Mr. Justice Gabbert
delivered the opinion of the court:
Appellee, as plaintiff, brought suit against appellant, as defendant. His complaint included several causes of action. There was judgment for plaintiff and defendant appeals.
The first cause of action was to quiet plaintiff’s title to an interest which he claimed in water delivered by means of the Columbine ditch, and was based on a contract between plaintiff and the Divide Ditch Company, dated November 21st, 1901, wherein it was recited that the ditch company, in consideration of certain acts therein specified to be performed by plaintiff, agreed to deliver him, free of all expense, water sufficient for the irrigation of lands particularly described. The contract further recited that the company agreed to measure the water which might be secured by the Divide and Columbine ditches and determine what was the full one-third of such water and pay plaintiff annually on the 1st day [16]*16of November of each year $6.00 per million cubic feet for all of the one-third of the water delivered by these ditches in excess of the amount furnished for the irrigation of plaintiff’s land. The contract also recited that plaintiff, in consideration of the covenants on the part of the defendant:
“By these presents does sell, convey and assign unto the said Divide Ditch Company the entire undivided one-third interest in and to all of the rights, privileges and franchises pertaining to and secured by the appropriations of water by said company from those streams known as Sand creek and Deadman creek in said Larimer county (and also all of the rights, privileges and franchises pertaining to and secured by the appropriation of water from the Columbine creek in said Larimer county). ’ ’
This contract is somewhat inartificial and ambiguous but it appears therefrom, and from the testimony, that plaintiff was the owner of an interest in the property conveyed, and that the consideration for such conveyance was the covenant on the part of the Divide Ditch Company to deliver him one-third of the water annually derived from the appropriations mentioned in the contract, for the irrigation of his land therein described, and in case he did not use or require all of this volume he was to receive $6.00 per million cubic feet for the difference between the amount he used to irrigate his 'land, and the full one-third of the water obtained and diverted each year from these sources. About February 15th, 1904, the Divide Ditch Company transferred the rights acquired under the contract to the defendant company. The defendant denied the contract as pleaded, which was set out, haec verba, in the complaint, and set up as the contract between the parties an agreement which contains no reference to the Columbine ditch. It appears from the testimony that the contract set out by the plaintiff was taken by the late Governor Eaton, then the president of the Divide Ditch Company. November 4th, 1902, plaintiff wrote a letter to Eaton, in which he stated:
[17]*17“I am compelled to again ask you for the contract relative to the Sand Creek ditch.”
A few days later Eaton replied:
“Inclosed please find contract as requested. I went to the County Clerk’s records this morning and failed to find the recorded contract. Then I came up here and found the contract that I had and in that contract the Columbine was included and I have taken the liberty to scratch it out as that was never in our agreement.”
The erasures made covered that portion of the contract as above quoted enclosed in parenthesis and also all reference to the Columbine ditch in other parts of the instrument. January 11th, 1907, plaintiff recorded the contract sent by Eaton with the erasures as made by him and also the letter written by Eaton. The only difference between the contracts pleaded by the respective parties is that in the one relied upon by plaintiff it is pleaded as though no erasures had been made while on the part of the defendant it was claimed that the contract between them was the one in which the erasures were made. The question thus presented is, which was the true contract between the parties, that is, whether the contract as changed by the erasures is the one by which the plaintiff is bound, or whether the defendant is bound by the contract as originally drafted. This becomes important, for the reason that plaintiff, under the contract as originally drafted was entitled to one-third of all the water carried annually by the divide ditch, from the appropriations he conveyed, including the volume diverted through the Columbine ditch, from its appropriations, when, under the contract after the erasures were made all consideration of that ditch and its appropriations would be excluded. Whether then plaintiff was or was not entitled to one-third of the water diverted by the Columbine ditch depends upon whether he is bound by the contract after it was changed by the erasures made by Eaton. This must be determined from the facts and the principles of law applicable thereto.
Plaintiff and one Wilson commenced the construe[18]*18tion of a ditch, the purpose of which was to divert water from the creeks named in the contract into the Cache La Poudre river. Before this work was completed Wilson conveyed a part of his interest in the system to the Divide Ditch Company and the remainder to plaintiff. Later plaintiff entered into the contract set out in his complaint. As above stated, all reference to the Columbine ditch and its appropriations were thereafter stricken from this contract by Eaton. It does not appear that plaintiff, when he received the contract from Eaton, in which all reference to the Columbine ditch and its appropriations were erased, objected to the erasures, although his attention was directly called to them by the letter accompanying it; the reason for the erasure being, as stated in the letter, that the Columbine ditch “was never in our agreement.” The Divide Ditch Company commenced to construct the ditch intended to utilize the purchase from Wilson and plaintiff, but it was not entirely completed until after February, 1904, at which date it was conveyed to the defendant company and thereafter fully completed by the latter. It appears that plaintiff was aware of the work being carried on by defendant and its predecessor and that the first objection he made to the erasures was in November 1906, when a statement showing the amount of water run in the ditch, which did not mention the Columbine, was handed to him. It also appears that on May 1st 1902, by quit-claim deed recorded five days later, he conveyed to Eaton, as recited therein:
“The right of way for that certain ditch known as the Columbine ditch, located in section twenty-six in Tp 10 N R 75 West with all rights to the appropriation of water and any and all interests therein.”
This is the same property which he claimed was included in the contract as originally drafted. By mesne conveyances the rights thus acquired by Eaton became vested in the defendant.
A material alteration in a written instrument may be ratified after it has been executed and delivered, and if so ratified will bind the parties; 7 Am. & Eng. Encyc. [19]*19of Law 144. Ratification may be express or it may arise by implication. If it is to be implied, facts must be established from which it necessarily results; Idem.
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Mr. Justice Gabbert
delivered the opinion of the court:
Appellee, as plaintiff, brought suit against appellant, as defendant. His complaint included several causes of action. There was judgment for plaintiff and defendant appeals.
The first cause of action was to quiet plaintiff’s title to an interest which he claimed in water delivered by means of the Columbine ditch, and was based on a contract between plaintiff and the Divide Ditch Company, dated November 21st, 1901, wherein it was recited that the ditch company, in consideration of certain acts therein specified to be performed by plaintiff, agreed to deliver him, free of all expense, water sufficient for the irrigation of lands particularly described. The contract further recited that the company agreed to measure the water which might be secured by the Divide and Columbine ditches and determine what was the full one-third of such water and pay plaintiff annually on the 1st day [16]*16of November of each year $6.00 per million cubic feet for all of the one-third of the water delivered by these ditches in excess of the amount furnished for the irrigation of plaintiff’s land. The contract also recited that plaintiff, in consideration of the covenants on the part of the defendant:
“By these presents does sell, convey and assign unto the said Divide Ditch Company the entire undivided one-third interest in and to all of the rights, privileges and franchises pertaining to and secured by the appropriations of water by said company from those streams known as Sand creek and Deadman creek in said Larimer county (and also all of the rights, privileges and franchises pertaining to and secured by the appropriation of water from the Columbine creek in said Larimer county). ’ ’
This contract is somewhat inartificial and ambiguous but it appears therefrom, and from the testimony, that plaintiff was the owner of an interest in the property conveyed, and that the consideration for such conveyance was the covenant on the part of the Divide Ditch Company to deliver him one-third of the water annually derived from the appropriations mentioned in the contract, for the irrigation of his land therein described, and in case he did not use or require all of this volume he was to receive $6.00 per million cubic feet for the difference between the amount he used to irrigate his 'land, and the full one-third of the water obtained and diverted each year from these sources. About February 15th, 1904, the Divide Ditch Company transferred the rights acquired under the contract to the defendant company. The defendant denied the contract as pleaded, which was set out, haec verba, in the complaint, and set up as the contract between the parties an agreement which contains no reference to the Columbine ditch. It appears from the testimony that the contract set out by the plaintiff was taken by the late Governor Eaton, then the president of the Divide Ditch Company. November 4th, 1902, plaintiff wrote a letter to Eaton, in which he stated:
[17]*17“I am compelled to again ask you for the contract relative to the Sand Creek ditch.”
A few days later Eaton replied:
“Inclosed please find contract as requested. I went to the County Clerk’s records this morning and failed to find the recorded contract. Then I came up here and found the contract that I had and in that contract the Columbine was included and I have taken the liberty to scratch it out as that was never in our agreement.”
The erasures made covered that portion of the contract as above quoted enclosed in parenthesis and also all reference to the Columbine ditch in other parts of the instrument. January 11th, 1907, plaintiff recorded the contract sent by Eaton with the erasures as made by him and also the letter written by Eaton. The only difference between the contracts pleaded by the respective parties is that in the one relied upon by plaintiff it is pleaded as though no erasures had been made while on the part of the defendant it was claimed that the contract between them was the one in which the erasures were made. The question thus presented is, which was the true contract between the parties, that is, whether the contract as changed by the erasures is the one by which the plaintiff is bound, or whether the defendant is bound by the contract as originally drafted. This becomes important, for the reason that plaintiff, under the contract as originally drafted was entitled to one-third of all the water carried annually by the divide ditch, from the appropriations he conveyed, including the volume diverted through the Columbine ditch, from its appropriations, when, under the contract after the erasures were made all consideration of that ditch and its appropriations would be excluded. Whether then plaintiff was or was not entitled to one-third of the water diverted by the Columbine ditch depends upon whether he is bound by the contract after it was changed by the erasures made by Eaton. This must be determined from the facts and the principles of law applicable thereto.
Plaintiff and one Wilson commenced the construe[18]*18tion of a ditch, the purpose of which was to divert water from the creeks named in the contract into the Cache La Poudre river. Before this work was completed Wilson conveyed a part of his interest in the system to the Divide Ditch Company and the remainder to plaintiff. Later plaintiff entered into the contract set out in his complaint. As above stated, all reference to the Columbine ditch and its appropriations were thereafter stricken from this contract by Eaton. It does not appear that plaintiff, when he received the contract from Eaton, in which all reference to the Columbine ditch and its appropriations were erased, objected to the erasures, although his attention was directly called to them by the letter accompanying it; the reason for the erasure being, as stated in the letter, that the Columbine ditch “was never in our agreement.” The Divide Ditch Company commenced to construct the ditch intended to utilize the purchase from Wilson and plaintiff, but it was not entirely completed until after February, 1904, at which date it was conveyed to the defendant company and thereafter fully completed by the latter. It appears that plaintiff was aware of the work being carried on by defendant and its predecessor and that the first objection he made to the erasures was in November 1906, when a statement showing the amount of water run in the ditch, which did not mention the Columbine, was handed to him. It also appears that on May 1st 1902, by quit-claim deed recorded five days later, he conveyed to Eaton, as recited therein:
“The right of way for that certain ditch known as the Columbine ditch, located in section twenty-six in Tp 10 N R 75 West with all rights to the appropriation of water and any and all interests therein.”
This is the same property which he claimed was included in the contract as originally drafted. By mesne conveyances the rights thus acquired by Eaton became vested in the defendant.
A material alteration in a written instrument may be ratified after it has been executed and delivered, and if so ratified will bind the parties; 7 Am. & Eng. Encyc. [19]*19of Law 144. Ratification may be express or it may arise by implication. If it is to be implied, facts must be established from which it necessarily results; Idem. Plaintiff did not expressly assent to the change in the contract and the question therefore is, did he impliedly do so? He knew of the change but did not object. He knew that after the change work was being prosecuted on the ditch system by his vendee, and its successor, the defendant. He remained silent for about four years and then, when a statement was rendered showing the volume of water he was entitled to receive royalty upon, which excluded the Columbine ditch, objected for the first time by claiming that he should be paid for water diverted by the Columbine ditch.
Prior to the change he had parted with his interest in the Columbine ditch by conveyance to Eaton. This situation explains his silence and clearly manifested an intention on his part to ratify the contract as changed, for the very obvious reason that the facts as they existed at the time of the change required that the Columbine ditch should be excluded from the contract. Without any objection from plaintiff relative to the change, the ditch system was completed by the defendant and its predecessor. The silence of the plaintiff in these circumstances would naturally cause the Divide company as well as the defendant to conclude that the work of completing the system was being prosecuted with the understanding on their part and the part of the plaintiff that the contract as modified by the erasures evidenced the agreement between them and calls for the application of the legal maxim that, “He who is silent appears to consent.”
It is settled law that if a party by conduct has intimated that he consents to an act which has been done, or will offer no opposition to it, although it could not have been lawfully done without his consent, and he thereby induces others to do that from which they otherwise might have abstained, he can not question the legality of the act he has so sanctioned to the prejudice of those who have acted on the fair inference to be drawn [20]*20from Ms conduct. Truesdail v. Ward, 24 Mich. 117. We must therefore hold from the undisputed facts that plaintiff assented to the change in the contract made by the erasures and is bound thereby as it read after this change was made.
The trial court, however, held by the judgment rendered that the contract without the erasures was the agreement between the parties, and decreed that plaintiff’s right to water diverted by the Columbine ditch be quieted, and assessed damages for the failure of defendant to account to and pay him for his share of the water carried in tMs ditch. This we think was error for the reasons above stated.
Plaintiff also claimed and was awarded damages upon the ground that for the years 1906 and 1907 the defendant, without authority, had deducted from the volume carried by the Divide ditch 48 cubic feet per second of time, and for the year 1908, 21 cubic feet, thus reducing the volume to which the plaintiff claimed he was entitled to be paid for under his contract with the company. The testimony discloses that this water did not belong to the company, nor was it diverted for its use but that it represented water from appropriations made in Wyoming, which one Bruce Gr. Eaton claimed to have purchased, and that it was carried through the ditch system of defendant for his use and benefit. It may be that Eaton was without right to this water and could not lawfully divert it, but this is immaterial. Plaintiff certainly was not entitled to any portion of it except he established that it belonged to the company. This he failed to do. Independent of this, plaintiff is precluded from asserting any claim to this water, for the reason that the contract does not contemplate that he was to share in water except from the appropriations which he transferred.
The remaining question relates to the judgment awarding damages on the third cause of action. The averments of the complaint with respect to this cause are to the effect that for the year 1905 the defendant requested the plaintiff to rent a sufficient number of shares [21]*21of the North Poudre Irrigation Company stock for the proper irrigation of his land, described in the contract between himself and the Divide company; that, acting on this request, he rented such stock at an expense of $350.00, which defendant has refused to pay. The court found in favor of plaintiff on this cause of action. Without going into details we think the testimony sustains the agreement pleaded and that the judgment of the court, awarding the plaintiff the amount of the obligation he incurred in renting the stock, is supported by the evidence. The judgment of the district court on this cause of action is affirmed.
Except as to this cause of action the judgment of the district court is reversed and the cause remanded for further proceedings in harmony with the views expressed in this opinion.
Two-thirds of the costs in this court will be taxed to appellee and one-third to appellant.
Judgment affirmed in part and reversed in part, and the cause remanded.
Chief Justice Musser and Mr. Justice Hill concur.