UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
NIKUNJ DEVANI,
Plaintiff,
v. No. 22-cv-01932 (DLF) U.S. CITIZENSHIP AND IMMIGRATION SERVICES, et al.,
Defendants.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Plaintiff Nikunj Devani filed this action to compel U.S. Citizenship and Immigration
Services (USCIS) and several affiliated government officials to process his Form I-526, formally
known as “Immigrant Petition by Alien Investor,” under the EB-5 Immigrant Investor Program.
Compl. ¶ 1, Dkt. 1. Before the Court is USCIS’s Motion to Dismiss. Dkt. 6. For the reasons that
follow, the Court will dismiss this action under Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil
Procedure.
I. BACKGROUND
A. Statutory and Regulatory Background
The EB-5 program aims to promote foreign investment in the United States. See Compl.
¶ 14; 8 U.S.C. § 1153(b)(5)(A). Under the regulations in effect at the time of Devani’s application,
a foreign investor could become eligible for an EB-5 immigrant visa if he invested either
$1,000,000 for standard investments or $500,000 in a so-called “targeted employment area,”
Compl. ¶ 15; 8 C.F.R. § 204.6(f) (2016), which may include projects in designated regional centers
that are “involved with the promotion of economic growth” (the Regional Center Program), 8 C.F.R. § 204.6(e), (m) (2016); see also Da Costa v. Immigr. Inv. Program Off., No. 22-cv-1576,
2022 WL 17173186, at *1 (D.D.C. Nov. 16, 2022). The petitioner’s investment must also have
created full-time employment for at least ten United States citizens, permanent residents, or other
immigrants authorized to be employed in the United States. 8 C.F.R. § 204.6(e), (j)(4) (2016). To
obtain an EB-5 visa, a foreign investor must first file a Form I-526 petition with USCIS. Id.
§ 204.6(a); Compl. ¶ 16. “Once the [I-526] petition is processed and a visa becomes available—
which may take years—the immigrant advances to ‘conditional’ lawful permanent resident
status.” Mirror Lake Vill., LLC v. Wolf, 971 F.3d 373, 375 (D.C. Cir. 2020) (citing 8 U.S.C.
§ 1186b(a)); see also Compl. ¶ 19. In adjudicating I-526 petitions, USCIS adheres to a “visa
availability” approach, which means it prioritizes adjudicating applications, on a modified “first-
in, first-out” basis, by petitioners from countries that have yet to meet their visa availability cap
determined by Congress. Compl. ¶ 18; Da Costa, 2022 WL 17173186, at *3.
Authorization for the Regional Center Program expired on June 30, 2021. See Da Costa,
2022 WL 17173186, at *2. At that point, USCIS announced that it would not accept new petitions
nor act on any pending petitions dependent on the Regional Center Program. Bromfman v. USCIS,
No. 20-cv-571, 2021 WL 5014436, at *4 n.4 (D.D.C. Oct. 28, 2021) (citing USCIS, “About the
EB 5 Visa Classification” (Oct. 4, 2021), https://www.uscis.gov/working-in-the-united-
states/permanent-workers/employment-based-immigration-fifth-preference-eb-5/about-the-eb-5-
visa-classification (last accessed Oct. 12, 2021)). Nine months later, the Regional Center Program
was reauthorized, and USCIS resumed processing I-526 petitions. See DaCosta, 2022 WL
17173186, at *2 (citing EB-5 Reform and Integrity Act of 2022, Pub. L. 117-103, § 103, 136 Stat.
1070, 1075 (2022)); Bega v. Jaddou, No. 22-cv-02171, 2022 WL 17403123, at *2 (D.D.C. Dec.
2, 2022) (same).
2 B. Factual Background
Devani, a citizen of India, invested $500,000 in a commercial enterprise in Long Island
City, New York, in a designated regional center under the EB-5 program that Devani alleges
satisfied all of the program’s requirements. Compl. ¶¶ 21–23, 26. Devani filed an I-526 petition,
along with all relevant documentation and filing fees, which USCIS received on October 29, 2019.
Id. ¶ 24. USCIS has not yet taken action on his petition. Id. ¶ 25; Joint Status Report of Jan. 1,
2023, Dkt. 9. Devani filed this action on July 4, 2022, seeking declaratory and injunctive relief
compelling USCIS to process his I-526 petition under the Mandamus Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1361, the
Administrative Procedure Act (APA), 5 U.S.C. § 706, and the Declaratory Judgment Act, 28
U.S.C. § 2201. Compl. ¶¶ 69, 71, 76. USCIS moved to dismiss for failure to state a claim under
Rule 12(b)(6). See Defs.’ Mem. in Supp. of Mot. to Dismiss at 1–2, Dkt. 6-1.
II. LEGAL STANDARDS
Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure allows a defendant to move to
dismiss the complaint for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. Fed. R. Civ. P.
12(b)(6). To survive a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, a complaint must contain factual matter sufficient to
“state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570
(2007). A facially plausible claim is one that “allows the court to draw the reasonable inference
that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678
(2009). This standard does not amount to a specific probability requirement, but it does require
“more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully.” Id.; see Twombly, 550 U.S.
at 555 (“Factual allegations must be enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level.”).
A complaint need not contain “detailed factual allegations,” but alleging facts that are “merely
3 consistent with a defendant’s liability . . . stops short of the line between possibility and
plausibility.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (quotation marks omitted).
Well-pleaded factual allegations are “entitled to [an] assumption of truth,” id. at 679, and
the court construes the complaint “in favor of the plaintiff, who must be granted the benefit of all
inferences that can be derived from the facts alleged,” Hettinga v. United States, 677 F.3d 471,
476 (D.C. Cir. 2012) (quotation marks omitted). The assumption of truth does not apply, however,
to a “legal conclusion couched as a factual allegation.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (quotation marks
omitted). “Threadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory
statements, do not suffice.” Id. Ultimately, “[d]etermining whether a complaint states a plausible
claim for relief [is] a context-specific task that requires the reviewing court to draw on its judicial
experience and common sense.” Id. at 679.
III. ANALYSIS
Courts review claims of unreasonable delay in processing immigration petitions according
to “the same [standard] under both § 706(1) of the APA and the Mandamus Act, 28 U.S.C.
§ 1361.” Skalka v. Kelly, 246 F. Supp. 3d 147, 152 (D.D.C. 2017). “The central question in
evaluating a claim of unreasonable delay is whether the agency’s delay is so egregious as to
warrant mandamus.” In re Core Commc’ns, Inc., 531 F.3d 849, 855 (D.C. Cir. 2008) (quotation
marks omitted).
“This Circuit applies the six-factor test established by Telecommunications Research &
Action Center v. FCC, 750 F.2d 70 (D.C. Cir. 1984) (‘TRAC’), to determine whether agency action
has been unreasonably delayed.” Didban v. Pompeo, 435 F. Supp. 3d 168, 175 (D.D.C. 2020).
Under that test, the Court must balance the following six TRAC factors:
(1) the time agencies take to make decisions must be governed by a rule of reason;
4 (2) where Congress has provided a timetable or other indication of the speed with which it expects the agency to proceed in the enabling statute, that statutory scheme may supply content for this rule of reason;
(3) delays that might be reasonable in the sphere of economic regulation are less tolerable when human health and welfare are at stake;
(4) the court should consider the effect of expediting delayed action on agency activities of a higher or competing priority;
(5) the court should also take into account the nature and extent of the interests prejudiced by delay; and
(6) the court need not find any impropriety lurking behind agency lassitude in order to hold that agency action is ‘unreasonably delayed.’
In re United Mine Workers of Am. Int’l Union, 190 F.3d 545, 549 (D.C. Cir. 1999) (quotation
marks omitted). These “factors are not ‘ironclad,’ but rather are intended to provide ‘useful
guidance in assessing claims of agency delay.’” In re Core Commc’ns, Inc., 531 F.3d at 855
(quoting TRAC, 750 F.2d at 80).
Contrary to Devani’s assertion, see Pl.’s Resp. to Defs.’ Mot. to Dismiss at 2–4, Dkt. 7, the
Court may apply the TRAC factors at the motion to dismiss stage. See Palakuru v. Renaud, 521
F. Supp. 3d 46, 49–50 (D.D.C. 2021) (collecting cases), appeal dismissed, No. 21-5048, 2021 WL
1440155 (D.C. Cir. Apr. 15, 2021); Bega, 2022 WL 17403123, at *4 n.2; Da Costa, 2022 WL
17173186, at *8; Sarlak v. Pompeo, No. 20-cv-35, 2020 WL 3082018, at *5 (D.D.C. Aug. 17,
2021). Devani relies on several out-of-circuit cases that declined to assess TRAC factors until after
discovery, see Pl.’s Resp. at 2–3, but “the majority view expressed by Judges on this Court . . . is
that application of the TRAC factors is appropriate at the motion-to-dismiss stage when the facts
alleged do not support a plausible claim of unreasonable delay,” Bega, 2022 WL 17403123, at *4
n.2. And in the only in-circuit case Devani cites, the court simply “exercise[d its] discretion [to]
decline to consider whether the agency ha[d] unreasonably delayed adjudication of the plaintiffs’
visa applications until it ha[d] a sufficient record to answer that question.” Addala v. Renaud, No.
5 20-cv-2460, 2021 WL 244951, at *3 (D.D.C. Jan. 25, 2021) (emphasis added). Because this
“record contains enough facts to evaluate the TRAC factors,” the Court will “do just that.” Da
Costa, 2022 WL 17173186, at *8 (quotation marks omitted). In doing so, the Court finds that
Devani has failed to state a claim of unreasonable delay.
A. Factors 1 and 2: The rule of reason and lack of congressional timetable
The first TRAC factor is often considered the “most important” of the six. In re Core
Commc’ns, Inc., 531 F.3d at 855. But courts routinely consider the first two TRAC factors
together. See, e.g., Da Costa, 2022 WL 17173186, at *8; Bega, 2022 WL 17403123, at *6; Ctr.
for Sci. in the Pub. Int. v. FDA, 74 F. Supp. 3d 295, 300–05 (D.D.C. 2014). In analyzing these
factors, the Court must determine “whether the agency’s response time complies with an
existing specified schedule and whether it is governed by an identifiable rationale.” Ctr. for Sci.
in the Pub. Int., 74 F. Supp. 3d at 300. Both factors favor USCIS in this case.
As to the first factor, USCIS’s adjudication of I-526 petitions is governed by a rule of
reason. Under the visa availability approach, USCIS processes petitions on a modified first-in,
first-out basis, prioritizing “petitions for investors for whom a visa is either now or soon will be
available” given the statutory caps. Questions and Answers: EB-5 Immigrant Investor Program
Visa Availability Approach (Apr. 2021), available at https://www.uscis.gov/working-in-the-
united-states/permanent-workers/employment-based-immigration-fifth-preference-eb-
5/questions-and-answers-eb-5-immigrant-investor-program-visa-availability-approach (last
accessed Apr. 12, 2023). 1 “In other words, an immigrant who filed earlier than another but hails
1 Though Devani asks the Court to ignore facts outside the pleadings, Pl.’s Resp. at 2, the Court “may take judicial notice of information posted on official public websites of government agencies.” Arab v. Blinken, 600 F. Supp. 3d 59, 63 n.1 (D.D.C. 2022) (citing Cannon v. District of Columbia, 717 F.3d 200, 205 n.2 (D.C. Cir. 2013)); see also Thakker v. Renaud, No. 20-cv- 1133, 2021 WL 1092269, at *1 n.4 (D.D.C. Mar. 22, 2021).
6 from a country that has already met its per-country cap for visas for that year may find herself
behind the other applicant.” Da Costa, 2022 WL 17173186, at *3. That Devani faces a delay
despite being “from an underrepresented country where visas are currently available,” Pl.’s Resp.
at 5, does not mean that “there’s no rhyme or reason to [USCIS’s] approach,” id., because other
applicants may already be ahead of him in line. See Palakuru, 521 F. Supp. 3d at 51; Thakker,
2021 WL 1092269, at *6. Courts have consistently concluded that USCIS’s method for processing
I-526 petitions supplies a rule of reason sufficient to satisfy the first TRAC factor. See Da Costa,
2022 WL 17173186, at *8 (collecting cases).
As to the second factor, Congress has not mandated a binding timeline for USCIS’s
processing of I-526 petitions. Although “[i]t is the sense of Congress that the processing of an
immigration benefit application should be completed not later than 180 days after the initial filing
of the application,” Compl. ¶ 30 (quoting 8 USC § 1571(b)), “a sense of Congress resolution is not
law,” Emergency Coal. to Defend Educ. Travel v. Dep’t of Treasury, 545 F.3d 4, 14 n.6 (D.C. Cir.
2008). Thus, there is no congressional timeline that binds the processing of I-526 petitions. See
Da Costa, 2022 WL 17173186, at *9 (deeming the sense of Congress as “merely hortatory”);
Palakuru, 521 F. Supp. 3d at 51 (interpreting it as “precatory rather than binding”).
In sum, the first two TRAC factors favor USCIS, as USCIS’s approach to processing I-526
petitions is governed by a rule of reason that is not bound by a statutory timetable.
Finally, the length of delay here is not unreasonable as a matter of law. Devani submitted
his I-526 petition approximately forty-one months ago. See Compl. ¶ 1. But, as explained, for
nine of those months (from June 2021 to March 2022) USCIS’s congressional authority to process
7 I-526 petitions had lapsed. See Da Costa, 2022 WL 17173186, at *2. 2 Accordingly, USCIS’s
delay in processing Devani’s petition is effectively about thirty-two months. See id. at *10
(omitting this same nine-month lapse from calculation of the relevant delay period). A thirty-two-
month delay is not out of line with periods that courts have consistently found not unreasonable
for processing an I-526 petition. See, e.g., Bega, 2022 WL 17403123, at *7 (between thirty-two
and forty-month delay); Telles v. Mayorkas, No. 21-cv-395, 2022 WL 2713349, at *4 (D.D.C. July
13, 2022) (thirty-one months, excluding nine-month authorization gap). Moreover, USCIS’s Case
Processing Time for I-526 petitions from Indian applicants is currently fifty-two months—
meaning 80% of adjudicated cases over the past six months waited much longer than Devani. See
USCIS, Check Case Processing Times, available at https://egov.uscis.gov/processing-times/ (last
accessed Apr. 12, 2023). That the average I-526 processing time has increased since Devani filed
his petition in 2019, see Compl. ¶ 26, is immaterial. It is the current rate that is the relevant
comparator, as the petitions adjudicated in the last six months were filed, on average, in late 2018
or early 2019 (52 months ago). Thus, given the current processing rate, Devani has been waiting
less time than similarly situated Form I-526 petitioners from India. While such comparable delays
do not alone render this one reasonable, see Pl.’s Resp. at 6, these precedents nevertheless
“reinforce” the Court’s determination that Devani has not stated a claim of unreasonable delay.
Palakuru, 521 F. Supp. 3d at 52 n.7.
2 Courts in this district have uniformly held that USCIS’s authority to process Forms I-526 for the Regional Center Program lapsed between June 2021 and March 2022. Da Costa, 2022 WL 17173186, at *6 (collecting cases). Devani’s citation to a Northern District of California case, Pl.’s Resp. at 5–6 (citing Behring Reg’l Ctr. LLC v. Mayorkas, No. 22-cv-02487, 2022 WL 2290594 (N.D. Cal. June 24, 2022)), is not to the contrary. Behring addressed a different, issue— whether “[t]he agency . . . had authority to continue to regulate existing regional centers even during the authorization gap.” DaCosta, 2022 WL 17173186, at *7.
8 B. Factors 3 and 5: Prejudice of health, welfare, and other interests
TRAC factors three and five concern the “health and welfare . . . at stake” and “the interests
prejudiced by delay.” TRAC, 750 F.2d at 80. These factors are often considered in tandem. See,
e.g., Palakuru, 521 F. Supp. 3d at 53. Here, they favor USCIS.
Although Devani alleges that the delay in processing his visa application has caused him
substantial financial and immigration-related harms, Compl. ¶¶ 27–29, neither injury alone or in
combination rise to the degree of harm countenanced by factors three and five. “[F]inancial risks
the [plaintiff] undertook are inherent in the I-526 application process.” Da Costa, 2022 WL
17173186, at *10 (quotation marks and alteration omitted). So, too, is uncertainty an inherent part
of the immigration process. See Telles, 2022 WL 2713349, at *4 (finding inability to “move
forward with his life in the United States” and “expense, stress, and uncertainty” to fall short under
these factors). Devani’s alleged interests fall far short of those credited in other cases that, for
example, pose a significant threat to physical health or safety. See, e.g., DaCosta, 2022 WL
17173186 at *10 (finding that plaintiffs’ allegations that they must remain in a location where they
“fear for their lives” and have limited “access to drinking water, electricity, and other public
services . . . place factors three and five in their column”). Because Devani’s complaint does not
allege comparable facts, neither of these factors weigh in his favor.
C. Factor 4: The agency’s competing priorities
The fourth factor considers the effect of prioritizing one agency action over others. See
TRAC, 750 F.2d at 80. Many courts find the fourth TRAC factor to “carr[y] the greatest weight.”
Da Costa, 2022 WL 17173186, at *10 (citing Milligan v. Pompeo, 502 F. Supp. 3d 302, 319
(D.D.C. 2020)). Courts are generally hesitant to reorder[] agency priorities” when there is no basis
“to think that judicial intervention would advance either fairness or Congress’s policy objectives.”
9 In re Barr Labs., Inc., 930 F.2d 72, 75–76 (D.C. Cir. 1991). In fact, “[t]his Circuit has refused to
grant relief, even [when] all the other factors considered in TRAC favored it, where a judicial order
putting the petitioner at the head of the queue would simply move all others back one space and
produce no net gain.” Milligan, 502 F. Supp. 3d at 319 (citing Mashpee Wampanoag Tribal
Council, Inc. v. Norton, 336 F.3d 1094, 1100 (D.C. Cir. 2003); Barr Labs., 930 F.2d at 75)
(quotation marks and alterations omitted).
The fourth factor thus weighs strongly in favor of USCIS. If the Court were to grant
Devani’s requested relief, this would require the agency to reorder its priorities and place him at
the front of the queue. See Palakuru, 521 F. Supp. 3d at 52; Da Costa, 2022 WL 17173186, at
*10; Thakker, 2021 WL 1092269, at *7. This relief would in turn unfairly prejudice similarly
situated petitioners waiting in the current USCIS backlog. See Da Costa, 2022 WL 17173186, at
*10 (citing USCIS, USCIS Announces New Actions to Reduce Backlogs, Expand Premium
Processing, and Provide Relief to Work Permit Holders (Mar. 29, 2022), https://perma.cc/NBW4-
6ZAQ). Devani’s contention that his petition merits greater priority than others because India is
an underrepresented country, Pl.’s Resp. at 8, fails to account for the fact that there may be many
other applicants from India whose petitions are ahead of his in the processing queue. Because
Devani does not plausibly allege any facts that place factor four in his favor, this factor too goes
in USCIS’s column.
D. Factor 6: Impropriety
The final TRAC factor, which provides that “the court need not find any impropriety
lurking behind agency lassitude in order to hold that agency action is ‘unreasonably delayed,’”
TRAC, 750 F.2d at 80, is neutral here. In his complaint, Devani alleges no facts to plausibly
support his conclusory claim that the “delays in processing [his] petition are part of an overall
10 effort on the part of [USCIS] to delay processing times for immigrants seeking benefits.” Compl.
¶ 38. Devani points only to the increase in “overall average case processing [times] . . . over the
past two fiscal years . . . even as case receipt volume markedly decreased.” Id. But alleging the
fact of increased delays does nothing to show that its cause is impropriety. The symptoms are
equally consistent with several other possible causes, including the intervening COVID-19
pandemic. See Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (explaining that a complaint must do more than “plead[]
facts that are merely consistent with a defendant’s liability” (quotation marks omitted)).
In his opposition to USCIS’s motion to dismiss, Devani elaborates on his allegation of
impropriety, arguing that “USCIS has taken affirmative actions, unknown to the public, to
purposefully delay adjudications of EB-5 petitions and applications contrary to law.” Pl.’s Resp.
at 9 (citing Quinn Owen, DHS chief defends Biden admin on immigration, says Trump ‘gutted’
system, ABC News, Mar. 1, 2021, in which the agency allegedly admitted to “‘gutt[ing]’ the U.S.
immigration system”). But it “is axiomatic that a complaint may not be amended by the briefs in
opposition to a motion to dismiss.” Sanchez-Mercedes v. Bureau of Prisons, 453 F. Supp. 3d 404,
430 n.21 (D.D.C. 2020) (quotation marks and alteration omitted)). And even if the Court were to
consider Devani’s contention, he fails to plausibly allege facts supporting his claim of impropriety.
The only fact he cites—a news article—addressed unaccompanied migrant children at the border,
not the EB-5 program. Finally, USCIS’s nine-month pause in adjudicating I-526 petitions during
the statutory authorization lapse was not reckless or “in violation of the law,” Pl.’s Resp. at 10, but
was rather compelled by the law. See Da Costa, 2022 WL 17173186, at *6.
***
In sum, because each of the TRAC factors favors USCIS, Devani has failed to adequately
allege that USCIS unreasonably delayed adjudicating his I-526 petition. Thus, his APA,
11 Mandamus, and Declaratory Judgment Act claims fail. See Bagherian v. Pompeo, 442 F. Supp.
3d 87, 96 (rejecting a plaintiff’s mandamus claim for the same reasons the court rejected the
plaintiff’s claim for a declaratory judgment under the APA). The Court therefore also denies
Devani’s request for attorneys’ fees, costs, and applicable expenses. See 28 U.S.C. § 2412 (stating
only a “prevailing party” may receive fees and expenses).
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the Court will grant USCIS’s Motion to Dismiss. A separate
order consistent with this decision accompanies this memorandum opinion.
________________________ DABNEY L. FRIEDRICH April 12, 2023 United States District Judge