[Cite as Dickerson v. Miller's TLC, Inc., 2012-Ohio-2493.]
Court of Appeals of Ohio EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA
JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION No. 96995
DONNA DICKERSON, ET AL. PLAINTIFFS-APPELLANTS
vs.
MILLER’S TLC, INC., ET AL. DEFENDANTS-APPELLEES
JUDGMENT: AFFIRMED
Civil Appeal from the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas Case No. CV-716199
BEFORE: Celebrezze, P.J., Sweeney, J., and Keough, J.
RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: June 7, 2012 ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANTS
Richard E. Hackerd 2000 Standard Building 1370 Ontario Street Cleveland, Ohio 44113
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES
For Miller’s TLC, Inc.
David J. Fagnilli Davis & Young 1200 Fifth Third Center 600 Superior Avenue, E. Cleveland, Ohio 44114-2654
For Medical Mutual
Lisa A. Pavlik ACS Recovery Services, Inc. 1301 Basswood Road Schaumburg, Illinois 60173 FRANK D. CELEBREZZE, JR., P.J.:
{¶1} Plaintiff-appellant, Donna Dickerson, appeals from a jury verdict awarding
$68,333 in damages after reduction for comparative negligence in this personal injury
action against defendants-appellees, Robert Taylor and Miller’s TLC, Inc. For the
reasons that follow, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
{¶2} This matter arises from a truck-automobile accident that occurred on
November 26, 2007, at the intersection of East 30th Street and Broadway Avenue at
approximately 9:00 a.m. in Cleveland, Ohio. The accident occurred when
defendant-appellee, Robert Taylor, was making a left-hand turn from Broadway Avenue
onto East 30th Street while operating an 18-wheel tractor-trailer truck.
Plaintiff-appellant, Donna Dickerson, was traveling in the opposite direction on
Broadway Avenue and collided into the side of the tractor-trailer before Taylor was able
to complete the left-hand turn.
{¶3} On July 22, 2008, Dickerson filed a complaint against Taylor and his
employer, Miller’s TLC, Inc. The complaint alleged that Taylor, while in the course and
scope of his employment, negligently operated his motor vehicle, causing injuries and lost
wages to Dickerson and her son, Darwin Dickerson. On January 12, 2009, the case was
dismissed without prejudice. On January 21, 2010, the action was refiled, and the matter
proceeded to jury trial on January 24, 2011. {¶4} Taylor was deposed on October 7, 2008, in the prior dismissed and refiled
case. At Taylor’s deposition, he testified: “I saw two vehicles cresting the hill in the
distance,” but he felt he had sufficient time to safely complete his left-hand turn. As he
was proceeding through his turn, he observed that one of the cars was traveling much
faster than the other car. The faster moving car was Dickerson’s, which ultimately struck
him. By the time Taylor realized that Dickerson’s “vehicle was flying towards me,” he
was already making the turn and had no opportunity to avoid Dickerson. Taylor’s
testimony on these facts was consistent at his deposition and at trial.
{¶5} At trial, Taylor was asked on cross-examination during Dickerson’s
case-in-chief to recall testimony he made during his deposition relating to the distance
between Dickerson’s vehicle and the intersection where he began his left-hand turn.
Taylor testified that, as stated during his deposition, he believed Dickerson’s vehicle was
approximately 50 yards, or 150 feet, away from the intersection when he began his
left-hand turn. Additionally, Taylor estimated that Dickerson was traveling
approximately 40 to 50 miles per hour.
{¶6} Dickerson testified that at approximately 8:45 a.m. on November 26, 2007,
she was traveling westbound on Broadway Avenue with her son, en route to her place of
employment in downtown Cleveland, Ohio. While driving on Broadway Avenue,
Dickerson noticed Taylor’s truck in the opposite lane, but continued toward the
intersection while traveling approximately 35 miles per hour because the traffic light was
green. Dickerson testified that as she entered the intersection, Taylor’s truck suddenly turned in front of her. Dickerson attempted to swerve away from the truck, but was
unable to avoid a collision. Dickerson was transported by EMS to MetroHealth Medical
Center, where she underwent surgery to repair her severely damaged left leg. Dickerson
testified extensively to her continuing pain and suffering as a result of this accident.
{¶7} On direct examination, as part of Dickerson’s case-in-chief, Taylor altered his
testimony relating to Dickerson’s distance from the intersection after he had the
opportunity to revisit the scene of the accident and utilize the measurement components
of a Google Map application on his personal cell phone. Taylor testified that, based on
the calculations provided by the Google Map application, he estimated that Dickerson’s
vehicle was approximately 250 to 300 feet from the intersection when he began his
left-hand turn. Dickerson’s attorney moved for a mistrial based on Taylor’s use of the
Google Maps application as an expert witness who had not been qualified and on the
basis that Taylor conducted a mid-trial site visit, which was not disclosed to Dickerson.
The motion for mistrial was overruled.
{¶8} On January 27, 2011, the jury returned a verdict, awarding Dickerson
damages in the amount of $136,665.38. However, the jury reduced the damages by
Dickerson’s 50 percent comparative fault, rendering a net verdict in the amount of
$68,333. Thereafter, Dickerson filed this timely appeal, raising two assignments of error
for review:
I. The trial court committed prejudicial error when it admitted the testimony of Robert Taylor, defendant, as to the distance from his truck to the Dickerson automobile where that testimony was based solely upon Mr. Taylor’s use of Google Maps application on his I-phone. II. The trial court committed prejudicial error when it permitted Robert Taylor to testify as to a distance based upon his visit to the site the day before the trial which was not disclosed in pretrial discovery.
Law and Analysis
I. Admission of Prejudicial Evidence
{¶9} In her first assignment of error, Dickerson argues that the trial court
committed prejudicial error when it permitted Taylor to testify as to the distance from
Dickerson’s vehicle to the center of the intersection where that testimony was based
solely on Taylor’s use of a Google Maps application on his personal cell phone.
{¶10} A trial court has broad discretion concerning the admission or exclusion of
evidence, and, in the absence of an abuse of such discretion that materially prejudices a
defendant, a reviewing court generally will not reverse an evidentiary ruling. State v.
Issa, 93 Ohio St.3d 49, 64, 2001-Ohio-1290, 752 N.E.2d 904; Krischbaum v. Dillon, 58
Ohio St.3d 58, 66, 567 N.E.2d 1291 (1991); State v. Barnes, 94 Ohio St.3d 21, 23,
2002-Ohio-68, 759 N.E.2d 1240 (noting a trial court abused its discretion when it “acted
unreasonably, arbitrarily, or unconscionably”).
{¶11} Initially, Dickerson contends that Taylor’s testimony relating information he
obtained from the Google Maps application constituted inadmissible hearsay. During
Taylor’s direct examination, the following statements were made:
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[Cite as Dickerson v. Miller's TLC, Inc., 2012-Ohio-2493.]
Court of Appeals of Ohio EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA
JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION No. 96995
DONNA DICKERSON, ET AL. PLAINTIFFS-APPELLANTS
vs.
MILLER’S TLC, INC., ET AL. DEFENDANTS-APPELLEES
JUDGMENT: AFFIRMED
Civil Appeal from the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas Case No. CV-716199
BEFORE: Celebrezze, P.J., Sweeney, J., and Keough, J.
RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: June 7, 2012 ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANTS
Richard E. Hackerd 2000 Standard Building 1370 Ontario Street Cleveland, Ohio 44113
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES
For Miller’s TLC, Inc.
David J. Fagnilli Davis & Young 1200 Fifth Third Center 600 Superior Avenue, E. Cleveland, Ohio 44114-2654
For Medical Mutual
Lisa A. Pavlik ACS Recovery Services, Inc. 1301 Basswood Road Schaumburg, Illinois 60173 FRANK D. CELEBREZZE, JR., P.J.:
{¶1} Plaintiff-appellant, Donna Dickerson, appeals from a jury verdict awarding
$68,333 in damages after reduction for comparative negligence in this personal injury
action against defendants-appellees, Robert Taylor and Miller’s TLC, Inc. For the
reasons that follow, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
{¶2} This matter arises from a truck-automobile accident that occurred on
November 26, 2007, at the intersection of East 30th Street and Broadway Avenue at
approximately 9:00 a.m. in Cleveland, Ohio. The accident occurred when
defendant-appellee, Robert Taylor, was making a left-hand turn from Broadway Avenue
onto East 30th Street while operating an 18-wheel tractor-trailer truck.
Plaintiff-appellant, Donna Dickerson, was traveling in the opposite direction on
Broadway Avenue and collided into the side of the tractor-trailer before Taylor was able
to complete the left-hand turn.
{¶3} On July 22, 2008, Dickerson filed a complaint against Taylor and his
employer, Miller’s TLC, Inc. The complaint alleged that Taylor, while in the course and
scope of his employment, negligently operated his motor vehicle, causing injuries and lost
wages to Dickerson and her son, Darwin Dickerson. On January 12, 2009, the case was
dismissed without prejudice. On January 21, 2010, the action was refiled, and the matter
proceeded to jury trial on January 24, 2011. {¶4} Taylor was deposed on October 7, 2008, in the prior dismissed and refiled
case. At Taylor’s deposition, he testified: “I saw two vehicles cresting the hill in the
distance,” but he felt he had sufficient time to safely complete his left-hand turn. As he
was proceeding through his turn, he observed that one of the cars was traveling much
faster than the other car. The faster moving car was Dickerson’s, which ultimately struck
him. By the time Taylor realized that Dickerson’s “vehicle was flying towards me,” he
was already making the turn and had no opportunity to avoid Dickerson. Taylor’s
testimony on these facts was consistent at his deposition and at trial.
{¶5} At trial, Taylor was asked on cross-examination during Dickerson’s
case-in-chief to recall testimony he made during his deposition relating to the distance
between Dickerson’s vehicle and the intersection where he began his left-hand turn.
Taylor testified that, as stated during his deposition, he believed Dickerson’s vehicle was
approximately 50 yards, or 150 feet, away from the intersection when he began his
left-hand turn. Additionally, Taylor estimated that Dickerson was traveling
approximately 40 to 50 miles per hour.
{¶6} Dickerson testified that at approximately 8:45 a.m. on November 26, 2007,
she was traveling westbound on Broadway Avenue with her son, en route to her place of
employment in downtown Cleveland, Ohio. While driving on Broadway Avenue,
Dickerson noticed Taylor’s truck in the opposite lane, but continued toward the
intersection while traveling approximately 35 miles per hour because the traffic light was
green. Dickerson testified that as she entered the intersection, Taylor’s truck suddenly turned in front of her. Dickerson attempted to swerve away from the truck, but was
unable to avoid a collision. Dickerson was transported by EMS to MetroHealth Medical
Center, where she underwent surgery to repair her severely damaged left leg. Dickerson
testified extensively to her continuing pain and suffering as a result of this accident.
{¶7} On direct examination, as part of Dickerson’s case-in-chief, Taylor altered his
testimony relating to Dickerson’s distance from the intersection after he had the
opportunity to revisit the scene of the accident and utilize the measurement components
of a Google Map application on his personal cell phone. Taylor testified that, based on
the calculations provided by the Google Map application, he estimated that Dickerson’s
vehicle was approximately 250 to 300 feet from the intersection when he began his
left-hand turn. Dickerson’s attorney moved for a mistrial based on Taylor’s use of the
Google Maps application as an expert witness who had not been qualified and on the
basis that Taylor conducted a mid-trial site visit, which was not disclosed to Dickerson.
The motion for mistrial was overruled.
{¶8} On January 27, 2011, the jury returned a verdict, awarding Dickerson
damages in the amount of $136,665.38. However, the jury reduced the damages by
Dickerson’s 50 percent comparative fault, rendering a net verdict in the amount of
$68,333. Thereafter, Dickerson filed this timely appeal, raising two assignments of error
for review:
I. The trial court committed prejudicial error when it admitted the testimony of Robert Taylor, defendant, as to the distance from his truck to the Dickerson automobile where that testimony was based solely upon Mr. Taylor’s use of Google Maps application on his I-phone. II. The trial court committed prejudicial error when it permitted Robert Taylor to testify as to a distance based upon his visit to the site the day before the trial which was not disclosed in pretrial discovery.
Law and Analysis
I. Admission of Prejudicial Evidence
{¶9} In her first assignment of error, Dickerson argues that the trial court
committed prejudicial error when it permitted Taylor to testify as to the distance from
Dickerson’s vehicle to the center of the intersection where that testimony was based
solely on Taylor’s use of a Google Maps application on his personal cell phone.
{¶10} A trial court has broad discretion concerning the admission or exclusion of
evidence, and, in the absence of an abuse of such discretion that materially prejudices a
defendant, a reviewing court generally will not reverse an evidentiary ruling. State v.
Issa, 93 Ohio St.3d 49, 64, 2001-Ohio-1290, 752 N.E.2d 904; Krischbaum v. Dillon, 58
Ohio St.3d 58, 66, 567 N.E.2d 1291 (1991); State v. Barnes, 94 Ohio St.3d 21, 23,
2002-Ohio-68, 759 N.E.2d 1240 (noting a trial court abused its discretion when it “acted
unreasonably, arbitrarily, or unconscionably”).
{¶11} Initially, Dickerson contends that Taylor’s testimony relating information he
obtained from the Google Maps application constituted inadmissible hearsay. During
Taylor’s direct examination, the following statements were made:
Q: Did you do anything to determine the distance from * * * the point where you first saw Miss Dickerson to the intersection? A. Yes. I wanted accurate measurements, so I took it upon myself to Google that map and put it at different points and measure what the distances were.
Q. Okay. And what figures did your Googling reveal?
PLAINTIFF’S ATTORNEY: Objection, Your Honor.
THE COURT: Overruled.
Q. Okay.
A. From approximately the center of the intersection down to right at the point where it starts, where you can see the curve, it is 250 feet.
*** Q. So based on those figures, were you able to more accurately calculate the distance that Miss Dickerson was from you when you first saw her?
A. Absolutely. If I were on this side of the intersection and I could see beyond the corner a little bit, to the hill, easily it was 300 feet, which is basically a hundred yards, double of what I had anticipated.
{¶12} Upon review of the record, we find that Taylor’s testimony relating to
information he received from the Google Maps application on his cell phone was not
hearsay. “Hearsay” is a statement, other than one made by the declarant while testifying
at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted.
Evid.R. 801(C). A “statement” is an oral or written assertion, or nonverbal conduct of a
person, if it is intended by the person as an assertion, while the “declarant” is a person
who makes a statement. Evid.R. 801.
{¶13} By its very nature, calculation of distance, or of weight, volume, speed, and
the like, is impossible without use of a tool that has been calibrated to show a relevant
unit of measure, e.g., a ruler, a tape measure, a wheel, a scale, or, at a more sophisticated level, a radar gun, a breathalyzer, or a blood test. When employed to measure something,
none of those tools makes a “statement.” See Commonwealth v. Whitlock, 74
Mass.App.Ct. 320, 906 N.E.2d 995 (2009). Instead, the only “statement” is the
testimony of a witness about observations of distance, speed, weight, percentage, or
volume he made as a result of using the tool. Id.
{¶14} Here, the Google Maps application was a measuring tool that utilizes
computer-generated satellite images to calculate the distance between two points.
Taylor’s testimony about the computer-generated measurements constituted a declaration,
made under oath at trial, of the physical observation he made from the Google Maps
application. Therefore, the testimony was not hearsay. See Gray v. Fairview Gen.
Hosp., 8th Dist. No. 82318, 2004-Ohio-1244, ¶ 11 (testimony concerning the
computer-generated results of a mammogram learned from a computer-aided detection
(CAD) device was not hearsay because the CAD device was not a person).
{¶15} Next, Dickerson contends that the trial court impermissibly allowed Taylor
to testify about the information he obtained from the Google Maps application without
Taylor being certified as an expert witness. We disagree.
{¶16} In State v. Franklin, 164 Ohio App.3d 758, 2005-Ohio-6854, 843 N.E.2d
1267 (12th Dist.), the prosecution sought to prove that a drug sale occurred within 1,000
feet of a school. To do so, the prosecution proffered a witness who described the global
imaging software that he used to measure the distance between the drug sale and the
school. The defendant argued that the global imaging software must be supported by expert testimony. The Franklin court disagreed, stating: “Global imaging devices are
widely used and generally considered to be reliable.” Id., citing Dischinger & Wallace,
Geographic Information Systems: Coming to a Courtroom Near You, 34 Colo.Law. 11,
17 (2005) (“[t]he * * * software has been in use for a relatively long period [more than
two decades] and is generally accepted by the courts as reliable computer software”).
{¶17} Similarly, Google Maps, and other satellite imaging programs, are generally
considered to provide accurate and reliable measurements. In today’s technologically
savvy society, satellite imaging programs are used on a daily basis, and testimony
concerning the use and output of such programs does not require information beyond the
knowledge or experience possessed by most lay persons. See Franklin, ¶ 11;
Commonwealth v. Suarez-Irizzary, 15 Pa.D.&C.5th 106 (Pa.Commw.2010) (“As
technology increases, the law must keep pace. When maps were first created, they
represented a cartographer’s ‘best estimate’ of where things were located. Since then,
measuring wheels, odometers, airplane photography and now global satellite imaging
have moved cartography from the realm of human estimating to satellite-verified pinpoint
accuracy. When the legal system needs to establish distance with precision, it should not
eschew the accuracy that technology now affords in favor of more flawed and primitive
means of measurement”).
{¶18} In this matter, Taylor simply described how the application works and how
he used its measurement components to calculate the distance between the intersection
and Dickerson’s vehicle at the time he began his left-hand turn. Therefore, the evidence obtained from the Google Maps application was not scientific evidence that required
expert testimony.
{¶19} Based on the foregoing, we find that the trial court did not abuse its
discretion in permitting Taylor to testify to measurements he derived through the use of a
Google Maps application on his personal cell phone.
{¶20} Dickerson’s first assignment of error is overruled.
II. Admission of Newly Discovered Evidence
{¶21} In her second assignment of error, Dickerson argues that the trial court
committed prejudicial error when it permitted Taylor to testify as to a distance based on
his visit to the site of the accident on the day before trial. Dickerson contends that the
failure to disclose newly discovered evidence, developed on the eve of trial and in
violation of pretrial discovery requests, constitutes unfair surprise and prejudicial error.
{¶22} In the case sub judice, we are unable to conclude that Taylor’s statements
relating to his use of the Google Maps application amounted to an unfair surprise where
Dickerson’s counsel originally questioned Taylor about the distance between Dickerson’s
vehicle and the intersection during its case-in-chief. Moreover, Dickerson did not suffer
prejudice from any potential unfair surprise resulting from Taylor’s testimony. The
record reflects that the trial court provided Dickerson’s counsel with the opportunity to
conduct its own measurements in order to refute the computer-generated calculations.
Dickerson’s counsel chose not to make measurements on their own behalf and may not
now retroactively complain that they were prejudiced. {¶23} Dickerson’s second assignment of error is overruled.
{¶24} Judgment affirmed.
It is ordered that appellees recover from appellant costs herein taxed.
The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
It is ordered that a special mandate be sent to said court to carry this judgment into
execution.
A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of
the Rules of Appellate Procedure.
FRANK D. CELEBREZZE, JR., PRESIDING JUDGE
JAMES J. SWEENEY, J., and KATHLEEN ANN KEOUGH, J., CONCUR