Deutsche Bank v. Todd

Opinion

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1 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO

2 DEUTSCHE BANK TRUST COMPANY 3 AMERICAS AS TRUSTEE,

4 Plaintiff-Appellee, 5 v. NO. 33,789 6 ROBERT TODD, 7 Defendant-Appellant, 8 and 9 FRANK DEBARI and MARIA DEBARI, 10 Defendants.

11 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF SANTA FE COUNTY 12 Raymond Z. Ortiz, District Judge

13 Rose L. Brand & Associates, P.C. 14 Eraina M. Edwards 15 Albuquerque, NM

16 for Appellee

17 Robert Todd 18 Albuquerque, NM

19 Pro se Appellant

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1 MEMORANDUM OPINION 2 GARCIA, Judge. 3 {1} Following our Supreme Court’s recent opinion in Deutsche Bank National 4 Trust Co. v. Johnston, 2016-NMSC-013, 369 P.3d 1046, clarifying standing in the 5 context of mortgage foreclosure actions, we are called upon to determine whether the 6 district court erred in granting summary judgment to Deutsche Bank Trust Company 7 Americas as Trustee (Deutsche Bank). When Deutsche Bank filed its initial complaint 8 (the Original Complaint) seeking foreclosure on the property from various defendants, 9 including appellant Robert Todd (Todd), it attached an unindorsed note (the Note) 10 payable to First Magnus Financial Corporation (First Magnus), a mortgage (the 11 Mortgage) in favor of First Magnus, and an assignment of mortgage (the Assignment) 12 from Mortgage Electronic Registration Systems, Inc. (MERS), as nominee for First 13 Magnus, to Deutsche Bank. 14 {2} Years later, upon filing its motion for summary judgment, Deutsche Bank 15 provided another copy of the Note that also included a page containing two undated 16 special indorsements, the first indorsement from First Magnus to Residential Funding 17 Company, LLC (Residential Funding) and the second indorsement from Residential

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1 Funding to Deutsche Bank. The district court granted summary judgment in favor of 2 Deutsche Bank. The order was upheld even after Todd filed a motion for 3 reconsideration (the Reconsideration), asserting that Deutsche Bank was not entitled 4 to summary judgment as it failed to show whether it had standing and was a holder in 5 due course because the indorsements on the Note were undated. In light of the 6 guidance issued by our Supreme Court in Johnston, we reverse the district court’s 7 order granting summary judgment to Deutsche Bank, and we remand to the district 8 court for further proceedings because material issues of fact remain unresolved 9 regarding whether Deutsche Bank had standing to foreclose the Note and Mortgage 10 at the time the Original Complaint was filed. 11 I. BACKGROUND 12 {3} On September 2, 2011, Deutsche Bank filed its Original Complaint seeking to 13 foreclose on Todd’s property alleging that the defendants were in default of the Note 14 that was secured by the Mortgage. Deutsche Bank asserted that it was “the owner of 15 the Mortgage and the holder in due course of the Note.” It attached the Note, 16 Mortgage, and Assignment. However, the Note attached to the Original Complaint did 17 not contain an indorsement. On February 6, 2012, Deutsche Bank filed a motion to 18 amend its Original Complaint asserting that due to a clerical error, additional 19 defendants, who are not a party in this appeal, were omitted from the Original

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1 Complaint (the Amended Complaint). Again, Deutsche Bank attached the unindorsed 2 Note, Mortgage, and Assignment to the Amended Complaint. Todd answered the 3 Amended Complaint, asserting as an affirmative defense that the Bank “lack[ed] 4 standing . . . as the [A]ssignment . . . was not executed by a person with authority to 5 assign the [M]ortgage.” 6 {4} On March 15, 2013, approximately two years after filing of the Original 7 Complaint, Deutsche Bank moved for summary judgment (the Summary Judgment 8 Motion), asserting that there were no material facts in dispute and that it was “the 9 holder of the Note and Mortgage and [thus] entitled to enforce the subject Note and 10 Mortgage.” Attached to the Summary Judgment Motion was an affidavit signed by 11 Justin Cunningham (Cunningham Affidavit), an “[a]uthorized [o]fficer” of the 12 mortgage servicer for Deutsche Bank, stating that Deutsche Bank “was in possession 13 of the original Note at the time of [the] filing of the [c]omplaint . . . and is now in 14 possession of the original Note.” Additionally, Deutsche Bank attached another copy 15 of the Note to the Summary Judgment Motion, which included the undated special 16 indorsement from First Magnus to Residential Funding and the undated special 17 indorsement from Residential Funding to Deutsche Bank. Todd responded to the 18 Motion, asserting that Deutsche Bank’s standing to file for foreclosure was a material 19 fact in dispute because (1) the Note attached to both the Original Complaint and

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1 Amended Complaint did not contain any indorsements showing that Deutsche Bank 2 was a “holder in due course”; and (2) that on February 16, 2013, Todd received “a 3 letter [(the 2013 Notice Letter) identifying a new servicer and stating that] Residential 4 Funding . . . currently owns the interest in your account.” On November 27, 2013, the 5 district court granted the Summary Judgment Motion but granted leave for Todd to 6 examine the original Note for authenticity. 7 {5} Todd filed the Reconsideration asserting various factual and legal arguments 8 that addressed the timing and legality of the Assignment and the indorsement of the 9 Note to Deutsche Bank. On March 3, 2014, approximately two months after Todd 10 filed the Reconsideration, our Supreme Court issued its Opinion in Bank of New York 11 v. Romero (Romero), 2014-NMSC-007, 320 P.3d 1. In Romero, our Supreme Court 12 determined that an unnamed holder’s mere possession of “an unindorsed note made 13 payable to a third party does not establish” an entitlement by the holder to enforce the 14 note. Id. ¶ 23. On April 3, 2014, taking into consideration the Supreme Court’s 15 recently issued opinion, the district court found Romero to be distinguishable and 16 ruled that the note was “properly indorsed specifically to” Deutsche Bank and that 17 Todd did not raise “any issue regarding timing of indorsements in any pleadings.” The 18 district court found there to be “no [genuine] issues of material fact to warrant 19 reconsideration[,]” and found that Deutsche Bank had standing to file suit, and denied

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1 Todd’s motion for reconsideration, thereby upholding its previous order granting the 2 Summary Judgment Motion. Todd filed a timely appeal. 3 II. DISCUSSION 4 {6} At the outset, we note that Todd appears to present his brief in chief based upon 5 an erroneous assumption that Deutsche Bank’s memorandum in opposition in 6 response to this Court’s notice of proposed summary disposition, issued during this 7 Court’s summary calendar procedure, was instructive and controlling for the purposes 8 of this appeal. Accordingly, Todd’s arguments appear to be framed in response to 9 Deutsche Bank’s memorandum in opposition during the summary calendar process. 10 Despite this misunderstanding, we interpret Todd’s appellate arguments to be as 11 follows: (1) the Supreme Court’s decision in Romero, 2014-NMSC-007, and this 12 Court’s decision in Deutsche Bank National Trust Co. v. Beneficial New Mexico Inc. 13 (Beneficial), 2014-NMCA-090, 335 P.3d 217, affirmed in part sub nom. Johnston, 14 2016-NMSC-013, should be applied retroactively; (2) the district court’s order 15 granting summary judgment should be reversed; and (3) the case should be dismissed 16 with prejudice. 17 {7} As we previously noted, Romero was decided shortly before the district court 18 denied Todd’s Reconsideration in favor of Deutsche Bank. 2014-NMSC-007. It 19 concluded that mere possession of a promissory note without a blank indorsement or

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1 special indorsement to the party seeking to enforce the note is not sufficient to 2 establish standing to foreclose against the property that is pledged as collateral for the 3 note. Id. ¶¶ 23, 26. Soon thereafter, on May 1, 2014, this Court examined another case 4 and considered the issue of standing in the context of another mortgage foreclosure. 5 Beneficial, 2014-NMCA-090, ¶ 1. In Beneficial we interpreted Romero to hold that 6 standing was “a jurisdictional prerequisite for a cause of action and must be 7 established at the time the complaint is filed.” Beneficial, 2014-NMCA-090, ¶ 8. We 8 determined that the bank lacked standing to foreclose when, at the time the bank filed 9 its initial complaint, it attached a copy of a note that was unindorsed and the original 10 note was made payable to a third party bank. Id. ¶ 9. Then during trial, nearly two 11 years later, the bank “produced a note that was significantly different from the one 12 attached to its complaint . . . [and] included a blank undated indorsement.” Id. ¶ 10. 13 In Beneficial, this Court ultimately determined that “the [b]ank needed to show it 14 possessed the proper supporting documentation when it filed the foreclosure 15 complaint.” Id. ¶ 13. The bank appealed our ruling in Beneficial to our Supreme 16 Court, and the Supreme Court granted certiorari, and renamed the case Johnston when 17 it issued its subsequent opinion. See 2016-NMSC-013. 18 {8} The Supreme Court affirmed the final outcome in Beneficial that the bank did 19 not establish standing to foreclose on the property at issue. Johnston, 2016-NMSC-

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1 013, ¶ 1 (concluding “that the evidence provided by [the bank] did not establish 2 standing”). However, our Supreme Court reversed our determination that standing is 3 a jurisdictional prerequisite for a cause of action seeking foreclosure. Id. ¶ 10 4 (clarifying that standing is not jurisdictional in a foreclosure action as “the cause of 5 action to enforce a promissory note was not created by statute”). Accordingly, 6 standing in foreclosure cases is a prudential consideration that “can be raised for the 7 first time at any point in an active litigation[.]” Id. ¶¶ 10, 18. Our Supreme Court went 8 on to hold that “standing must be established as of the time of filing suit in mortgage 9 foreclosure cases[.]” Id. ¶ 20. It clarified that “this [was] not an additional requirement 10 that [was] imposed punitively; it [was] simply a symptom of compliance with long- 11 standing rules.” Id. ¶ 22 (emphasis omitted). The determination of when a plaintiff 12 was required to prove its standing in a foreclosure action was also clarified as follows: 13 “it is only at trial or in a dispositive motion that plaintiffs are required to prove the 14 necessary elements of their claims, including standing, and that a bare statement that 15 the plaintiff holds the note may satisfy pleading standards [at the time the complaint 16 is filed].” Id. ¶ 26 (emphasis, internal quotation marks, and citation omitted). In 17 Johnston, our Supreme Court addressed whether the bank had submitted substantial 18 evidence to establish standing at the time the complaint was filed and ultimately 19 determined that the bank failed to present substantial evidence necessary to establish

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1 its standing to foreclose. Id. ¶¶ 28-32 (recognizing that the unindorsed note attached 2 to its original complaint and the later produced indorsed note that was undated were 3 insufficient to establish standing at the time the bank filed its complaint). 4 1. The Supreme Court’s Opinion in Johnston is Controlling 5 {9} Both parties in this case have presented arguments regarding whether Romero, 6 2014-NMSC-007, which was filed after the district court granted summary judgment, 7 but before the district court upheld its summary judgment after Reconsideration, and 8 Beneficial, 2014-NMCA-090, which was filed after the district court issued its rulings 9 in this case, should be applied retroactively. The Supreme Court’s recent decision in 10 Johnston, 2016-NMSC-013, concisely resolves this issue. 11 {10} In Johnston, the Supreme Court made clear the prerequisite that “standing must 12 be established as of the time of filing suit in mortgage foreclosure cases[.]” Id. ¶ 20. 13 It noted that the principles of standing are “well-established” and “long-standing 14 rules” that necessitate that standing must be established at the inception of a case but 15 do not create a new requirement, and merely clarify an already existent principle in 16 New Mexico law. Id. ¶¶ 20, 22. Accordingly, we recognize the retroactive application 17 of Romero, 2014-NMSC-007, as our Supreme Court has determined that standing at 18 the outset of a mortgage foreclosure case is a “long-standing [rule]” and should be 19 applied accordingly. Johnston, 2016-NMSC-013, ¶¶ 20, 22; see Padilla v. Wall

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1 Colmonoy Corp., 2006-NMCA-137, ¶ 12, 140 N.M. 630, 145 P.3d 110 (“Absent an 2 express statement that limits a decision to prospective application, our Supreme Court 3 has established the presumption that a new rule adopted by a judicial decision in a 4 civil case will operate retroactively.” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)).

5 2. Genuine Issues of Material Fact Remain Unresolved and the District Court 6 Erred in Granting Summary Judgment

7 {11} “An order granting summary judgment is appropriate where there are no 8 genuine issues of material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of 9 law.” Madrid v. Brinker Rest. Corp., 2016-NMSC-003, ¶ 16, 363 P.3d 1197 (internal 10 quotation marks and citation omitted). “Where reasonable minds will not differ as to 11 an issue of material fact, the court may properly grant summary judgment.” 12 Montgomery v. Lomos Altos, Inc., 2007-NMSC-002, ¶ 16, 141 N.M. 21, 150 P.3d 971. 13 We review an order granting summary judgment de novo and “resolve all reasonable 14 inferences in favor of the party opposing summary judgment, and we view the 15 pleadings, affidavits, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions in the 16 light most favorable to a trial on the merits.”Madrid, 2016-NMSC-003, ¶ 16 (internal 17 quotation marks and citation omitted).Traditionally, New Mexico appellate courts 18 disfavor summary judgment and prefer a trial on the merits. Romero v. Philip Morris 19 Inc., 2010-NMSC-035, ¶ 8, 148 N.M. 713, 242 P.3d 280.

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1 {12} It is now clear that a plaintiff seeking to foreclose must establish standing at the 2 commencement of its lawsuit. Johnston, 2016-NMSC-013, ¶ 10. Our Supreme Court 3 stated that in order “to establish standing we require that a plaintiff show that he or she 4 has actually suffered a direct and concrete injury.” Id. ¶ 30. In this context, a bank 5 cannot establish standing based solely upon an undated indorsed note, presented after 6 the time it filed the initial complaint for foreclosure. Id. ¶ 32. We must examine the 7 evidence presented to determine whether genuine issues of material fact exist 8 regarding whether Deutsche Bank was the holder of the Note at the time the Original 9 Complaint was filed in this case. 10 {13} Here, our review of the record reveals that when Deutsche Bank filed its 11 Original Complaint, it only attached the unindorsed Note, the Mortgage, and the 12 Assignment. It then filed the Amended Complaint and again attached the Note that 13 lacked an indorsement. It was not until Deutsche Bank filed the Summary Judgment 14 Motion that it attached the Note containing a page with the undated special 15 indorsements. Deutsche Bank also provided the Cunningham Affidavit stating that 16 “[p]laintiff was in possession of the original Note at the time of [the] filing of the 17 Complaint.” Although Deutsche Bank capitalized the first letter in the term 18 “complaint” that was referenced in the Cunningham Affidavit, it was neither identified 19 as one of the numerous defined terms within the affidavit nor clarified to relate back

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1 to the filing of a specific complaint—the Original Complaint or the Amended 2 Complaint. We address this summary judgment evidence separately. 3 {14} Based upon our Supreme Court’s holding in Johnston, it is clear that the 4 undated indorsements Deutsche Bank attached to the Summary Judgment Motion 5 were insufficient to establish Deutsche Bank’s standing at the time the Original 6 Complaint was filed. Id. ¶ 32 (“[T]he undated indorsed note that [the bank] presented 7 at trial did not prove that [the bank] had standing when it filed its complaint.”). While 8 we recognize that the undated indorsement present in Johnston was a blank 9 indorsement, and the indorsements present in this case are special indorsements, this 10 distinction is inconsequential. The undated indorsements, whether blank or special, 11 cannot establish whether Deutsche Bank previously possessed the Note or was entitled 12 to enforce it at the time the Original Complaint was filed. See id. ¶ 6; see also Romero, 13 2014-NMSC-007, ¶¶ 24-25 (“A blank indorsement . . . does not identify a person to 14 whom the instrument is payable but instead makes it payable to anyone who holds it 15 as bearer paper. . . . By contrast, a special indorsement identifies a person to whom it 16 makes the instrument payable.” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)). Had 17 Deutsche Bank tendered the specially indorsed Note as an attachment to its Original 18 Complaint, “it would be entitled to a presumption that it could enforce the [N]ote at 19 the time of filing and thereby establish standing.” Johnston, 2016-NMSC-013, ¶ 25.

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1 However, Deutsche Bank did not produce the specially indorsed Note until it filed the 2 Summary Judgment Motion, nearly two years later. As a result, “the subsequent 3 production of [this Note] does not prove that Deutsche Bank possessed the . . . [N]ote 4 when it filed suit.” See id. 5 {15} While we do recognize that Deutsche Bank presented the Cunningham 6 Affidavit with its Summary Judgment Motion stating that “[p]laintiff was in 7 possession of the original Note at the time of filing . . . the Complaint,” we are 8 reviewing the propriety of summary judgment in this case, and there are ambiguities 9 and genuine issues of material fact that contradict the Cunningham Affidavit. First, 10 the Cunningham Affidavit is not clear as to when Deutsche Bank had possession of 11 the Note in relation to the filing of the Original Complaint or the Amended Complaint. 12 Viewing this ambiguity in the light most favorable to the party opposing summary 13 judgment, the Cunningham Affidavit could be viewed to apply to the Amended 14 Complaint in 2012. Secondly, Todd produced the 2013 Notice Letter from Residential 15 Funding where Residential Funding claimed to be the owner of “the interest in 16 [Todd’s] account” in 2013. It is not disputed that Residential Funding was a holder in 17 due course of the Note as reflected by the two special indorsements on the Note that 18 Deutsche Bank attached to its Summary Judgment Motion in 2013. These genuine and 19 material discrepancies, viewed in the light most favorable to the party opposing

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1 summary judgment, would support Todd’s position that Deutsche Bank was not the 2 holder of the Note at the time of filing the Original Complaint in 2011. Id., ¶¶ 21-22. 3 As a result of these genuine issues of material fact, Deutsche Bank has not established 4 its standing as a matter of law and summary judgment was improperly granted by the 5 district court. See Spencer v. Health Force, Inc., 2005-NMSC-002, ¶ 26, 137 N.M. 64, 6 107 P.3d 504 (“Genuine issues of material fact in this case preclude summary 7 judgment.”). 8 {16} Furthermore, to the extent that Deutsche Bank challenges Todd’s “untimely” 9 production of evidence related to his standing argument, we note that our Supreme 10 Court clearly stated that “[w]hen standing is a prudential consideration,” as it is in 11 mortgage foreclosure actions, “it can be raised for the first time at any point in an 12 active litigation[.]” Johnston, 2016-NMSC-013, ¶¶ 13, 18. Accordingly, we conclude 13 that Todd properly raised the issue of Deutsche Bank’s standing at the summary 14 judgment and Reconsideration stages of this foreclosure litigation. 15 3. Remanded to the District Court 16 {17} Having determined that standing at the time Deutshe Bank filed its Original 17 Complaint was not established and continues to be in material dispute, we again turn 18 to Johnston for guidance regarding the proper disposition in this case. Id. ¶¶ 5, 35. In 19 Johnston, the Supreme Court did not have other material evidence, such as the

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1 Cunningham Affidavit, to consider when it held that the proper remedy where the 2 bank fails to establish standing would be “to dismiss the case without prejudice.” Id. 3 ¶ 23. Because the issue of standing remains in material dispute, remand to the district 4 court for further proceedings is the appropriate remedy in this case. See Maestas v. 5 Zager, 2007-NMSC-003, ¶ 1, 141 N.M. 154, 152 P.3d 141 (recognizing that remand 6 is the appropriate remedy when summary judgment is reversed and genuine material 7 issues of fact remain unresolved). 8 III. CONCLUSION 9 {18} For the foregoing reasons we reverse the district court’s order granting 10 summary judgment in favor of Deutsche Bank and remand this matter to the district 11 court for further proceedings.

12 {19} IT IS SO ORDERED.

13 _________________________________ 14 TIMOTHY L. GARCIA, Judge

15 WE CONCUR:

16 _________________________________ 17 JAMES J. WECHSLER, Judge

18 _________________________________ 19 MICHAEL D. BUSTAMANTE, Judge