NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION File Name: 22a0482n.06
Case No. 21-3989
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
FILED Nov 29, 2022 ) DENISE SNYDER, in her capacity as the DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk ) Personal Representative of the Estate of ) Deceased Concetta M. DeSantis, ) ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED Plaintiff-Appellant, ) STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR ) THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF v. ) OHIO ) WALMART, INC., et al., ) OPINION Defendants-Appellees. ) )
Before: DONALD, BUSH, and NALBANDIAN, Circuit Judges.
BERNICE BOUIE DONALD, Circuit Judge. This matter arises out of a dispute
between Concetta DeSantis (“DeSantis”) and Walmart, Inc., Wal-Mart Stores East L.P., Wal-Mart
Real Estate Business Trust, MPG Property Group LLC, and Four Corners Shopping Center, LLC
(collectively “Walmart”) after DeSantis was struck by a vehicle driven by Jennifer Marthe
(“Marthe”) while exiting Walmart’s premises. Denise Snyder, as Personal Representative of the
Estate of DeSantis, filed an action against Walmart alleging claims for premises liability and
negligent undertakings, among other things. Walmart moved for summary judgment, which the
district court granted. Snyder appealed. Case No. 21-3989, Snyder v. Walmart, Inc., et al.
BACKGROUND
On December 28, 2017, Marthe’s vehicle struck DeSantis in the crosswalk of the parking
lot while exiting Walmart’s premises. DeSantis died as a result of the accident.
Snyder filed premises liability and negligent undertaking claims, among other things,
against Walmart and several other entities who “owned, operated, occupied, and maintained” the
premises. Snyder alleged that Walmart’s parking lot lacked critical safety features, such as stop
signs, markings, flags, and signs, that Walmart was privy to these unsafe conditions prior to the
accident, and that Walmart undertook a separate duty to ensure that the crosswalk served its
purpose of keeping DeSantis reasonably safe.
Walmart moved for summary judgment arguing that the open and obvious doctrine serves
as a complete bar to DeSantis’s claims and that there could be no genuine issue of material fact
because “the lack of pedestrian protections in a parking lot is an open and obvious condition as a
matter of law.” Additionally, Walmart noted that the video evidence of the accident, police
photographs, and guidance from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Ohio
municipalities, police departments, and AAA warning pedestrians of the dangers of walking in a
crosswalk, undisputedly demonstrated that the dangers were open and obvious. Walmart used this
evidence to show that superior knowledge of prior incidents does not prevent the open and obvious
doctrine from applying to Snyder’s claim and that it did not mitigate its showing that DeSantis
could have fully appreciated the dangers. Finally, Walmart argued that it did not assume a separate
duty to protect its customers by creating a crosswalk because (1) Snyder relies on pre-Armstrong
cases to support its proposition that assumption of a duty is an exception to the open and obvious
doctrine, (2) Snyder did not proffer evidence that the crosswalk made the parking lot more
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dangerous, and (3) Snyder did not provide evidence that DeSantis reasonably relied on the
crosswalk to ensure total safety.
The district court granted summary judgment in Walmart’s favor on all of Snyder’s
claims. It found that Walmart owed no duty to warn DeSantis because the danger was open and
obvious and that Walmart did not assume a duty to protect DeSantis when it installed a crosswalk.
Snyder appealed both findings to this Court.
DISCUSSION
A. Standard of Review
We review a district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. Blanchet v. Charter
Commc’ns, LLC, 27 F.4th 1221, 1226 (6th Cir. 2022) (citing E.E.O.C. v. Prevo’s Family Mkt.,
Inc., 135 F.3d 1089, 1093 (6th Cir. 1998)). A district court may grant summary judgment when
the record shows “that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party
is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Id. (quoting Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S.
242, 247 (1986)). A dispute of material fact is genuine when “a reasonable jury—viewing the
evidence in favor of the nonmovant—could decide for the nonmovant.” Id. (citing Anderson, 477
U.S. at 248).
B. Premises Liability
The parties agree that Ohio substantive law governs this dispute. So “we look to the final
decisions of that state’s highest court,” treating intermediate appellate court precedent as
persuasive, and if no state appellate court addresses the dispute, we must consider all other
“relevant data.” In re Fair Fin. Co., 834 F.3d 651, 671 (6th Cir. 2016) (citations omitted). Under
Ohio law, a plaintiff may prevail on a negligence claim under a premises liability theory by
showing “(1) the existence of a duty, (2) a breach of duty, and (3) an injury proximately resulting
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therefrom.” Armstrong v. Best Buy Co., 788 N.E.2d 1088, 1090 (Ohio 2003) (citation
omitted). When a plaintiff enters the defendant’s premises, her status as a business invitee,
licensee, social guest, or trespasser, determines the nature of the legal duty owed. Shump v. First
Cont’l-Robinwood Assocs., 644 N.E.2d 291, 294 (Ohio 1994). When a landowner opens its
premises to persons for a purpose beneficial to the landowner, those persons occupy the status of
business invitees. Gladon v. Greater Cleveland Reg’l Transit Auth., 662 N.E.2d 287, 291 (Ohio
1996).
Generally, a landowner owes a business invitee a “duty of ordinary care in maintaining the
premises in a reasonably safe condition so that its customers are not unnecessarily and
unreasonably exposed to danger.” Paschal v. Rite Aid Pharmacy, Inc., 480 N.E.2d 474, 475 (Ohio
1985). A landowner must warn business invitees “of latent or concealed dangers” when “the
owner knows or has reason to know of [the] hidden dangers.” Klauss v. Glassman, 2005-Ohio-
1306, 2005 WL 678984, at *2 (Ohio Ct. App. 2005) (citation omitted). Landowners do not have
a duty, however, to warn invitees of dangers that are open and obvious. Witt v. Saybrook Inv.
Corp., 2008-Ohio-2188, 2008 WL 1973672, at *3 (Ohio Ct. App. 2008) (citing Sidle v. Humphrey,
233 N.E.2d 589, 590 (Ohio 1968)). Instead, the open-and-obvious doctrine bars any negligence
claim. Armstrong, 788 N.E.2d at 1089–90.
Neither party disputes that DeSantis was a business invitee. At issue, however, are
(1) whether the absence of stop signs in the parking lot was an open and obvious danger and
(2) whether the Restatement (Second) of Torts § 323(a) or (b) created an exception to the open and
obvious doctrine under these circumstances.
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1. Open and Obvious Danger
Whether a dangerous condition is open and obvious “goes to the existence of a duty, which
is a question of law.” Andler v. Clear Channel Broad., Inc., 670 F.3d 717, 725 (6th Cir. 2012)
(citations omitted); see also Armstrong, 788 N.E.2d at 1089. Rather than focus on the plaintiff’s
“conduct in encountering” the condition, this inquiry focuses on “the nature of the dangerous
condition itself”—“it is the fact that the condition itself is so obvious that it absolves the property
owner from taking any further action to protect the plaintiff.” Armstrong, 788 N.E.2d at
1091. Thus, where a dangerous condition is open and obvious, “the owner or occupier may
reasonably expect that persons entering the premises will discover those dangers and take
appropriate measures to protect themselves.” Witt, 2008 WL 1973672, at *3 (internal quotations
and citations omitted). Ohio courts apply an objective test: whether the alleged hazard is
observable by a reasonable person. Kintner v. ALDI, Inc., 494 F. Supp. 2d 811, 815–16 (S.D. Ohio
2007) (collecting Ohio cases).
Snyder contends that Walmart had a duty to install stop signs or other traffic controls in its
parking lot to avoid injuries like DeSantis’s. In her view, the absence of a stop sign is a dangerous
condition that is not so open and obvious that an ordinary person acting with reasonable care would
“readily appreciate” it. And Snyder argues that DeSantis’s case is uniquely situated for a jury
because the district court improperly focused on the dangerous object rather than the “absence of
an object (traffic controls)” when dismissing her claims on summary judgment. She relies on two
Ohio appellate-court decisions—Hissong v. Miller and Szerszen v. Summit Chase
Condominiums—to support her argument.
But we are not persuaded that the Ohio Supreme Court would accept Snyder’s arguments.
First, she does not point to any caselaw supporting her argument that Walmart had a duty to install
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traffic controls. Yet courts applying Ohio law have consistently held that dangerous conditions in
parking lots—like darkness, cracks in pavement, cables, and more—are open and obvious
conditions, as long as the conditions are not concealed. See, e.g., Armstrong, 788 N.E.2d at 1092
(holding that the bracket of a shopping-cart guardrail at the entranceway of the store by the exit
doors was an open and obvious condition); Autry v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., No. 3:18CV568, 2019
WL 315038, at *2 (N.D. Ohio Jan. 24, 2019) (holding that a crack in the parking lot is an open and
obvious danger); Ewers v. Lowe’s Home Centers, LLC, No. 1:18-cv-554, 2019 WL 5455532, at
*5 (S.D. Ohio Oct. 24, 2019) (holding that a cable securing a lawnmower was an open and obvious
danger).
Snyder also fails to provide evidence to dispute Walmart’s video evidence that the absence
of stop signs in the parking lot was an open-and-obvious condition. That evidence shows that “as
a matter of law,” the lack of traffic controls “was visible to all persons” in that part of the parking
lot. Armstrong, 788 N.E.2d at 1092. And Snyder acknowledges that DeSantis was familiar with
the Walmart location and had visited the Walmart multiple times—a key factor that Ohio courts
consider when determining whether a dangerous condition is open and obvious. See, e.g., id.
(noting that the plaintiff “visited the store two or three times before his mishap” to determine if
the alleged dangerous condition was open and obvious); see also Witt, 2008 WL 1973672, at *5
(relying on plaintiff’s admission that “he had been to this parking lot many times” when granting
summary judgment in part because the dangerous condition was open and obvious). The test is
not a subjective one, but whether a plaintiff is familiar with the premises is relevant to whether a
reasonable person could observe the condition. Thus, the undisputed video evidence, combined
with DeSantis’s frequent trips to this Walmart parking lot, lead us to conclude that this condition
was open and obvious.
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There is no merit to Snyder’s argument that her case survives summary judgment because
it is analogous to Hissong v. Miller, 927 N.E.2d 1161 (Ohio Ct. App. 2010). The plaintiff in
Hissong fell down a flight of stairs after opening a door to a dark room of a building on her first
visit. Id. at 1163–64. The Ohio court held that a jury should decide whether the plaintiff
encountered a hidden or visible danger when she opened the door to the stairs. Id. at 1168. In
other words, the court held that the open and obviousness of the condition could not be decided as
a matter of law. Id. Here, Snyder did not argue that any condition was concealed. Rightly so.
The dangers posed by a parking lot are a far cry from hidden staircases in dark rooms, so we do
not share the Hissong court’s hesitation in deciding this question as a matter of law.
Szerszen v. Summit Chase Condominiums, 2010-Ohio-4518, 2010 WL 3722637 (Ohio Ct.
App. 2010) is similarly unhelpful to Snyder’s case. There, the plaintiff fell on a puddle of water
created when the sink in his condo overflowed. Id. at *1. But unlike here, the parties in Szerszen
disputed whether the puddle of water that “could be seen only by looking ‘hard enough’” was
“something that was observable by ‘ordinary inspection.’” Id. at *5. That dispute, the court of
appeals determined, was best resolved by a jury. Id. at *4. This case is different because the
evidence shows that DeSantis (or any reasonable person) could observe the dangers posed by a
parking lot. Unlike the transparent puddle of water in Szerszen, a jury does not need to assess
whether an invitee to Walmart’s parking lot could have observed both the general danger of the
parking lot and the lack of traffic controls.
Finally, Snyder argued that Walmart’s “superior knowledge” of prior incidents prevents
the open and obvious doctrine from application here. But many courts applying Ohio’s open-and-
obvious doctrine in circumstances where the plaintiff fully appreciates the dangerous condition
have come to a different conclusion. See, e.g., LaCourse v. Fleitz, 503 N.E.2d 159, 160–61 (Ohio
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1986) (citation omitted) (holding that a plaintiff’s ability to fully appreciate the danger weighs
against liability based on superior knowledge by the defendant); Bittner v. Walmart Stores Eac,
Inc., No. 3:16-cv-00151, 2017 WL 2633189, at *4 (S.D. Ohio June 19, 2017) (holding that
defendants may only be liable “if the danger was one that they should have expected a visitor
would not realize” or fully appreciate). Nothing about Walmart’s knowledge makes it less likely
that a business invitee could observe the open and obvious dangers presented by the parking lot.
Thus, the district court did not err in holding that Walmart owed no duty to DeSantis
because the dangerous condition was open and obvious.
2. Assumption of a Duty under the Restatement (Second) of Torts § 323(a) and (b)
Generally, an Ohio court’s analysis would end when it deems a condition open and obvious
as a matter of law. But Snyder also argues that under the negligent-undertaking rule of § 323 of
the Restatement (Second) of Torts, the open and obvious doctrine does not serve as a bar to her
negligence claim because Walmart owed a separate duty—distinct from its common-law duty—
to maintain the premises. DeSantis contends that (1) Walmart assumed this separate duty to
protect her when it installed a crosswalk at its storefront as a safety feature, (2) Walmart failed to
reasonably maintain its safety feature by not installing additional safety measures to ensure the
crosswalk achieved its purpose and in its failure, made its premises less safe, and (3) DeSantis
reasonably relied on the crosswalk to keep her safe.
Even though the Supreme Court of Ohio has not expressly adopted what DeSantis refers
to as the “assumed duty doctrine” under § 323, “the court has cited it with approval.” Albright v.
Montgomery Inn, Inc., No. C-940747, 1995 WL 481485, at *2 (Ohio Ct. App. Aug. 16, 1995)
(citing Seley v. G.D. Searle & Co., 423 N.Ed.2d 831, 839 n.7 (Ohio 1981); Briere v. Lathrop Co.,
258 N.E.2d 597, 602 (Ohio 1970)). Under § 323, when a defendant undertakes a duty to protect
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an individual on his own volition, and the individual “reasonably relies on that undertaking,” that
defendant “is required to exercise ordinary care in performing the duty.” Freiburger v. Four
Seasons Golf Ctr., L.L.C., 2007-Ohio-2871, 2007 WL 1674020, at *4 (June 12, 2007) (citing
Restatement (Second) of Torts § 323 (1965)).
Snyder argues that three Ohio appellate-court cases support her position that Walmart
voluntarily assumed a separate duty to install additional safety features by placing the crosswalk
in the storefront. See Appellant’s Br., p. 26 (citing Albright, 1995 WL 481485; Kerr-Morris v.
Equitable Real Estate Inv. Mgmt., Inc., 736 N.E.2d 552 (Ohio Ct. App. 1999); Freiburger, 2007
WL 1674020). But those cases are all distinguishable from this one.
In Albright, the plaintiffs (a husband and wife) called the defendant before entering the
premises to inquire whether the defendant’s dining area was equipped with ramps. Albright, 1995
WL 481485, at *1. The defendant assured the plaintiffs that ramps were available. Id. When the
wife arrived in a wheelchair, the defendant failed to inform the plaintiffs about a portable ramp,
and the wife fell down a set of steps and sustained several injuries. Id. Because of the defendant’s
alleged assurances, the court held that a jury must decide whether the defendant assumed a separate
duty to the plaintiffs under § 323. Id. at *2. Unlike Albright, Walmart did not make any assurances
to DeSantis, nor did Snyder allege that they did. And even if she had, Walmart’s crosswalk is not
like the assurance given in Albright. No reasonable observer would assume that the crosswalk
guaranteed that drivers would proceed safely.
In Kerr-Morris, the plaintiff fell in a shower where the nonslip strips place by defendant
had allegedly worn away. 736 N.E.2d at 333. The plaintiff argued that the defendant voluntarily
assumed a duty of care to the plaintiff to not allow the strips to wear away. Id. The court noted
that the “distinguishing factor” between prior cases that held that the defendant had no duty to
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place safety features in hotels and Kerr-Morris was that “the hotel had placed nonslip strips in the
shower, but had let some of those strips wear away.” Id. at 334. Snyder’s argument varies from
that of Kerr-Morris. Snyder did not allege that Walmart’s crosswalk had fallen into disrepair such
that its condition led to her injury; instead, she argues that Walmart had a duty to install additional
safety features based on their installation of the crosswalk. Kerr-Morris’s holding is limited to the
maintenance of the initial safety feature that the defendant installed. In other words, Kerr-Morris
did not place an additional duty on the defendant to add more safety features; the holding simply
required defendants to reasonably maintain a safety feature it originally decides to install.
Finally, in Freiburger the defendant placed a safety net outside of a second story ledge to
“catch someone ‘[i]n the event [they] should have an accident, heart attack, twist their ankle, in
any situation that they should fall forward, [or] lose their balance[.]’” Freiburger, 2007 WL
1674020, at *4 (third and fourth alterations added). Relying on Kerr-Morris, the court applied its
previous reasoning and held that a defendant that voluntarily installs safety features on its premises
must reasonably maintain those safety features. Id.
But note the factual prerequisite in Freiburger: the second-story ledge was an open-and-
obvious danger, and the defendant purported to remedy that danger with a safety net. Id. at *5–6.
Adding a safety net “may have veiled the palpable danger usually associated with a second-story
ledge,” so the real question was whether the safety net itself presented an obvious danger. Id. at
*6. Here, however, the addition of a crosswalk did not remedy the openness or obviousness of the
danger associated with the parking lot. If anything, by marking an area designated for pedestrian
crossing, Walmart highlighted, rather than obscured, the nature of the risk presented to its business
invitees.
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Moreover, under Section 323(a), a plaintiff can only meet the assumption of duty exception
by showing that the defendant’s failure to exercise reasonable care “increase[d] the risk of such
harm,” and under section 323(b), the plaintiff must suffer that harm based on her “reliance” on the
defendant’s “undertaking.”
Yet Snyder did not provide any proof that Walmart’s installation of the crosswalk increased
DeSantis’s risk of harm, nor did she show that DeSantis “reasonably relied” on the crosswalk to
ensure safety. Although DeSantis’s experts argue that the design of the crosswalk for customers
coming to and leaving the premises is unreasonably dangerous and falls below the industry
standard, the argument still does not address whether Walmart’s installation of the crosswalk
increased the risk of harm to a higher level than it would be if the crosswalk was not
installed. Instead, the record shows that the crosswalk was clearly marked, that the stripes were
not defective, indistinguishable, or worn away, that the absence of stop signs was obvious, and
that pedestrians would appreciate the dangers of walking in the crosswalk due to multiple warnings
by highway officials, AAA, Ohio municipalities, and traffic signs. Further, Snyder’s argument
that DeSantis “reasonably relied” on the crosswalk for safety simply because she was positioned
in the crosswalk is speculative and insufficient to withstand summary judgment.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the district court’s judgment granting summary
judgment in favor of the defendants.
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