In The Court of Appeals Seventh District of Texas at Amarillo
No. 07-11-00390-CR
DENNIS R. COOK, APPELLANT
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, APPELLEE
On Appeal from the County Court at Law No. 2 Lubbock County, Texas Trial Court No. 2009-458,286, Honorable Drue Farmer, Presiding
October 23, 2013
MEMORANDUM OPINION Before QUINN, C.J., and CAMPBELL and HANCOCK, JJ.
Appellant Dennis R. Cook appeals his misdemeanor conviction for driving while
intoxicated and resulting sentence of 180 days‟ confinement in the county jail, probated.
Appellant presents five issues, one arising from a pre-trial suppression hearing and the
others from trial. For the reasons that follow, we will affirm. Background
This factual summary is drawn from the evidence adduced at the suppression
hearing. We will mention additional facts as necessary in our discussion of the
appellate issues.
On a Tuesday evening, shortly before midnight, Lubbock police dispatch
received a complaint that a patron of a local bar was leaving without paying a tab of
$10.50. The caller gave police a detailed description of the customer, his vehicle and
license plate number, and the fact he had turned westbound on 19th Street. The report
was forwarded to a patrol officer in the area of the bar.
The officer saw the vehicle within a short time and executed a traffic stop to
investigate the reported theft of service. The vehicle was registered to and driven by
appellant. At the vehicle, the officer requested appellant‟s driver‟s license which he
initially was unable to produce. The officer then requested his home address.
Appellant could not correctly state his address until he located his driver‟s license and
the officer read the address from the license. The officer smelled the odor of alcohol
coming from appellant‟s vehicle. Appellant‟s speech “seemed to be slurred,” and he
questioned whether he was obligated to show the officer his driver‟s license. The officer
asked appellant to recite a portion of the alphabet. Appellant eventually responded that
he was unable to comply because he did not understand the instruction.
At the officer‟s direction, appellant exited the vehicle. The officer smelled an
alcoholic beverage on appellant‟s breath. Appellant participated in the horizontal gaze
nystagmus (HGN) field sobriety test. The officer observed six of six clues of intoxication
2 on the test. Appellant declined to perform the walk and turn test or the one-leg stand.
At that point, the officer placed appellant under arrest for driving while intoxicated.
Appellant refused a breath test, received the Miranda1 warnings, and terminated the
interview.
Appellant was charged by information with misdemeanor driving while
intoxicated. After a hearing, appellant‟s motion to suppress evidence of the stop was
denied by written order. Findings of fact and conclusions of law were not filed. At trial,
a jury convicted appellant of the charged offense and the court set punishment at
confinement in the county jail for 180 days probated for eighteen months. This appeal
followed.
Analysis
Suppression Issue
By his first issue, appellant asserts the trial court abused its discretion by denying
his motion to suppress and in so doing violated his Fourth Amendment rights. Appellant
presents the issue through multiple sub-parts. All his Fourth Amendment contentions
arise from the evidence the officer stopped appellant to investigate the theft offense, but
quickly abandoned that intended investigation to focus on intoxication.
A trial court‟s ruling on a motion to suppress is reviewed for abuse of discretion.
Oles v. State, 993 S.W.2d 103, 106 (Tex.Crim.App. 1999). In a suppression hearing,
the trial court is the sole judge of the credibility of the witnesses and the weight given
their testimony. State v. Ross, 32 S.W.3d 853, 855-56 (Tex.Crim.App. 2000). We
1 Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 444, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694 (1966).
3 afford almost total deference to the trial court‟s determination of historical facts.
Guzman v. State, 955 S.W.2d 85, 89 (Tex.Crim.App. 1997). However, detention and
reasonable suspicion are by nature legal concepts and are properly subject to de novo
review. Hunter v. State, 955 S.W.2d 102, 107 (Tex.Crim.App. 1997); Sanders v. State,
992 S.W.2d 742, 744 (Tex.App.--Amarillo 1999, pet. refused). Accordingly, for
purposes of a Fourth Amendment analysis we give appropriate deference to the trial
court‟s determination of historical facts, but we review the decision of the trial court de
novo as to whether the historical facts, viewed from the standpoint of an objectively
reasonable person so situated as was the police officer, amount to “reasonable
suspicion” justifying an investigatory detention. Ornelas v. United States, 517 U.S. 690,
697-99, 116 S.Ct. 1657, 134 L.Ed.2d 911 (1996); Guzman, 955 S.W.2d at 89. When,
as here, no findings of fact were requested nor filed, we review the evidence in the light
most favorable to the trial court‟s ruling and assume the trial court made implicit findings
of fact supported by the record. See Ross, 32 S.W.3d at 855-56.
An officer conducting an investigatory detention or stop may briefly detain a
person reasonably suspected of criminal activity to determine his identity or to
momentarily maintain the status quo while obtaining more information. Adams v.
Williams, 407 U.S. 143, 146-47, 92 S.Ct. 1921, 32 L.Ed.2d 612 (1972); Rhodes v. State,
945 S.W.2d 115, 117 (Tex.Crim.App. 1997) (“[O]fficers may use such force as is
reasonably necessary to effect the goal of the stop: investigation, maintenance of the
status quo, or officer safety”). An investigatory detention is reasonable, and therefore
constitutional, if (1) the officer‟s action was justified at the detention‟s inception; and (2)
the detention was reasonably related in scope to the circumstances that justified the
4 interference in the first place. Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 19-20, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20
L.Ed.2d 889 (1968).
Under the first prong of Terry, the officer “must be able to point to specific and
articulable facts which, taken together with rational inferences from those facts,
reasonably warrant that intrusion.” 392 U.S. at 21. The officer must have a “reasonable
suspicion that some activity out of the ordinary is occurring or has occurred, some
suggestion to connect the detainee with the unusual activity, and some indication that
the unusual activity is related to crime.” Davis v. State, 947 S.W.2d 240, 244
(Tex.Crim.App. 1997) (citing Meeks v. State, 653 S.W.2d 6, 12 (Tex.Crim.App. 1983)).
“The second prong of Terry deals with the scope of the detention. . . . [A]n investigative
detention, „like any other search, must be strictly circumscribed by the exigencies which
justify its initiation.‟” Davis, 947 S.W.2d at 243 (quoting Terry, 392 U.S. at 25-26). A
“detaining officer need not be personally aware of every fact that objectively supports a
reasonable suspicion to detain; rather, the cumulative information known to the
cooperating officers at the time of the stop is to be considered in determining whether
reasonable suspicion exists.” Derichsweiler v. State, 348 S.W.3d 906, 914
(Tex.Crim.App. 2011) (footnotes and quotation marks omitted). For this determination,
a police department 911 dispatcher is generally considered a “cooperating officer.” Id.
A traffic stop may include investigation of the suspected offense as well as a
license and warrant check. Kothe v. State, 152 S.W.3d 54, 63 (Tex.Crim.App. 2004);
see Tex. Transp. Code Ann. § 521.025(a)(2) (West 2013) (person required to hold
driver‟s license must possess license while operating motor vehicle and driver must
display license on demand of peace officer). Only after a computer check of the license
5 and warrant status is completed and “the officer knows that this driver has a currently
valid license, no outstanding warrants, and the car is not stolen, [is] the traffic-stop
investigation fully resolved.” Kothe, 152 S.W.3d at 63-64, 65. If during a Terry stop an
officer develops reasonable suspicion of the occurrence of another violation, the scope
of the initial investigation expands to include the new offense. See Goudeau v. State,
209 S.W.3d 713, 719 (Tex.App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 2006, no pet.) (citing Sims v.
State, 98 S.W.3d 292, 295-97 (Tex.App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 2003, pet. refused); Powell
v. State, 5 S.W.3d 369, 378-79 (Tex.App.--Texarkana 1999, pet. refused); Mohmed v.
State, 977 S.W.2d 624, 628 (Tex.App.--Fort Worth 1998, pet. refused)).
A common investigative technique used in a Terry-type stop is interrogation,
which inter alia includes a request for identification. Kothe, 152 S.W.2d at 64 (quoting 4
Wayne R. LaFave, Search and Seizure § 9.2(f), at 51-58 (3d ed. 1996) (citations
omitted)). An officer may also communicate with others, including police, to confirm the
identification or determine if a person of that identity is wanted. Id.
Here, appellant does not take exception to the officer‟s stop of appellant‟s vehicle
based on his articulable suspicions of theft of service. It is the scope of the detention, or
second Terry prong, with which appellant takes exception. After executing the stop, the
officer immediately requested appellant‟s driver‟s license. According to the officer‟s
testimony, “As soon as I made contact with [appellant] and stopped him, I started
noticing clues of intoxication.”
We begin by noting that appellant‟s argument in support of his first issue contains
the complaint that the State charged him with theft of service despite the officer‟s failure
6 to conduct an investigation of that offense after he initiated the traffic stop. Because we
are concerned in this appeal only with appellant‟s conviction for driving while
intoxicated, we do not address any consequence of the officer‟s actions with respect to
the propriety of the theft charge.
Appellant‟s remaining contentions begin with a statement from the Fifth Circuit‟s
opinion in United States v. Estrada, “Once the purpose of a valid traffic stop has been
completed and an officer‟s initial suspicions have been verified or dispelled, the
detention must end unless there is additional reasonable suspicion supported by
articulable facts.” 459 F.3d 627, 631 (5th Cir. 2006). From that statement and other
similar statements from other opinions, appellant reasons that the Lubbock officer who
stopped him was duty-bound first to pursue his investigation of the suspected theft
offense, and was constitutionally permitted to initiate an investigation of appellant‟s
intoxication only after verifying or dispelling that initial suspicion of theft. Appellant is
mistaken.
Measuring the reasonableness of an officer‟s actions under Fourth Amendment
analysis, a court examines the totality of the circumstances and avoids bright-line rules,
recognizing “the fact-specific nature of the reasonableness inquiry.” Ohio v. Robinette,
519 U.S. 33, 39, 136 L.Ed.2d 347, 117 S. Ct. 417 (1996). 2 Appellant‟s contention would
2 Appellant‟s argument contains an underlying premise that the officer‟s request for appellant‟s driver‟s license cannot properly be viewed as a part of investigation of the theft charge. Appellant cites Delaware v. Prouse, 440 U.S. 648, 99 S.Ct. 1391, 59 L.Ed.2d 660 (1979), as limiting an officer‟s ability to request driver‟s license information. That case addresses the reasonableness of “spot checks,” traffic stops made without probable cause or reasonable suspicion of criminal involvement. 440 U.S. at 663. It does not assist appellant‟s argument in this case, involving a stop based on the officer‟s reasonable suspicion that appellant had just committed the offense of theft of service.
7 establish a bright-line rule. Further, the contention runs directly contrary to the precept
made clear in Kothe, where the Court of Criminal Appeals noted, “[N]either the Fourth
Amendment nor the Supreme Court dictate that an officer making a Terry traffic stop
must investigate the situation in a particular order.” 152 S.W.3d at 65 (citing United
States v. Brigham, 382 F.3d 500, 511 (5th Cir. 2004)).
The testimonial and video evidence from the suppression hearing supports an
implicit finding by the trial court that the officer reasonably suspected appellant was
intoxicated. Appellant could not locate his driver‟s license and expressed reluctance to
display it for the officer, his speech seemed slurred to the officer, he was unable to
recall his home address even though that was his expressed destination, the odor of
alcohol proceeded from his vehicle and he had left a bar minutes before. At that point,
the scope of the investigation properly expanded to include the offense of driving while
intoxicated. See Goudeau, 209 S.W.2d 719-20 (rejecting argument that officer‟s failure
to investigate suspected offense that precipitated traffic stop precluded expansion of
investigation when officer reasonably developed suspicion driver was intoxicated).
Appellant does not argue that his detention was unreasonably prolonged by the
officer‟s investigation of his intoxicated driving.3 He effectively argues, in fact, it was
unduly shortened by the officer‟s failure to proceed for some time with an investigation
of the theft offense before turning to the more serious matter of appellant‟s driving while
intoxicated. We find no merit in appellant‟s contentions, and overrule his first issue.
3 See, e.g., United States v. Shabazz, 993 F.2d 431, 436-37 (5th Cir. 1993) (discussing circumstances in which initially proper detention may become unreasonable under second prong of Terry test); St. George v. State, 237 S.W.3d 720, 726 (Tex.Crim.App. 2007) (finding continued detention for questioning of passenger unreasonably prolonged stop).
8 Trial Issues
Cocaine Statement and Mistrial
In his second issue, appellant asserts the trial court abused its discretion by
admitting the testimony of the bar manager that he overheard appellant ask a waitress
how he might obtain some cocaine. Appellant continues that the error was harmful
because the jury might have rationalized appellant was guilty of driving while intoxicated
since he apparently also committed more serious offenses. The State concedes the
testimony was inadmissible but counters the error was harmless because the evidence
of appellant‟s guilt of driving while intoxicated was overwhelming.
In his related third issue, appellant asserts the error of the trial court in admitting
the bar manager‟s testimony to appellant‟s question regarding cocaine was incurable,
thus requiring a mistrial.
We will assume, but do not decide, the trial court erred by admitting the cocaine-
related statement into evidence. The erroneous admission of evidence generally
constitutes non-constitutional error and is therefore subject to a harm analysis under
appellate rule 44.2(b). Potier v. State, 68 S.W.3d 657, 666 (Tex.Crim.App. 2002);
Johnson v. State, 967 S.W.2d 410, 417 (Tex.Crim.App. 1998); Tex. R. App. P. 44.2(b).
Under Rule 44.2(b) we must disregard the error unless it affects an appellant‟s
substantial rights. Tex. R. App. P. 44.2(b). A substantial right is affected when the error
had a substantial and injurious effect or influence in determining the jury‟s verdict. King
v. State, 953 S.W.2d 266, 271 (Tex.Crim.App. 1997). Conversely, if after examining the
entire record we have a “fair assurance that the error did not influence the jury, or had
9 but a slight effect,” the erroneous admission of evidence did not affect a substantial
right. Johnson, 967 S.W.2d at 417. “„[T]he presence of overwhelming evidence of guilt
plays a determinative role‟ in this analysis.” Neal v. State, 256 S.W.3d 264, 285
(Tex.Crim.App. 2008) (quoting Motilla v. State, 78 S.W.3d 352, 356 (Tex.Crim.App.
2002)).
The evidence shows appellant consumed three beers before leaving the bar
without paying his tab. The officer stopped appellant in his vehicle shortly after his
departure from the bar. The officer smelled alcohol and noticed slurred speech and
confusion. The officer testified at that point the investigation “went from a theft
investigation to a DWI investigation.” The officer elaborated later in his testimony that in
speaking with appellant he “immediately” noticed signs of intoxication. The jury was
shown a video and audio recording of the stop and the officer‟s investigation of
appellant‟s suspected intoxication. From the stop‟s inception, the video depicts
appellant in a state of confusion. He was not able initially to locate his driver‟s license
and then expressed uncertainty whether he must allow the officer to see it. He could
not recall his correct home address although he emphatically told the officer that was
his immediate destination. When asked his highest level of education, appellant, a law
school student, told the officer he did not believe himself “smart enough to answer that,”
and he “believed” he attended high school. Appellant was unable to recite a portion of
the alphabet on the officer‟s request because, according to appellant, he did not
understand the request. When appellant exited the vehicle at the officer‟s request, the
officer smelled an odor of alcohol on his breath. According to the officer, appellant
exhibited all six clues of intoxication on the HGN test. He refused to give a breath
10 sample. Appellant could not even begin the walk-and-turn test and simply sat on the
curb when asked to perform the one-leg stand. From the behavior appellant
demonstrated on the video and audio recording, we think the jury would have had no
reasonable doubt he did not have the normal use of his mental or physical faculties.
See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 49.01(2)(A) (West 2011) (a definition of intoxicated).
From our review of the entire record, we conclude any error of the trial court in
allowing the challenged portion of the bar manager‟s testimony did not influence the
jury, or had but a slight effect on its verdict of guilt. We overrule appellant‟s second
issue.
In his third issue, appellant complains the error of the trial court in admitting the
cocaine statement was incurable requiring a mistrial. The argument rests on a dual
claim that the jury was encouraged to convict appellant of the charged misdemeanor by
evidence implying he was guilty of a felony and because the court did not give an
instruction to disregard the complained-of portion of the bar manager‟s testimony until
the morning following the errant testimony.4
We review a trial court‟s denial of a motion for mistrial for abuse of discretion.
Hawkins v. State, 135 S.W.3d 72, 77 (Tex.Crim.App. 2004). “A mistrial is a device used
to halt trial proceedings when error is so prejudicial that expenditure of further time and
4 The jury was instructed to disregard the bar manager‟s last response during his testimony the previous afternoon, during which the manager identified the drug appellant mentioned to the waitress as “cocaine.” The court overruled appellant‟s objection to the manager‟s testimony using the word “drugs.” In the context of the entirety of the manager‟s testimony, and of the other evidence presented, we think the jury was more likely to be confused than persuaded to a finding of guilt by the evidence of appellant‟s statement to the waitress.
11 expense would be wasteful and futile. Thus, a trial court may properly exercise its
discretion to declare a mistrial if an impartial verdict cannot be reached, or if a verdict of
conviction could be reached but would have to be reversed on appeal due to an obvious
procedural error.” Ladd v. State, 3 S.W.3d 547, 567 (Tex.Crim.App. 1999). Error is
harmless if after examining the record as a whole, an appellate court has a fair
assurance the error did not have a substantial and injurious effect or influence in
determining the jury‟s verdict. Garcia v. State, 126 S.W.3d 921, 927 (Tex.Crim.App.
2004). Because we have found any error in admitting the cocaine statement harmless
we also find a mistrial was not warranted as admission of the complained-of testimony
did not result in an improper verdict. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in
denying appellant‟s motion for mistrial. Appellant‟s third issue is overruled.
Intoxication Opinion of Bar Manager
By his fourth issue, appellant asserts the trial court reversibly erred by allowing
the bar manager to render an opinion that appellant was intoxicated. Trial testimony
indicated the bar manager was trained to notice “indications of intoxication.” On direct
examination by the State, he was asked if he had an opinion concerning whether
appellant was intoxicated on the night in question. Appellant objected on the ground
that the bar manager had not been designated an expert and was not qualified to render
an expert opinion on the question interposed. The State responded that the bar
manager was not offered as an expert and the opinion requested was that of a lay
witness “who was serving the alcohol and had the responsibility of cutting off [appellant]
or not cutting off [appellant].” The trial court overruled the objection and the bar
manager opined that appellant was intoxicated. He based his opinion on appellant‟s
12 “[c]onfused nature, the absurdity of walking a 10.50 tab. It‟s not that he didn‟t have the
money, I guess. He paid his first one.5 It was a combination of things. It just didn‟t
make sense.”
Rule of Evidence 701 provides, “If the witness is not testifying as an expert, the
witness‟ testimony in the form of opinions or inferences is limited to those opinions or
inferences which are (a) rationally based on the perception of the witness and (b)
helpful to a clear understanding of the witness‟ testimony or the determination of a fact
in issue.” Tex. R. Evid. 701.
Appellant‟s complaint here is the bar manager was testifying as an expert.
“When a witness who is capable of being qualified as an expert testifies regarding
events which he or she personally perceived, the evidence may be admissible as both
Rule 701 opinion testimony and Rule 702 expert testimony.” Ellison v. State, 201
S.W.3d 714, 723 (Tex.Crim.App. 2006) (quoting Osbourn v. State, 92 S.W.3d 531, 536
(Tex.Crim.App. 2002)). Moreover, the State informed the trial court, before it ruled on
appellant‟s objection, the opinion requested was that of a lay witness. And appellant
does not assert that the State designated the bar manager an expert. Lay witnesses in
Texas have long been allowed to opine on the intoxication or sobriety of persons they
observe. See, e.g., McNorton v. State, 170 Tex. Crim. 76, 338 S.W.2d 953, 954
(Tex.Crim.App. 1960). (“One need not be an expert in order to express an opinion upon
whether a person he observes is intoxicated or is sober”). The bar manager based his
opinion on matters he observed and the substance of the opinion, if believed by the jury,
5 There was evidence that earlier in the evening in question appellant was at the bar, purchased one or two drinks, paid his tab, and left.
13 was helpful to its determination of a fact issue in the case, whether appellant was
intoxicated vel non. We find no abuse of discretion in allowing the opinion testimony of
the bar manager.
If, however, the trial court exceeded its discretion in permitting the witness to
render an opinion on intoxication, the error is subject to a non-constitutional harmless
error review. The bar manager‟s opinion of appellant‟s intoxication, at a point in time
moments before the officer effected a traffic stop of appellant‟s vehicle, was cumulative
of a substantial and compelling body of evidence tending to support the jury‟s finding of
appellant‟s intoxication. No harm is demonstrated if the erroneously admitted evidence
is generally cumulative of other properly admitted evidence in the case. Anderson v.
State, 717 S.W.2d 622, 628 (Tex.Crim.App. 1986). Appellant‟s fourth issue is
overruled.
Charge Error
By his fifth issue, appellant asserts the trial court reversibly erred by placing the
“guilty” verdict form before the “not guilty” verdict form in the charge as given the jury.
The forms were printed on separate pages. The court overruled appellant‟s objection
that placement of the verdict forms in this order violated the presumption of innocence.
Before deliberation began the court did, however, explain to the jury that the verdict
forms were not in a particular order.
Our review for charge error requires we first determine whether error exists.
Druery v. State, 225 S.W.3d 491, 504 (Tex.Crim.App. 2007). We review for claimed
charge error under the abuse of discretion standard. See Wesbrook v. State, 29
14 S.W.3d 103, 122 (Tex.Crim.App. 2000) (finding no abuse of discretion in refusing to
submit instruction). If error is found, we then determine whether the error caused
sufficient harm to require reversal. Druery, 225 S.W.3d at 504.
“The presumption of innocence is a doctrine that allocates the burden of proof in
criminal trials; it also may serve as an admonishment to the jury to judge an accused‟s
guilt or innocence solely on the evidence adduced at trial and not on the basis of
suspicions that may arise from the fact of his arrest, indictment, or custody, or from
other matters not introduced as proof at trial.” Bell v. Wolfish, 441 U.S. 520, 533, 99
S.Ct. 1861, 60 L.Ed.2d 447 (1979); Miles v. State, 204 S.W.3d 822, 825 (Tex.Crim.App.
2006). In the charge, the trial court properly instructed the jury of the presumption of
innocence including appellant‟s right to produce no evidence and the State‟s burden to
prove each element of the charged offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Absent such
proof, the jury was further instructed, it was obligated to acquit appellant. An appellate
court generally presumes the jury followed the instructions of the trial court in the
manner presented. Colburn v. State, 966 S.W.2d. 511, 520 (Tex.Crim.App. 1998). The
presumption is rebuttable. Id. But appellant points to nothing in the record to support a
conclusion that the jury ignored the detailed written instructions of the trial court and
was persuaded in favor of a guilty verdict by the order of verdict forms in the charge.
The clerk‟s record contains only the verdict form finding appellant guilty.
Appellant argues, alternatively, that unless a “not guilty” form is produced, the trial court
denied him due process by “apparent[ly]” not providing the jury with an alternative to the
guilty form. We find no merit to the contention. If appellant believed the clerk‟s record
required supplementation he was free to do so by letter directing compliance by the
15 clerk. Tex. R. App. P. 34.5(c)(1). Or if he believed the not guilty verdict form was lost or
destroyed, he could have availed himself of the procedure for resolving such a problem
contained in appellate rule 34.5(e). Tex. R. App. P. 34.5(e). Its mere absence from the
clerk‟s record filed on appeal does not demonstrate the trial court did not supply the jury
with the “not guilty” verdict form. Appellant‟s fifth issue is overruled.
Conclusion
Having overruled each of appellant‟s issues on appeal, we affirm the judgment of
the trial court.
James T. Campbell Justice
Do not publish.
.