probative evidence. We overrule DKH's sixth issue.
CONCLUSION
The trial court did not err in concluding that the agreement on which DKH bases its
breach-of-contract cause of action is unenforceable. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in
excluding testimony regarding damages arising from the Kilgos' alleged failure to mediate this
dispute. Consequently, we affirm the trial court's judgment.
_____________________________________________
J. Woodfin Jones, Chief Justice
Before Chief Justice Jones, Justices Henson and Goodwin
Affirmed
Filed: May 11, 2011