STURGIS, P. J.
In this suit for malicious prosecution the plaintiff prevailed in the trial court both as to actual and punitive damages. Plence this appeal.
The prosecution of plaintiff which is alleged to nave been malicious and without probable cause was brought under section 4570, Revised Statutes 1909, making it a criminal offense for a mortgagor to sell or dispose of mortgaged property without the written consent of the mortgagee and without informing the purchaser of the fact of the mortgage for the purpose of defrauding such mortgagee. The plaintiff in this case executed a chattel mortgage to defendant on a certain jack and a horse owned by him to secure plaintiff’s note payable to defendant. Thereafter and without paying the note and without the written consent of the mortgagee the plaintiff disposed of the jack in a trade for an incumbered and not very valuable forty acres of land in Christian County, Missouri. Both plaintiff and defendant lived in Greene County where the mortgaged chattels were also located and where the mortgage was duly recorded. The defendant on learning of plaintiff having disposed of the jack in this manner consulted with his own and the prosecuting attorney of Greene County' resulting is defendant making an affidavit charging the plaintiff with the offense of unlawfully disposing of mortgaged chattels. The alleged value of such property being such as to make the offense a felony, the plaintiff was arrested and held for a preliminary examination before a Justice of the Peace, resulting in his being discharged. The docket of the Justice of Peace shows that on hearing the evidence such Justice found that “there is no probable cause to hold this defendant.” The attorney who defended plaintiff on the criminal charge says that the defense he made was that the jack was of no value. There is other evidence that such was the real ground of plaintiff being discharged, since if the value of the jack was less than fifty dollars the offense was only a misdemeanor and would release plaintiff from a charge of felony. The plaintiff, however, claimed then
as he does now that this defendant gave him verbal permission to sell or dispose of this mortgaged jack.
On a trial of the present case the plaintiff proved the fact of his arrest and preliminary trial on the charge mentioned and that same resulted in his being discharged. The defendant undertook to show that his action in having plaintiff arrested and tried on this charge was without malice, was in good faith and on probable cause. Much of the evidence was directed to the question of defendant’s having given veibal permission to plaintiff to sell or dispose of this property. On this point the evidence of plaintiff and defendant is in direct conflict.
The errors assigned here relate to the giving and-refusing instructions. The first instruction given for plaintiff required the jury, in order to give plaintiff a verdict, to find that the criminal prosecution was with malice and without probable cause. This is correct since both malice and want of probable cause are essential to sustain plaintiff’s cause of action. [Stubbs v. Mulholland, 168 Mo. 47, 74, 67 S. W. 650; Harris v. Railroad, 172 Mo. App. 201, 268, 157 S. W. 893; Pinson v. Campbell, 124 Mo. App. 260, 268, 101 S. W. 621.]
The second instruction given for plaintiff gives a definition of the two kinds of malice, malice in law and malice in fact,'and ends with this clause: . “If, therefore, the jury believe from the evidence that the defendant, John H. Syfon, was moved by spite, hatred or ill-will against the plaintiff, or that the arrest and prosecution of plaintiff was wrongfully and intentionally caused by defendant, then the prosecution was malicious and your verdict should be for the plaintiff.”
This instruction is said.to be error because it authorizes a verdict for plaintiff on a finding of malice alone and ignores the essential element of want of probable cause. That the instruction is erroneous in this respect is obvious since it does authorize a verdict for plaintiff without requiring a finding of want of probable cause. [State ex rel. Long v. Ellison, 272
Mo. 571, 583, 199 S. W. 194; Wojtylak v. Coal Co., 188 Mo. 260, 282, 87 S. W. 506.] So this court lias held in Foster v. Blanchard, 204 S. W. 829.
This case does not, as suggested by. plaintiff, fall within the class of cases holding that an instruction covering plaintiff’s case need not exclude an affirmative defense raised by defendant but may properly leave such defense to be covered by defendant’s instructions. Ellingson v. Railroad, 60 Mo. App. 679, 689 and Kingman v, Shawley, 61 Mo, App. 54 will serve as examples. Want of probable cause is not an affirmative defense to a suit for malicious prosecution, but is a necessary ingredient of plaintiff’s case and as to which the burden of proof is on plaintiff.
Plaintiff claims, however, that this error is cured by the other instructions which require a finding of want of probable cause as an essential element of plaintiff’s case. The rule is invoked that all the instructions must be read together and when so read if they fairly cover the entire case, there is no reversible error. In view of other points raised in the case this question need not be further discussed since it .will suffice io brand this instruction as error and proceed to such other points.
Instruction four given for plaintiff tells the jury that malice may be inferred from the facts showing want of probable cause and:
“If you find from the evidence that the justice of peace before whom the affidavit for a warrant was sworn out, and before whom the charge against plaintiff was tried, discharged the plaintiff, upon the trial of that cause, then the law presumes that there was no probable cause for defendant swearing out the warrant against plaintiff and having him arrested.”
This instruction, we think, is clearly erroneous.' It is true that the discharge of plaintiff by the justice of peace from the criminal charge makes a prima-facie case of want of probable cause and is generally sufficient evidence to carry that question to the jury. It
shifts the burden of evidence on defendant to show the facts causing him to believe in the plaintiff’s guilt. As said in Stubbs v. Mulholland, 168 Mo. 47, 77, 67 S. W. 596:
“That probable cause was wholly lacking in this case is shown prima-facie by the discharge of the accused. This alone, would call on defendants for their defense; and with nothing introduced by them in evidence would authorize the matter to be submitted to the jury, under appropriate instructions, to determine whether they would, from the facts showing a want of probable cause, draw an inference of malice, and thus furnish the other ingredient necessary to make up the component parts of an action for malicious prosecution.”
In Nolen v. Kaufman, 70 Mo. App.
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STURGIS, P. J.
In this suit for malicious prosecution the plaintiff prevailed in the trial court both as to actual and punitive damages. Plence this appeal.
The prosecution of plaintiff which is alleged to nave been malicious and without probable cause was brought under section 4570, Revised Statutes 1909, making it a criminal offense for a mortgagor to sell or dispose of mortgaged property without the written consent of the mortgagee and without informing the purchaser of the fact of the mortgage for the purpose of defrauding such mortgagee. The plaintiff in this case executed a chattel mortgage to defendant on a certain jack and a horse owned by him to secure plaintiff’s note payable to defendant. Thereafter and without paying the note and without the written consent of the mortgagee the plaintiff disposed of the jack in a trade for an incumbered and not very valuable forty acres of land in Christian County, Missouri. Both plaintiff and defendant lived in Greene County where the mortgaged chattels were also located and where the mortgage was duly recorded. The defendant on learning of plaintiff having disposed of the jack in this manner consulted with his own and the prosecuting attorney of Greene County' resulting is defendant making an affidavit charging the plaintiff with the offense of unlawfully disposing of mortgaged chattels. The alleged value of such property being such as to make the offense a felony, the plaintiff was arrested and held for a preliminary examination before a Justice of the Peace, resulting in his being discharged. The docket of the Justice of Peace shows that on hearing the evidence such Justice found that “there is no probable cause to hold this defendant.” The attorney who defended plaintiff on the criminal charge says that the defense he made was that the jack was of no value. There is other evidence that such was the real ground of plaintiff being discharged, since if the value of the jack was less than fifty dollars the offense was only a misdemeanor and would release plaintiff from a charge of felony. The plaintiff, however, claimed then
as he does now that this defendant gave him verbal permission to sell or dispose of this mortgaged jack.
On a trial of the present case the plaintiff proved the fact of his arrest and preliminary trial on the charge mentioned and that same resulted in his being discharged. The defendant undertook to show that his action in having plaintiff arrested and tried on this charge was without malice, was in good faith and on probable cause. Much of the evidence was directed to the question of defendant’s having given veibal permission to plaintiff to sell or dispose of this property. On this point the evidence of plaintiff and defendant is in direct conflict.
The errors assigned here relate to the giving and-refusing instructions. The first instruction given for plaintiff required the jury, in order to give plaintiff a verdict, to find that the criminal prosecution was with malice and without probable cause. This is correct since both malice and want of probable cause are essential to sustain plaintiff’s cause of action. [Stubbs v. Mulholland, 168 Mo. 47, 74, 67 S. W. 650; Harris v. Railroad, 172 Mo. App. 201, 268, 157 S. W. 893; Pinson v. Campbell, 124 Mo. App. 260, 268, 101 S. W. 621.]
The second instruction given for plaintiff gives a definition of the two kinds of malice, malice in law and malice in fact,'and ends with this clause: . “If, therefore, the jury believe from the evidence that the defendant, John H. Syfon, was moved by spite, hatred or ill-will against the plaintiff, or that the arrest and prosecution of plaintiff was wrongfully and intentionally caused by defendant, then the prosecution was malicious and your verdict should be for the plaintiff.”
This instruction is said.to be error because it authorizes a verdict for plaintiff on a finding of malice alone and ignores the essential element of want of probable cause. That the instruction is erroneous in this respect is obvious since it does authorize a verdict for plaintiff without requiring a finding of want of probable cause. [State ex rel. Long v. Ellison, 272
Mo. 571, 583, 199 S. W. 194; Wojtylak v. Coal Co., 188 Mo. 260, 282, 87 S. W. 506.] So this court lias held in Foster v. Blanchard, 204 S. W. 829.
This case does not, as suggested by. plaintiff, fall within the class of cases holding that an instruction covering plaintiff’s case need not exclude an affirmative defense raised by defendant but may properly leave such defense to be covered by defendant’s instructions. Ellingson v. Railroad, 60 Mo. App. 679, 689 and Kingman v, Shawley, 61 Mo, App. 54 will serve as examples. Want of probable cause is not an affirmative defense to a suit for malicious prosecution, but is a necessary ingredient of plaintiff’s case and as to which the burden of proof is on plaintiff.
Plaintiff claims, however, that this error is cured by the other instructions which require a finding of want of probable cause as an essential element of plaintiff’s case. The rule is invoked that all the instructions must be read together and when so read if they fairly cover the entire case, there is no reversible error. In view of other points raised in the case this question need not be further discussed since it .will suffice io brand this instruction as error and proceed to such other points.
Instruction four given for plaintiff tells the jury that malice may be inferred from the facts showing want of probable cause and:
“If you find from the evidence that the justice of peace before whom the affidavit for a warrant was sworn out, and before whom the charge against plaintiff was tried, discharged the plaintiff, upon the trial of that cause, then the law presumes that there was no probable cause for defendant swearing out the warrant against plaintiff and having him arrested.”
This instruction, we think, is clearly erroneous.' It is true that the discharge of plaintiff by the justice of peace from the criminal charge makes a prima-facie case of want of probable cause and is generally sufficient evidence to carry that question to the jury. It
shifts the burden of evidence on defendant to show the facts causing him to believe in the plaintiff’s guilt. As said in Stubbs v. Mulholland, 168 Mo. 47, 77, 67 S. W. 596:
“That probable cause was wholly lacking in this case is shown prima-facie by the discharge of the accused. This alone, would call on defendants for their defense; and with nothing introduced by them in evidence would authorize the matter to be submitted to the jury, under appropriate instructions, to determine whether they would, from the facts showing a want of probable cause, draw an inference of malice, and thus furnish the other ingredient necessary to make up the component parts of an action for malicious prosecution.”
In Nolen v. Kaufman, 70 Mo. App. 651, 656, the court held that although the discharge by the examining magistrate makes a prima-facie case' in a suit for malicious prosecution, yet when the defendant goes forward and puts in the countervailing evidence tending to show probable cause then this presumption disappears and the evidence may so completely overcome the prima-facie case as to warrant a directed verdict for defendant. After the facts as to want of probable cause are in evidence and there is any conflict the jury should determine that question from the facts in evidence unhampered by any presumption. It was unfair to defendant to throw into the scale against him a presumption of law as to the vital fact in the case. [Brannock v. Jaynes, 197 Mo. App. 150, 168, 193 S. W. 51.] In the eyes of the jury such solemnly announced presumption doubtless outweighed every fact in defendant’s favor. As stated in Tetwiler, v. Railroad, 242 Mo. 178, 194, 145 S. W. 780:
“In this case the partner of deceased was a witness on behalf of plaintiff and detailed the facts surrounding the accident. Such proof of the facts is the matter to be ■weighed by the jury, and there should not be added in the scale a presumption of fact which has been displaced by the proof of the fact.”, [See, also, Lindel
man v. Carmin, 265 Mo. 62, 74, 164 S. W. 614; State ex rel. v. Ellison, 268 Mo. 239, 256, 187 S. W. 23; Mockowik v. Railroad, 196 Mo. 550, 571, 94 S. W. 256; Fifth-Third Nat. Bank v. McCrory, 191 Mo. App. 295. 298, 177 S. W. 1058.]
Moreover the language in which this instruction is couched is also calculated to impress the jury that the presumption of want of probable cause drawn from the discharge
of
the accused by the justice is a conclusive one for the jury are told that the
law
draws this presumption. To be told that the
law
presumes want of probable -cause from the fact of the discharge of the accused by the investigating officer is calculated to impress the jury that such discharge is conclusive on that point and ends further inquiry. [Sowders v. Railroad, 127 Mo. App. 119, 124, 104 S. W. 1122.]
The court also instructed the • jury that if the defendant, mortgagee, verbally consented at the time the mortgage was given or thereafter that the plaintiff, mortgagor, might dispose of the mortgaged property, then it was no offense for him to sell or dispose of such mortgaged property. The statute, section 4570, Revised Statutes 1909, defining the criminal offense says that every mortgagor of chattels who shall sell or dispose of same “without the
written
consent of the mortgagee or beneficiary and without informing the person to whom the same is sold or conveyed that the property is -mortgaged . . . for the purpose of defrauding the mortgagee” shall be guilty, etc. - Bearing in mind that the gist of the offense is the intent and purpose to defraud (Pinson v. Campbell, 124 Mo. App. 260, 270, 101 S. W. 621) it would appear that when such intent is shown then the offense is complete unless the mortgagor bas the
written
consent of the mortgagee and unless he informs the purchaser of the mortgage. The seller of mortgaged property, when done with intent to defraud is not guiltless where it is shown that he did so without such written consent or without informing the intended purchaser of the existing mortgage. We find no case
holding that the statutory requirement as to
written
consent is meaningless and that verbal consent is equally efficient as á complete defense. Of course verbal consent of the mortgage is a potent factor in determining whether there was 'an intent to defraud on the part of the the mortgagor but that is. different than declaring as a matter of law that verbal consent of the mortgagor is a complete defense. It has been held and is the established rule in civil cases that a mortgagor consenting either verbally or in writing to a sale or other disposition of property by the mortgagor cannot thereafter defeat the title of such purchaser. This is based on the theory of waiver and estoppel as to such third ■party. [Coffman v. Walton, 50 Mo. App. 404; Randol v. Buchanan, 61 Mo. App. 445; Rogers v. Davis, 194 Mo. App. 378, 388, 184 S. W. 151.]
But notwithstanding the title of the purchaser maybe good as against the mortgagor giving his verbal consent to the sale, yet the mortgagor may be guilty of an offense under the statute. In the Coffman case, supra, the court says:
“That statute stands for the protection of the mortgagee and purchaser by inflicting a punishment for an attempt to defraud them. It does not affect a title which may be conveyed by the mortgagor any more than it would be affected by the mortgage itself without the statute. So, if plaintiff, as mortgagee, verbally authorized the sale of the cattle the title will be freed from the mortgage in the hands of a purchaser, notwithstanding the mortgagor might not, perhaps, have a defense if prosecuted for selling mortgaged chattels without the statutory written consent of the mortgagee.”
In Randol v. Buchanan, supra, the court, speaking of an instruction to the effect that title to mortgaged ■property would not pass to a purchaser on the verbal consent of the mortgagor to make the sale, said:
“The plaintiff’s instruction is supposed to be authorized by section 3570 of the Revised Statutes of 1889, Avhich makes it a misdemeanor for a mortgagor to .sell
the mortgaged property without the written consent of the mortgagee. This is a misconception of the purpose and scope of the statute. It does not declare such a sale void or prohibit it,.but it merely provides that in such a case the mortgagor may be punished. The intention of the Legislature was to protect the mortgagee against the fraudulent acts of the mortgagor in removing and selling the property at distant points, and also to protect innocent third parties who might, under such circumstances, be inclined to purchase it. [Lafayette Bank v. Metcalf, 29 Mo. App. 384.] If the mortgagor sells the. chattels before condition broken, the title passes subject to the mortgage, even though he had no authority, either oral or written, to sell. [State to use v. Carroll, 24 Mo. App. 358.] In doing so, however, he would render himself liable to prosecution. But, after condition broken, the title to the property vests in the mortgagee, and the mortgagor’s right to redeem becomes a bare equity. He remains in possession as mortgagor, but has no power to affect the title, except by authority of the owner. But we can conceive of no valid reason why he — like any other agent in possession of personal property — may not sell it with the oral consent of the mortgagee and thereby pass the title, although his written consent would seem necessary to prevent' a' prosecution.”
Speaking of this statute Kelley’s Criminal Law and Practice (3 Ed.), section 714, p. 649 says: “Notwithstanding that the sale is in violation of the statute and subjects the mortgagor to the penalty, yet the purchaser will take the title subject to right of'the mortgagee.”-
The court, therefore, erred in giving Instruction 9 for plaintiff and in its modification of Instruction D for the defendant. The judgment is, therefore, reversed and the cause remanded.
Bradley
and
Farrington, JJ
concur.