UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
No. 18-6615
DENIS RIVERA,
Plaintiff – Appellant,
v.
RANDALL C. MATHENA; EARL BARKSDALE; AMEE B. DUNCAN, Unit Manager; HAROLD W. CLARKE; MARCUS ELAM; CURTIS L. PARR; STACEY DAY; JOHN MESSER; CHRISTOPHER GILBERT; DWAYNE TURNER; C/O STEPHENS; WILLIAMS, Was a C/O at Red Onion; DOCKERY, Was a C/O at Red Onion; JAMES MULLINS; CHRISTOPHER DEEL; CLINTON DEEL; C/O RAMEY,
Defendants – Appellees,
and
H. BREWER; DAY, Was a C/O at Red Onion,
Defendants.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Virginia, at Roanoke. James P. Jones, District Judge. (7:16-cv-00346-JPJ-RSB)
Argued: September 18, 2019 Decided: November 19, 2019
Before KING and KEENAN, Circuit Judges, and Joseph R. GOODWIN, United States District Judge for the Southern District of West Virginia, sitting by designation.
Affirmed in part, vacated in part, and remanded by unpublished per curiam opinion. ARGUED: Cynthia Anne Barmore, JONES DAY, Washington, D.C., for Appellant. Brittany Marie Jones, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF VIRGINIA, Richmond, Virginia, for Appellees. ON BRIEF: Karl R. Thompson, JONES DAY, Washington, D.C., for Appellant. Mark R. Herring, Attorney General, Victoria N. Pearson, Deputy Attorney General, Richard Carson Vorhis, Senior Assistant Attorney General, Toby J. Heytens, Solicitor General, Matthew R. McGuire, Principal Deputy Solicitor General, Michelle S. Kallen, Deputy Solicitor General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF VIRGINIA, Richmond, Virginia, for Appellees.
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.
2 PER CURIAM:
The issues before the court are whether the district court erred in granting the
defendants—seventeen employees of the Virginia Department of Corrections—summary
judgment on plaintiff Denis A. Rivera’s Eighth Amendment conditions of confinement
claim, Eighth Amendment denial of medical care claim, and Fourteenth Amendment
procedural due process claim. For the reasons that follow, we vacate the district court’s
award of summary judgment on the conditions of confinement claim, affirm the award of
summary judgment on the denial of medical care claim, decline to reach the procedural due
process claim, and remand for further proceedings.
BACKGROUND
Rivera is an inmate at Red Onion State Prison (“Red Onion”), located in Wise
County, Virginia, where he is currently serving a state sentence of thirty-six years. 1 From
April 2014 to August 2018, Rivera was confined in segregation (also known as solitary
confinement). A Red Onion prisoner in segregation is housed alone and typically confined
to his cell for twenty-four hours each day unless participating in one of the few out-of-cell
activities offered, primarily showering or outdoor recreation. A Red Onion prisoner in
segregation “should be permitted” three showers and five out-of-cell exercise sessions per
week according to Virginia Department of Corrections Operating Procedure 861.3 (OP
1 In reviewing a summary judgment award, we view “the facts and inferences reasonably drawn therefrom in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party.” See Gordon v. Schilling, 937 F.3d 348, 356 (4th Cir. 2019) (internal quotation marks omitted). We thus recite the facts in the light most favorable to Rivera. 3 861.3). A Red Onion prisoner is not sentenced to solitary confinement by a judge or jury
but rather is placed in segregation by prison staff for disciplinary infractions.
In order to shower and recreate, an inmate must verbally respond when prison staff
announce they are taking a list, usually between 5:50 am and 7:15 am. If the inmate does
not verbally respond, the inmate is deemed to have refused the activity, regardless of
whether the inmate was asleep, responded nonverbally, left signs on the door requesting
showers and recreation, or asked prison staff at a later time to shower and exercise,
including when staff come back to take other inmates to shower and exercise. Inmates in
segregation are not allowed to have alarm clocks, nor will prison staff wake an inmate. 2
On July 17, 2016, Rivera filed a verified, pro se complaint pursuant to 42 U.S.C. §
1983, alleging that he had been—and continued to be—deprived of showers and recreation
periods while in segregation. According to the complaint, during the months of June–
August of 2014 and March–May of 2016, Rivera went about eight weeks without a shower
and approximately two months without recreation. 3 Most weeks during those periods,
Rivera received one or two showers and received the minimum three showers per week for
just five of the thirty weeks at issue. J.A. 27–28. 4 Rivera also typically received zero, one,
2 An official memo suggests prison staff blow a whistle to announce the shower and recreation list is being taken, but—according to Rivera—this practice is not followed. 3 Defendant Earl Barksdale, the Warden of Red Onion, disputed in the district court that Rivera was denied showers and recreation on certain dates specified by Rivera. On appeal, however, Barksdale properly recognizes that we are obliged to credit Rivera’s evidence in assessing the district court’s summary judgment rulings. See Gordon, 937 F.3d at 356. 4 Citations herein to “J.A.” refer to the contents of the Joint Appendix filed by the parties in this appeal. 4 or two opportunities each week to exercise and never received the minimum five exercise
periods required by official policy during the disputed weeks in 2014 and 2016. Id. Rivera
was denied showers and recreation because he was often asleep and thus deemed to have
refused the opportunities.
In his § 1983 complaint, Rivera alleges the denial of showers and recreation
contravened his Eighth and Fourteenth Amendment rights. He also alleges those denials
caused him emotional and mental deterioration, depression, lack of sleep, headaches, loss
of appetite, and the worsening of a rash caused by a fungal infection. The complaint seeks
injunctive relief and monetary damages.
As reflected in Rivera’s submissions to the district court in support of the complaint,
he filed numerous grievances challenging his denial of showers and recreation and
complaining of the resulting mental and physical harm. He also told prison staff in person
that he wanted to shower and exercise and was suffering injuries as a result. Rivera left
notes on his cell door saying “I want Rec” and “I want Shower.” J.A. 139–41. Additionally,
Rivera showed prison staff a doctor’s note and a prescription for selenium sulfide for his
fungal infection, explaining he had to wash off the medicine in the showers three times
each week.
In January 2017, the defendants moved for summary judgment on Rivera’s claims.
Rivera responded to the defendants’ motions in May 2017. By its opinion and order of
August 14, 2017, the district court awarded summary judgment to the defendants on all
claims and denied Rivera’s request for injunctive relief. Rivera appeals the district court’s
award of summary judgment on the (1) Eighth Amendment conditions of confinement
5 claim related to the denial of showers and recreation, (2) the Eighth Amendment denial of
medical care claim related to Rivera’s rash, and (3) the Fourteenth Amendment procedural
due process claim related to the denial of showers and recreation.
Rivera timely filed a notice of appeal, and we assigned counsel to represent him in
this court. We possess jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291. 5
STANDARD OF REVIEW
“Summary judgment is proper when there are no material disputes of fact and the
moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Porter v. Clarke, 923 F.3d 348,
355 (4th Cir. 2019); Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). This court “review[s] the district court’s grant
of summary judgment de novo, drawing reasonable inferences in the light most favorable
to the non-moving party.” Butler v. Drive Auto. Indus. of Am., Inc., 793 F.3d 404, 407 (4th
Cir. 2015) (internal quotation marks omitted). The relevant inquiry is “whether the
evidence presents a sufficient disagreement to require submission to a jury or whether it is
so one-sided that one party must prevail as a matter of law.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby,
Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 251–52 (1986).
DISCUSSION
On appeal, Rivera argues the district court erred in awarding summary judgment to
the defendants on the Eighth Amendment conditions of confinement claim, the Eighth
5 Although the district court dismissed without prejudice Rivera’s claims against two additional defendants, we nevertheless possess jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. See Goode v. Cent. Va. Legal Aid Soc’y, Inc., 807 F.3d 619, 623 (4th Cir. 2015) (explaining that dismissal without prejudice constitutes final decision under § 1291 when no amendment to complaint could cure defects identified by district court). 6 Amendment denial of medical care claim, and the Fourteenth Amendment procedural due
process claim. We address each in turn.
A.
The preliminary question before the court is whether Red Onion provided Rivera a
meaningful opportunity to shower and exercise.
Depriving inmates the opportunity to shower and exercise can violate the Eighth
Amendment’s protection against cruel and unusual punishment. See Mitchell v. Rice, 954
F.2d 187, 193 (4th Cir. 1992) (explaining that “depriving inmates of all meaningful
opportunities to exercise generally violates the Eighth Amendment” where prison officials
claimed the inmate’s assaultive nature necessitated the imposed restriction); Hite v. Leeke,
564 F.2d 670, 672 (4th Cir. 1977) (emphasizing that “the deprivation of the basic elements
of hygiene” violates the Eighth Amendment).
Furthermore, as the United States Supreme Court has long held, “courts indulge
every reasonable presumption against waiver of fundamental constitutional rights” and “do
not presume acquiescence in the loss of fundamental rights.” United States v. Camacho,
955 F.2d 950, 954–55 (4th Cir. 1992) (quoting Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458, 464
(1938)). A waiver of such rights is ordinarily “an intentional relinquishment or
abandonment of a known right or privilege.” Johnson, 304 U.S. at 464.
Rivera argues on appeal that he was denied a meaningful opportunity to shower and
exercise because he was asleep when corrections officers took the shower and exercise list
and was deemed to have “refused” the opportunities. However, Rivera was an inmate in
segregation, often alone in his cell for twenty-four hours a day without an alarm clock.
7 Prison staff refused to wake Rivera, despite an official memo suggesting that blowing a
whistle was appropriate. Staff also refused to accept shower and recreation requests made
by leaving a note or telling staff in person at a later time. The district court held it was
“Rivera’s choice” not to shower and exercise because he did not follow prison procedures.
See J.A. 171. Rivera argues the prison procedures presented him no real choice or
opportunity to shower or exercise.
We agree with Rivera. The Eighth Amendment protects inmates from the “cruel and
unusual punishment” of depriving solitary confined inmates of showers and recreation. For
Rivera to waive this right, he would need to show an “intentional relinquishment” of Eighth
Amendment protections because we “do not presume acquiescence in the loss of
fundamental rights.” See Johnson, 304 U.S. at 464. Intention requires Rivera to have “full
advertence in the mind…to his conduct…and to its consequences, together with a desire
for those consequences.” Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019) (Westlaw) (defining
intention). Rivera cannot have “full advertence in the mind” while asleep. Therefore, he
did not have the conscious state of mind to form the intention to waive Eighth Amendment
protections against cruel and unusual punishments. And given that we “indulge every
reasonable presumption against waiver of fundamental constitutional rights,” we are
satisfied that Rivera did not intentionally refuse his showers and exercises while sleeping.
See Camacho, 955 F.2d at 955 (quoting Johnson, 304 U.S. at 464).
We do not suggest that prison officials must use a specific procedure to ensure that
inmates are provided an opportunity to shower and exercise, as it is not the job of the court
to supervise prison administration. But it is the job of the court to ensure that prisoners’
8 constitutional rights are observed. Despite the myriad of ways prison staff could have
ensured that inmates who wanted to shower and exercise were provided a meaningful
opportunity to do so, prison staff here provided only an illusory procedure that is
insufficient under the Eighth Amendment to provide Rivera a meaningful opportunity to
shower and exercise.
B.
Given that Rivera was not provided a meaningful opportunity to shower and
exercise, the next issue is whether the shower and recreation deprivations here are
sufficiently severe to establish a conditions of confinement claim in violation of the Eighth
Amendment’s protection against cruel and unusual punishment.
“The Eighth Amendment, which prohibits the infliction of ‘cruel and unusual
punishments,’ U.S. Const. amend. VIII, applies to claims by prisoners against corrections
officials challenging conditions of confinement.” Porter, 923 F.3d at 355. “In the prison
context, it ‘protects inmates from inhumane treatment and conditions while imprisoned.’”
Iko v. Shreve, 535 F.3d 225, 238 (4th Cir. 2008) (quoting Williams v. Benjamin, 77 F.3d
756, 761 (4th Cir. 1996)). Further, “the conditions of solitary or segregated confinement
must be measured against what the Supreme Court has termed ‘the evolving standards of
decency that mark the progress of a maturing society.’” Sweet v. S.C. Dep’t of Corr., 529
F.2d 854, 860 (4th Cir. 1975) (en banc) (quoting Trop v. Dulles, 356 U.S. 86, 101 (1958)
(plurality opinion)). To sustain an Eighth Amendment claim, a prisoner must show two
things: 1) “the deprivation suffered or injury inflicted on the inmate was sufficiently serious
9 (objective component),” and 2) “the prison official acted with a sufficiently culpable state
of mind (subjective component).” Iko, 535 F.3d at 238.
1) Objective Prong
Under the objective prong, Rivera must demonstrate that “the deprivation alleged
[was], objectively, sufficiently serious.” Scinto v. Stansberry, 841 F.3d 219, 225 (4th Cir.
2016) (quoting Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 834 (1994)). “To be ‘sufficiently
serious,’ the deprivation must be ‘extreme’—meaning that it poses a ‘serious or significant
physical or emotional injury resulting from the challenged conditions,’ or ‘a substantial
risk of serious harm resulting from...exposure to the challenged conditions.’” Porter, 923
F.3d at 355 (quoting Scinto, 841 F.3d at 225).
As long ago as 1975, we vacated a lower court’s dismissal of an inmate’s Eighth
Amendment claim based on a limitation to two exercise periods and two showers each
week while in solitary confinement over a period of years. Sweet, 529 F.2d at 866. In our
en banc Sweet decision, we emphasized that “[s]uch indefinite limitation on exercise may
be harmful to a prisoner’s health, and, if so, would amount to ‘cruel and unusual’
punishment.” Id. We also explained that a limitation to two showers per week should be
considered “under the same standards of review” as limitations on recreation. Id.
Looking at the “totality of the circumstances,” including the duration of harm, is
important in determining an Eighth Amendment violation. See Mitchell, 954 F.2d at 191.
A restriction to two showers or exercise periods per week might not violate “the Eighth
Amendment if confined to a relatively short period of maximum confinement,” but if
extended over a period of years and perhaps indefinitely, “the rule may be quite different.”
10 See Sweet, 529 F.2d at 866; see also Mitchell, 954 F.2d at 191 (explaining that a “complete
deprivation of exercise for an extended period of time violates Eighth Amendment
prohibitions against cruel and unusual punishment”). For example, three days without
showers might not violate the Eighth Amendment, see Shakka v. Smith, 71 F.3d 162, 167–
68 (4th Cir. 1995), whereas two months without showers and recreation can be sufficient
to support an Eighth Amendment claim. See Brown v. Lamanna, 304 F. App’x 206, 208
(4th Cir. 2008) (unpublished).
Here, the evidence shows that Rivera received far fewer than the five hours of
recreation and three showers each week he “should be permitted” while in segregation. See
OP 861.3. At one point, Rivera did not shower for almost eight weeks and did not exercise
for about two months. He frequently received one or two showers per week and zero, one,
or two exercise opportunities per week. The combination and duration of the shower and
exercise deprivations were sufficiently lengthy and severe over the course of Rivera’s four
years in segregation to provoke the same constitutional concerns as in Sweet, where the
inmate showered and exercised twice per week while in segregation for five years. See 529
F.2d at 866. Rivera’s shower deprivation was certainly longer than the three-day
deprivation in Shakka, and more analogous to the two-month deprivation of showers and
recreation in Lamanna. See Shakka, 71 F.3d at 167–68; Lamanna, 304 F. App’x at 208.
Rivera suffered injuries and faced a substantial risk of serious harm as a result of
long periods without showers and recreation. Rivera has produced evidence that he suffered
emotional and mental deterioration, depression, low energy, difficulty sleeping, headaches,
and loss of appetite. J.A. 22–23, 153. These injuries are similar to what we have previously
11 determined to be sufficient to support an Eighth Amendment claim. See Putney v. Likin,
656 F. App’x 632, 635 (4th Cir. 2016) (unpublished) (remanding where an inmate alleged
lack of sleep, confusion, headaches, and backaches to be considered along with the
inmate’s substantial risks of harm). Additionally, Rivera suffered the reappearance of a
fungal infection because of his inability to apply his medication and wash it off in the
shower.
Finally, we know that “[p]rolonged solitary confinement exacts a heavy
psychological toll that often continues to plague an inmate’s mind even after he is
resocialized.” Porter, 923 F.3d at 357 (quoting Incumaa v. Stirling, 791 F.3d 517, 534 (4th
Cir. 2015)). Indeed, Rivera began exhibiting the very psychological deterioration which
we have warned against when inmates are in solitary confinement, including depression,
low energy, difficulty sleeping, and loss of appetite, making it even more important that
Rivera be able to leave his cell for showers and recreation. See id. at 356–57 (discussing
“the associated adverse psychological reactions to solitary
confinement…include…symptoms of depression, withdrawal, appetite and sleep
disturbance, fatigue and lethargy, and suicidal ideation; anxiety spectrum symptoms of
subjective distress, feelings of impending doom, somatic complaints, dissociative
experience, and ruminative thoughts; affective lability characterized by irritability, rage,
and aggressive impulses; and behavioral self-control symptoms of aggression, assaults, and
self-mutilation”); see also J.A. 115 (“[W]hat [Rivera] remembers is being in a cell all day
all that time 24/7 loneliness, depression, pain, like [Rivera] was no human being at all.”).
Rivera thus depended on regular showers and exercise periods as one of the few times to
12 leave his cell in order to maintain his physical, mental, and emotional health. Therefore, as
a result of his four years in segregation, Rivera faced a substantial risk of serious
psychological harm which was increased by shower and exercise deprivations, as his
injuries demonstrate. See Sweet, 529 F.2d at 866 (“Such indefinite limitation on exercise
may be harmful to a prisoner’s health, and, if so, would amount to ‘cruel and unusual’
punishment.”).
For those reasons, we are satisfied that Rivera has presented sufficient evidence to
establish genuine issues of material fact as to the objective prong of his conditions of
confinement claim.
2) Subjective Prong
The second prong of an Eighth Amendment violation is the subjective prong. To
demonstrate the subjective component, Rivera must show deliberate indifference, meaning
“the official kn[ew] of and disregard[ed] an excessive risk to inmate health or safety.”
Porter, 923 F.3d at 361 (quoting Scinto, 841 F.3d at 225). “Deliberate indifference is ‘more
than mere negligence,’ but ‘less than acts or omissions [done] for the very purpose of
causing harm or with knowledge that harm will result.’” Id. A plaintiff may satisfy this
standard by “prov[ing] by circumstantial evidence that a risk was so obvious that it had to
have been known.” Makdessi v. Fields, 789 F.3d 126, 136 (4th Cir. 2015). “[O]nce prison
officials become aware of a problem with prison conditions, they cannot simply ignore the
problem, but should take corrective action when warranted.” Williams v. Griffin, 952 F.2d
820, 826 (4th Cir. 1991).
13 In this case, Rivera filed numerous grievances challenging the denial of his showers
and exercise sessions, alerting staff to Rivera’s issues. Prison staff responded to these
complaints, showing they knew Rivera was being denied showers and recreation against
his will. Further, Rivera told prison staff in person how shower and exercise deprivations
were adversely affecting his health. Rivera also left notes on his door that he wanted
showers and recreation. Additionally, Rivera shared with certain defendants a doctor’s note
stating that he was required to wash off his fungal medication on the days showers were
offered. Moreover, prison staff would have seen the log sheets posted on Rivera’s cell door
that he had missed extensive shower and exercise opportunities. Thus, even if certain
defendants were not advised by Rivera that he was suffering mental and physical harm as
a result of the denial of regular recreation and showers, the risks posed would have been
obvious to them. See Scinto, 841 F.3d at 226. Finally, OP 861.3 also makes clear the
significance of providing routine recreation and shower opportunities to prisoners in
segregation.
Rivera thus presented enough evidence to create a genuine issue of fact as to whether
prison staff had notice of both Rivera’s shower and exercise deprivations and their impact
on Rivera’s physical and mental health. And once they were aware of Rivera’s shower and
exercise deprivations and the accompanying risks, they could not ignore the problem and
should have taken corrective action. See Williams, 952 F.2d at 825. Thus, we are satisfied
that genuine disputes of material fact exist as to the subjective prong of Rivera’s Eighth
Amendment conditions of confinement claim and that the district court erred in granting
summary judgment to the defendants on that claim.
14 C.
Rivera next argues the district court erred in granting summary judgment to the
defendants on his Eighth Amendment denial of medical care claim. To establish a denial
of adequate medical care claim under the Eighth Amendment, an inmate must show he has
“a serious medical need,” which has been “diagnosed by a physician as mandating
treatment or one that is so obvious that even a lay person would easily recognize the
necessity for a doctor’s attention.” DePaola v. Clarke, 884 F.3d 481, 486 (4th Cir. 2018).
An inmate must next show that officials “knowingly disregarded that need and the
substantial risk it posed.” Id.
Although a rash, in some circumstances, might satisfy the objective prong, here,
Rivera’s skin rash is not sufficiently serious to support an Eighth Amendment denial of
medical care claim. Though Rivera was prescribed a prescription for the skin rash,
selenium sulfide, this does not convert the skin condition into a sufficiently serious medical
need. See id. at 485, 489 (holding the spread of a rash on an inmate’s genitals did not rise
to the level of a serious medical need for Eighth Amendment purposes). We are thus
satisfied that the district court properly awarded summary judgment to the defendants on
Rivera’s Eighth Amendment denial of medical care claim. 6
6 Because Rivera can obtain the entirety of the relief that he seeks under his Eighth Amendment conditions of confinement claim, we decline to reach Rivera’s procedural due process claim. We also decline to address, in the first instance, whether defendants are entitled to qualified immunity. See Jennings v. Univ. of N.C., 482 F.3d 686, 702 (4th Cir. 2007) (en banc) (declining to rule on qualified immunity and concluding that district court should first resolve issue). Lastly, we decline to address Rivera’s request for injunctive relief because that is better left to the district court in light of our recent decision in Porter 15 CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we vacate the district court’s summary judgment award
to the defendants on the Eighth Amendment conditions of confinement claim, affirm the
summary judgment award to the defendants on the Eighth Amendment denial of medical
care claim, and remand for further proceedings.
AFFIRMED IN PART, VACATED IN PART, AND REMANDED
v. Clarke, 923 F.3d 348 (4th Cir. 2019) and Rivera’s subsequent return to the general prison population.