Opinion op the Court by
John D. Carroll, Commissioner
Affirming in first case and reversing in the second.
These two eases growing ont of the same transaction will he disposed of together. Martin and Drain owned the life estate of J. O. May in a tract of land containing about 120 acres. On September 2, 1903, they entered into the following contract with thte .appellant, Devers: “M. D. Martin hath this day rented or- leased to B. F. Devers the farm known as [390] the May farm, adjoining W. A. Webber, containing 120 acres of land, for the term of one year, that is, from the first day of March, 1904, to the first day of March, 1905. The west field about 36 acres, that is in com and tobacco, is to be put into wheat, and either clover or timothy. The field next to it and between it and the toll house is, to be put into corn and tobacco, not more than six acres of tobacco. The balance of the farm to remain in grass. Devers is also to make a good and substantial woven wire fence along the pike from the gate that goes into the west field to the toll house, and to pay Martin and Drain $200 on the 1st day of August, 1904, $100 on the 1st day of January, 1905, and $100.00 on the 1st day of Mhrcb when the lease expires, and to give peaceable possession.” In October, 1903, J. C. May died, but previous to his death Devers had built the fence mentioned in the contract and had sown the wheat. The death of Mr. May terminated the interest of Martin and Drain in the land, and it became the property of the appellee Charles B. May and the other children of J. C. May. Soon after the death of May, Mlartin and Drain surrendered to Devers the notes he had executed to them for the rented land, and, being unable to make any satisfactory arrangement with Mays, Devers brought this suit against Martin and Drain and the children of May to recover the value of the fence built and the wheat sown, and damages for being deprived of the use of the leased premises. Before the case was submitted to the jury Devers dismissed so much of the action as sought to recover against the Mays, but prosecuted the action against Martin and Drain, obtaining judgment against them for $161.50 on account of'the fence and wheat, being limited to these items by instructions of the court. After this judgment [391] was rendered Devers brought a separate suit against the Mays, seeking to recover from them the value of three-fifths of the wheat harvested from the ground that he had sowed, alleging its value to be about $345. To this pleading, demurrers, and motions to strike out were filed, resulting finally in the dismissal of the action. Prom this judgment Devers appeals, and also prosecutes an appeal from the judgment in the case of Martin and Drain, alleging that the court committed error, to his prejudice, in rejecting evidence and misinstructing’ the jury.
We will first dispose of the questions raised in the case against Martin and Drain. During the trial of the case Devers offered to prove that the farm in October, 1903, and from that time until March 1, 1904, was w'orth at least $500 more money for the uses for which he had rented it than the price he agreed to pay for it. This evidence, on motion of Martin and Drain, was excluded from the jury, and the only testimony admitted was concerning the value of the fence built and the expense Devers was put to in purchasing and sowing the wheat. Devers also asked the court to instruct the jury in substance that if Martin and Drain refused to deliver possession of the leased premises to him on or before March 1, .1904, and to keep him in possession of said farm for the year- ending March 1, 1905, they should find for him such sum in damages as he sustained thereby, not exceeding the amount claimed in the petition; and further asked the court to say that the measure of damages recoverable was the increased value of the lease, if any, above the amount that he had agreed to pay for it.. The contract between the parties obligated Martin and Drain unconditionally to put and keep Devers in possession of the leased premises, and there is no provision in it relieving them from their obligar [392] tion in the event M|ay should die before the termination of the lease. Although they alleged in their answer that it was distinctly understood at the time the contract was entered into that they only owned the life estate of May in the land, and that, if the death of May occurred before the termination of the tenancy, all right and control in the land on their part ceased, and Devers from that time must look to the Mays as his landlords, and for possession and control of the land, but that by mistake and inadvertence these conditions were omitted from the contract. There was also evidence introduced tending to sustain this contention of Martin and Drain. On the other hand, Devers denied that • any condition or agreement of this kind was mentioned or omitted from the contract. It was also pleaded that Devers was not to erect the fence until his tenancy began, but neither of these issues were submitted to the jury.
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Opinion op the Court by
John D. Carroll, Commissioner
Affirming in first case and reversing in the second.
These two eases growing ont of the same transaction will he disposed of together. Martin and Drain owned the life estate of J. O. May in a tract of land containing about 120 acres. On September 2, 1903, they entered into the following contract with thte .appellant, Devers: “M. D. Martin hath this day rented or- leased to B. F. Devers the farm known as [390] the May farm, adjoining W. A. Webber, containing 120 acres of land, for the term of one year, that is, from the first day of March, 1904, to the first day of March, 1905. The west field about 36 acres, that is in com and tobacco, is to be put into wheat, and either clover or timothy. The field next to it and between it and the toll house is, to be put into corn and tobacco, not more than six acres of tobacco. The balance of the farm to remain in grass. Devers is also to make a good and substantial woven wire fence along the pike from the gate that goes into the west field to the toll house, and to pay Martin and Drain $200 on the 1st day of August, 1904, $100 on the 1st day of January, 1905, and $100.00 on the 1st day of Mhrcb when the lease expires, and to give peaceable possession.” In October, 1903, J. C. May died, but previous to his death Devers had built the fence mentioned in the contract and had sown the wheat. The death of Mr. May terminated the interest of Martin and Drain in the land, and it became the property of the appellee Charles B. May and the other children of J. C. May. Soon after the death of May, Mlartin and Drain surrendered to Devers the notes he had executed to them for the rented land, and, being unable to make any satisfactory arrangement with Mays, Devers brought this suit against Martin and Drain and the children of May to recover the value of the fence built and the wheat sown, and damages for being deprived of the use of the leased premises. Before the case was submitted to the jury Devers dismissed so much of the action as sought to recover against the Mays, but prosecuted the action against Martin and Drain, obtaining judgment against them for $161.50 on account of'the fence and wheat, being limited to these items by instructions of the court. After this judgment [391] was rendered Devers brought a separate suit against the Mays, seeking to recover from them the value of three-fifths of the wheat harvested from the ground that he had sowed, alleging its value to be about $345. To this pleading, demurrers, and motions to strike out were filed, resulting finally in the dismissal of the action. Prom this judgment Devers appeals, and also prosecutes an appeal from the judgment in the case of Martin and Drain, alleging that the court committed error, to his prejudice, in rejecting evidence and misinstructing’ the jury.
We will first dispose of the questions raised in the case against Martin and Drain. During the trial of the case Devers offered to prove that the farm in October, 1903, and from that time until March 1, 1904, was w'orth at least $500 more money for the uses for which he had rented it than the price he agreed to pay for it. This evidence, on motion of Martin and Drain, was excluded from the jury, and the only testimony admitted was concerning the value of the fence built and the expense Devers was put to in purchasing and sowing the wheat. Devers also asked the court to instruct the jury in substance that if Martin and Drain refused to deliver possession of the leased premises to him on or before March 1, .1904, and to keep him in possession of said farm for the year- ending March 1, 1905, they should find for him such sum in damages as he sustained thereby, not exceeding the amount claimed in the petition; and further asked the court to say that the measure of damages recoverable was the increased value of the lease, if any, above the amount that he had agreed to pay for it.. The contract between the parties obligated Martin and Drain unconditionally to put and keep Devers in possession of the leased premises, and there is no provision in it relieving them from their obligar [392] tion in the event M|ay should die before the termination of the lease. Although they alleged in their answer that it was distinctly understood at the time the contract was entered into that they only owned the life estate of May in the land, and that, if the death of May occurred before the termination of the tenancy, all right and control in the land on their part ceased, and Devers from that time must look to the Mays as his landlords, and for possession and control of the land, but that by mistake and inadvertence these conditions were omitted from the contract. There was also evidence introduced tending to sustain this contention of Martin and Drain. On the other hand, Devers denied that • any condition or agreement of this kind was mentioned or omitted from the contract. It was also pleaded that Devers was not to erect the fence until his tenancy began, but neither of these issues were submitted to the jury.
The only question presented on this appeal for our consideration as between Devers and Martin and Drain is: Was Devers under the contract (assuming that there was no mistake in its execution) entitled to damages on account of the failure of Martin and Drain to place and keep him in possession of the leased premises during the terms mentioned in the contract? And, if so, what is the measure of damages he is entitled to? This question must be considered as settled in this State by the opinion in Smith v. Phillips, 29 S. W. 358, 16 Ky. Law Rep. 615. In that case in November, 1892, Smith rented a tract of land from Phillips for the year beginning January 1, 1893. Phillips refused to place Smith in possession of the premises, and Smith brought an action in damages against him; and this court said' that': “On the failure or refusal of the lessor to give possession of the premises, a rule which would allow the lessee to re[393] cover as damages the difference between tbe amount he agreed to. pay and tbe value of tbe lease on tbe day possession was to be given would be a simple and certain method of ascertainment of damages. * * * ¥e think tbe rule should- be to allow tbe lessee to recover tbe actual damages which approximately flow from tbe breach. However, if a lessee desires to do so, be may waive any claim be might have for any special damages, and recover tbe difference between the contract price and tbe value of tbe lease on tbe day possession should have- been given- under tbe contract.” Tbe court also held that this rule as to tbe measure of damages was not to be inexorably applied in all cases, and that a state of facts might be presented that would authorize a lessee to recover special damages, as where there was no difference between the rental value of tbe property and tbe price agreed to be paid for it, but tbe lessee bad in-cured expense and sustained damage in preparing and removing to tbe premises and in other respects. Kelly v. Davis, 9 Ky. Law Rep 647. We consider tbe law correctly laid.down in these cases. It is in harmony with the prevailing rule on tbe subject, as can be seen by an- examination of Sutherland on Damages, section 864; Sedgwick on Damages, section 1022; Jonas v. Noel (Tenn.), 39 S. W. 724, 36 L. R. A. 862; (John v. Norton (Conn.), 18 Alt. 595, 5 L. R. A. 572. We therefore again declare that when a valid contract for tbe lease of a farm is entered into, and tbe lessor refuses to- place and keep the lessee in possession according to tbe terms of the lease, tbe measure of damages tbe lessee is entitled to recover for tbe breach of contract is tbe difference between tbe price be agreed to pay and tbe actual rental value of tbe property; and, the facts authorizing it, tbe lessee in tbe same action may recover s-ucb special [394] damages as lie has sustained. Nor is it necessary to entitle the lessee to recover general or special damages that he should allege or prove any effort upon his part to rent, other land, or to engage in other occupations', because the recovery is not sought on account of loss of time or services, but as damages for the breach of a distinct contract for the use and possession of specific property. It follows that the court erred in rejecting the evidence offered by Devers showing the difference between the contract price and the rental value of the land, and in failing to instruct the jury upon this issue. If there was a mistake in the contract, or if it was. entered into with the understanding and agreement upon the part of Devers that Martin and Drain only owned the life estate, and that their interest in and control over the property ceased with the death of Mr. May, and thereafter Devers must look entirely to the Mays for protection — questions we do not, of course', determine • — the rights of the parties should be adjudged accordingly, and the contract reformed to express the true agreement between the parties.
In respect to the case of appellant against the Mays to recover the value of a portion of the wheat sown by him and harvested by them, we are of opinion that the trial judge correctly ruled that appellant was not entitled to recover. Under the common law it is said in Blackstone, book 2, p>. 121, that: “A tenant for life, or his representative, shall not be prejudiced by any sudden determination of his estate because such a determination is contingent and uncertain. Therefore, if a tenant for his own life sows the land and died before harvest, his executor shall have the emblements or profits of' the crop-, if the estate was terminated by the act of God. The representative therefore, of a tenant for life shall have [395] the emblements to compensate for the labor and expense of tilling, manuring and sowing the lands.” And emblements, on the authority of the same book, embraced “not only corn sown, but roots planted, or other annual artificial crops.” And so, in Taylor on Landlord & Tenant, sec. 534,-it is laid down that: “ A tenant for life-, or his legal representatives and undertenants, as well as a tenant for year to year or at will, is entitled to emblements, which means that he may take and carry away within a reasonable time after his tenancy has ended such annual productions of the soil as are raised by his labor, as corn, bops., flax, and the like, * * * and the general rule is that, if the term is so uncertain that the tenant at the time he sows his crop cannot know that his tenancy will continue until he shall have reaped it, he will be entitled to the crop as emblements.” But this rule of common law has been changed by- statute, and is not in force in this State except to the extent allowed by the Kentucky Statutes of 1903, which provides, in section 3862, that “all the emblements of the lands of a person dying after the first day of March v/hich shall be severed before the last day of Decemlber following shall be assets in the hands of his personal representative.” And in section 3863 that: “All the emblements growing on the lands on the last named day, .or at his death, if that shall happen before the last day of December, and before the- first day of March, shall pass with the land to the heir, devisee, reversioner or remainderman.” These two sections are to be read together. In fact, in the Revised Statutes they were embraced in one section; the language being identical with that found in the two sections in the present statute. Under this statute the personal representative of a person who dies after the 1st day of March is entitled to all the emble[396] ments which shall be severed before the last day of December following', but the emblements growing on the' land on the. last-named day, or at the death of the tenant, if he dies between the last day of December and the 1st day of March, shall pass with the land to the heir, devisee, reversioner or remainderman. It will thus be seem that Devers, who may be: said to have occupied the same relation towards the land as the life tenant May, was not entitled to an interest in the wheat as emblements, because, although May died after the 1st day of March, the wheat could not bp severed from the land “before the. last day of December following,” and, as the emblements were growing on the land on the last day of December, they passed with the land to the remainderman.
Wherefore the judgment of the lower court in the case of Devers v. Charles B. May, etc., is affirmed, and the judgment in the case of B. F. Devers v. M. D. Martin, etc., is reversed, with directions for a now trial in conformity with this opinion.'