PER CURIAM:
Dexter Shaw (“Shaw”), proceeding
pro se
and
in forma pauperis,
appeals the district court’s dismissal of his 42 U.S.C. § 1983 Eighth Amendment claims against Calvin Orr, deputy warden of security at Valdosta State Prison (“VHP”); Al Moody, a physician; Barron (first name not listed), a medical administrator; N. Seleska, a nurse; and Sharon Lewis, the state-wide medical director (collectively, “the defendants”). He also appeals the district court’s denial of his motion to amend his complaint. On appeal, Shaw argues that the district court erred in dismissing his § 1983 Eighth Amendment claims because he showed that the defendants were deliberately indifferent to his serious medical needs, and erred in denying him leave to amend his complaint because he should have been allowed to amend to address the defendant’s motion to dismiss.
I.
We review
de novo
a district court’s order granting a defendant’s motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6), accepting the allegations in the complaint as true and construing them in the light most favorable to the plaintiff.
Timson v. Sampson,
518 F.3d 870, 872 (2008).
Pro se
pleadings are held to a less stringent standard than pleadings drafted by attorneys and will, therefore, be liberally construed.
Tannenbaum v. U.S.,
148 F.3d 1262, 1263 (11th Cir. 1998). A complaint stating a claim for relief must contain “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). Factual
allegations in a complaint “must be enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level, on the assumption that all the allegations in the complaint are true.”
Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly,
550 U.S. 544, 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007).
Deliberate indifference to a prisoner’s serious, medical needs violates the Eighth Amendment.
Estelle v. Gamble,
429 U.S. 97, 104, 97 S.Ct. 285, 50 L.Ed.2d 251 (1976). A plaintiff seeking to show that a prison official acted with deliberate indifference to his serious medical need must satisfy both an objective and a subjective test.
Farrow v. West,
320 F.3d 1235, 1243 (11th Cir. 2003). First, a plaintiff must show that he had an objectively serious medical need.
Id.
A serious medical need is “one that has been diagnosed by a physician as mandating treatment or one that is so obvious that a lay person would easily recognize the necessity for a doctor’s attention.”
Id.
(quotation omitted). In either situation, there must be a “substantial risk of serious harm” if the condition is not treated.
Id.
(quotation omitted).
Second, a plaintiff must prove that the defendant acted with deliberate indifference to the serious medical need.
Id.
at 1243. To establish deliberate indifference, the defendant must: (1) have subjective knowledge of a risk of serious harm; (2) disregard the risk; and (3) display conduct beyond mere negligence.
Id.
at 1245-46. In other words, a plaintiff must demonstrate that the defendant was aware of facts from which the inference could be drawn that a substantial risk of serious harm exists, and actually disregarded that risk.
Id.
at 1245.
Deliberate indifference includes failing or refusing to provide medical treatment to an inmate with a serious medical need, or intolerably delaying treatment of a serious medical need.
Id.
at 1246. Choosing an easier, but less efficacious, course of treatment can also demonstrate deliberate indifference.
McElligott v. Foley,
182 F.3d 1248, 1255 (11th Cir. 1999). However, mere medical malpractice or a difference in medical opinion does not constitute deliberate indifference.
Waldrop v. Evans,
871 F.2d 1030, 1033 (11th Cir. 1989). “Medical treatment violates the Eighth Amendment only when it is so grossly incompetent, inadequate, or excessive as to shock the conscience or to be intolerable to fundamental fairness.”
Harris v. Thigpen,
941 F.2d 1495, 1505 (11th Cir. 1991) (quotations and citations omitted).
The district court did not err in dismissing Shaw’s claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for Eighth Amendment violations because the allegations in his complaint, taken as true, cannot show that the defendants were deliberately indifferent to his medical needs. Shaw failed to show that any of the defendants had subjective knowledge of the risk of serious injury if they discontinued Shaw’s scheduled therapy and recommended that he do therapy in his cell.
See Farrow,
320 F.3d at 1243. A mere difference in opinion or even medical malpractice does not constitute an Eighth Amendment violation unless it is “grossly incompetent, inadequate, or excessive as to shock the conscience or to be intolerable to fundamental fairness.”
See Waldrop,
871 F.2d at 1033;
Harris,
941 F.2d 1505. The instruction that Shaw should work out and do therapy in his cell after receiving some therapy fails to meet this standard. Accordingly, Shaw’s complaint did not establish deliberate indifference to his serious medical needs.
II..
We generally review the denial of a motion to amend a complaint for abuse of discretion, but review questions of law
de novo. Williams v. Bd. of Regents of Univ. Sys. of Georgia,
477 F.3d 1282, 1291 (11th Cir. 2007). We may affirm on any ground
that is supported by the record.
Bircoll v. Miami-Dade Cty.,
480 F.3d 1072, 1088 & n.21 (11th Cir. 2007). Whether the district court has discretion to deny a motion to amend and whether a motion to amend is futile are questions of law.
Coventry First, LLC v. McCarty,
605 F.3d 865, 869 (11th Cir. 2010).
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15(a)(1) states that a party may amend a pleading once as a matter of course at any time before a responsive pleading is served. Fed. R. Civ. P.
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PER CURIAM:
Dexter Shaw (“Shaw”), proceeding
pro se
and
in forma pauperis,
appeals the district court’s dismissal of his 42 U.S.C. § 1983 Eighth Amendment claims against Calvin Orr, deputy warden of security at Valdosta State Prison (“VHP”); Al Moody, a physician; Barron (first name not listed), a medical administrator; N. Seleska, a nurse; and Sharon Lewis, the state-wide medical director (collectively, “the defendants”). He also appeals the district court’s denial of his motion to amend his complaint. On appeal, Shaw argues that the district court erred in dismissing his § 1983 Eighth Amendment claims because he showed that the defendants were deliberately indifferent to his serious medical needs, and erred in denying him leave to amend his complaint because he should have been allowed to amend to address the defendant’s motion to dismiss.
I.
We review
de novo
a district court’s order granting a defendant’s motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6), accepting the allegations in the complaint as true and construing them in the light most favorable to the plaintiff.
Timson v. Sampson,
518 F.3d 870, 872 (2008).
Pro se
pleadings are held to a less stringent standard than pleadings drafted by attorneys and will, therefore, be liberally construed.
Tannenbaum v. U.S.,
148 F.3d 1262, 1263 (11th Cir. 1998). A complaint stating a claim for relief must contain “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). Factual
allegations in a complaint “must be enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level, on the assumption that all the allegations in the complaint are true.”
Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly,
550 U.S. 544, 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007).
Deliberate indifference to a prisoner’s serious, medical needs violates the Eighth Amendment.
Estelle v. Gamble,
429 U.S. 97, 104, 97 S.Ct. 285, 50 L.Ed.2d 251 (1976). A plaintiff seeking to show that a prison official acted with deliberate indifference to his serious medical need must satisfy both an objective and a subjective test.
Farrow v. West,
320 F.3d 1235, 1243 (11th Cir. 2003). First, a plaintiff must show that he had an objectively serious medical need.
Id.
A serious medical need is “one that has been diagnosed by a physician as mandating treatment or one that is so obvious that a lay person would easily recognize the necessity for a doctor’s attention.”
Id.
(quotation omitted). In either situation, there must be a “substantial risk of serious harm” if the condition is not treated.
Id.
(quotation omitted).
Second, a plaintiff must prove that the defendant acted with deliberate indifference to the serious medical need.
Id.
at 1243. To establish deliberate indifference, the defendant must: (1) have subjective knowledge of a risk of serious harm; (2) disregard the risk; and (3) display conduct beyond mere negligence.
Id.
at 1245-46. In other words, a plaintiff must demonstrate that the defendant was aware of facts from which the inference could be drawn that a substantial risk of serious harm exists, and actually disregarded that risk.
Id.
at 1245.
Deliberate indifference includes failing or refusing to provide medical treatment to an inmate with a serious medical need, or intolerably delaying treatment of a serious medical need.
Id.
at 1246. Choosing an easier, but less efficacious, course of treatment can also demonstrate deliberate indifference.
McElligott v. Foley,
182 F.3d 1248, 1255 (11th Cir. 1999). However, mere medical malpractice or a difference in medical opinion does not constitute deliberate indifference.
Waldrop v. Evans,
871 F.2d 1030, 1033 (11th Cir. 1989). “Medical treatment violates the Eighth Amendment only when it is so grossly incompetent, inadequate, or excessive as to shock the conscience or to be intolerable to fundamental fairness.”
Harris v. Thigpen,
941 F.2d 1495, 1505 (11th Cir. 1991) (quotations and citations omitted).
The district court did not err in dismissing Shaw’s claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for Eighth Amendment violations because the allegations in his complaint, taken as true, cannot show that the defendants were deliberately indifferent to his medical needs. Shaw failed to show that any of the defendants had subjective knowledge of the risk of serious injury if they discontinued Shaw’s scheduled therapy and recommended that he do therapy in his cell.
See Farrow,
320 F.3d at 1243. A mere difference in opinion or even medical malpractice does not constitute an Eighth Amendment violation unless it is “grossly incompetent, inadequate, or excessive as to shock the conscience or to be intolerable to fundamental fairness.”
See Waldrop,
871 F.2d at 1033;
Harris,
941 F.2d 1505. The instruction that Shaw should work out and do therapy in his cell after receiving some therapy fails to meet this standard. Accordingly, Shaw’s complaint did not establish deliberate indifference to his serious medical needs.
II..
We generally review the denial of a motion to amend a complaint for abuse of discretion, but review questions of law
de novo. Williams v. Bd. of Regents of Univ. Sys. of Georgia,
477 F.3d 1282, 1291 (11th Cir. 2007). We may affirm on any ground
that is supported by the record.
Bircoll v. Miami-Dade Cty.,
480 F.3d 1072, 1088 & n.21 (11th Cir. 2007). Whether the district court has discretion to deny a motion to amend and whether a motion to amend is futile are questions of law.
Coventry First, LLC v. McCarty,
605 F.3d 865, 869 (11th Cir. 2010).
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15(a)(1) states that a party may amend a pleading once as a matter of course at any time before a responsive pleading is served. Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)(1). We have held that the district court lacks the discretion to deny an amendment as futile when the party has the right to amend as a matter of course under Rule 15(a)(1).
Williams,
477 F.3d at 1292 & n.6.
Ordinarily, leave to amend not as a matter of course under Rule 15(a)(2) should be given freely, but a district court can deny leave to amend a complaint when the amendment would be futile.
Hall v. United Ins. Co. of Am.,
367 F.3d 1255, 1262 (11th Cir. 2004). A proposed amendment may be denied for futility when the complaint would still be dismissed after considering the amendment.
Coventry First, LLC,
605 F.3d at 870.
A party’s failure to raise a claim or argument in the district court typically precludes us from reviewing it for the first time on appeal.
Access Now, Inc. v. Sw. Airlines Co.,
385 F.3d 1324, 1330-31 (11th Cir. 2004). While we read
pro se
briefs liberally, an issue that is not briefed on appeal or that is raised for the first time in the
pro se
litigant’s reply brief is abandoned and will not be addressed on appeal.
Timson,
518 F.3d at 874.
Shaw abandoned the argument that his motion to amend should have been granted as a matter of course because he did not raise the argument in front of the district court or in his brief on appeal.
See Access Now, Inc.,
385 F.3d at 1330-31;
Timson,
518 F.3d at 874. Accordingly, the district court had discretion to determine whether to deny leave to amend and the decision can be affirmed on any ground.
See Williams,
477 F.3d at 1292 & n.6;
Bircoll,
480 F.3d at 1088 & n.21. The district court did not err in denying Shaw’s motion to amend because the additional allegations in the amended complaint were not sufficient to overcome the dismissal of his case, and, thus, the amendment was futile.
See Coventry First, LLC,
605 F.3d at 870. Accordingly, we affirm.
AFFIRMED.