By the Court, Parker, J.
The judge was clearly right in holding that the deed of 1688 to Wilhelmus Demeyer; the ancestor of the plaintiff, carried a title to the center of the stream. The law is well established, that when lands are bounded by a stream or river not navigable or above tide water, the grantee takes usque filum. aquae, unless the stream or river be expressly excluded from the grant by the terms of the deed. (Canal Com'rs v. The People, 5 Wend. 423. Luce v. Carley, 24 Id. 451.)
Nor did it need any proof, in terms, that the stream was not. navigable or above tide water. The fact sufficiently appeared from the existence of the fall and dam, and the uses to which [19]*19they 5 were applied. Besides, no such point was specifically taken on the trial, where the defect of proof, if there was any, might have been supplied. It was a question of fact, and properly submitted to the jury to decide, whether the defendant had shown that Keiffer and the defendant had for 20 years used and occupied the premises in the manner claimed by the defendant. If the jury erred in their conclusion upon this point, the remedy of the defendant was upon a case, and not upon a bill of exceptions.
Whether the judge was right in charging that the defendant had failed to show title out of the plaintiff, to the north half of the stream or fall, depends upon the legal effect to be given to the recitals in the deed from the trustees of the corporation of Kingston to William Demeyer and Abram Van Gaasbeek Chambers, in 1709, and to the evidence tending to show that William Demeyer had reconveyed the premises in question to the trustees. If such a reconveyance was made, then the defendant obtained a perfect title to the property in controversy, through the deed from the trustees to Baltus Kieffer, in 1805, independ- • ent of any adverse possession. By the deed of 1709, the trustees conveyed to Demeyer and Chambers certain other falls and water privileges and four acres of land further down said creek, and the consideration of said deed was stated in the following words; “ Whereas said trustees, for divers good causes and considerations them thereunto moving, but more and especially for and in consideration of a certain fall, situate and being in y= Esopus kill or river, betwixt ye lands of William Demeyer and y‘ wh did belong unto Hendrick Alberse, together with jd run or course of water for ye driving of mill or mills wh was upon y° 25th day of February, 1694-5, conveyed unto y= sd Wm. Demeyer by y= trustees of sd corporation, wh sd fall, run or course of water y= sd Wm. Demeyer doth by these presents for himself, his heirs, executors and administrators forever release and acquit, and to be and forever to remain in common, have bargained,” «fee. This deed was satisfactorily proved. It was read in evidence from the book of records kept by the trustees, where it was recorded by William Demeyer, the grantee, who was [20]*20clerk of the board. The original was proved to have been in the possession of the plaintiff, who claimed, under it, the property, conveyed by it; and in consequence of such claim the heirs of Chambers sold only half of the property as belonging to them. ' I think this deed was properly received in evidence; but however that may be, the decision admitting it cannot be questioned here, on the defendant’s bill of exceptions, and we must consider the deed as established.
Two important facts are stated in the recital of this deed. The first is, that on the 25th of February, 1694-5, the trustees conveyed to William Demeyer the falls in controversy. By the deed of 1688, Demeyer took only to the center; that is, he acquired by it the northerly half of the stream. If a further conveyance of the falls was made to him in 1694-5, he must have taken, under it, the southerly half, and thus have become the owner of the entire falls. The second fact appearing by the recital is, that the principal consideration for the deed of 1709 was the reconveyance to the trustees, by Demeyer, of the falls in question.
These recitals are evidence of the facts thus stated, as between the parties to the deed and those deriving title under them. In Torrey v. The Bank of Orleans, (9 Paige, 659,) Chancellor Walworth said, “A recital of a,fact in a deed is, as against the grantee in such deed, and all persons claiming under him, through that deed, evidence of the facts recited therein, so as to save the necessity of further proof thereof by the grant- or or those who claim under him. The acceptance of the deed operates as an estoppel upon the grantee and those who claim under him, as against the grantor and his assigns or representatives.” This rule is well settled. (See Carver v. Jackson, 4 Peters, 83, 88, and Sinclair v. Jackson, 8 Cowen, 586.) The latter case recognizes the principle that a man who admits the existence of a fact or deed, either by reciting it in an instrument executed by him, or by acting under such instrument, shall not be received to deny its existence. This principle is applicable to the recitals in the deed under consideration. The plaintiff, who claimed title under the deed, and asserted and [21]*21maintained it, is as much bound as was his ancestor, the grantee. The defendant represents the grantors from whom he derived his title! an<l he has a right to insist upon the proof thus established by the recital. It is not necessary in this case to say that the plaintiff was estopped from contradicting the facts stated in the recital. No offer was made to do so. It is enough to say that such facts were evidence against the plaintiff, and being uncontradicted, are to be taken as true. It must therefore be considered as established in this case, that the trustees conveyed the falls in question to William Demeyer in 1694-5, and that a reconveyance thereof to the trustees formed the principal consideration of the deed of other property, executed by the trustees, to Demeyer and Chambers, in 1709.
These facts being established, it is shown that the property in question was purchased from William Demeyer, and paid for by the trustees, in 1709. It also appears that no claim was ever afterwards made to the property by William Demeyer, or his descendants, until this action was brought—a lapse of about 140 years; that in 1805 the party who had thus re-purchased the property, conveyed it by deed to Baltus Kieffer, whose father had been in possession of the southern half of the stream, under a deed, for 20 acres .bounded by the creek on the south side, since 1756; and that the defendant succeeded to the rights and possession of Baltus Kieffer, in 1836.
It was not controverted but that the defendant, and those under whom he claimed, had been in possession of the southern half of the stream since 1756, and had used it for milling purposes since 1784. It was not contended that the plaintiff, or those under whom he claimed, ever had any actual occupation of the northern half of the stream, at the falls, or had ever made any use of it, but the plaintiff rested his right to recover upon his paper title alone. It was denied that the defendant’s dam had been extended across the stream till within 20 years, and so the jury found; though it appeared that the defendant, and those under whom he claimed, had, long before, occasionally done some act north of the center of the stream, for the purpose of securing the benefit of the water, at their will.
[22]
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By the Court, Parker, J.
The judge was clearly right in holding that the deed of 1688 to Wilhelmus Demeyer; the ancestor of the plaintiff, carried a title to the center of the stream. The law is well established, that when lands are bounded by a stream or river not navigable or above tide water, the grantee takes usque filum. aquae, unless the stream or river be expressly excluded from the grant by the terms of the deed. (Canal Com'rs v. The People, 5 Wend. 423. Luce v. Carley, 24 Id. 451.)
Nor did it need any proof, in terms, that the stream was not. navigable or above tide water. The fact sufficiently appeared from the existence of the fall and dam, and the uses to which [19]*19they 5 were applied. Besides, no such point was specifically taken on the trial, where the defect of proof, if there was any, might have been supplied. It was a question of fact, and properly submitted to the jury to decide, whether the defendant had shown that Keiffer and the defendant had for 20 years used and occupied the premises in the manner claimed by the defendant. If the jury erred in their conclusion upon this point, the remedy of the defendant was upon a case, and not upon a bill of exceptions.
Whether the judge was right in charging that the defendant had failed to show title out of the plaintiff, to the north half of the stream or fall, depends upon the legal effect to be given to the recitals in the deed from the trustees of the corporation of Kingston to William Demeyer and Abram Van Gaasbeek Chambers, in 1709, and to the evidence tending to show that William Demeyer had reconveyed the premises in question to the trustees. If such a reconveyance was made, then the defendant obtained a perfect title to the property in controversy, through the deed from the trustees to Baltus Kieffer, in 1805, independ- • ent of any adverse possession. By the deed of 1709, the trustees conveyed to Demeyer and Chambers certain other falls and water privileges and four acres of land further down said creek, and the consideration of said deed was stated in the following words; “ Whereas said trustees, for divers good causes and considerations them thereunto moving, but more and especially for and in consideration of a certain fall, situate and being in y= Esopus kill or river, betwixt ye lands of William Demeyer and y‘ wh did belong unto Hendrick Alberse, together with jd run or course of water for ye driving of mill or mills wh was upon y° 25th day of February, 1694-5, conveyed unto y= sd Wm. Demeyer by y= trustees of sd corporation, wh sd fall, run or course of water y= sd Wm. Demeyer doth by these presents for himself, his heirs, executors and administrators forever release and acquit, and to be and forever to remain in common, have bargained,” «fee. This deed was satisfactorily proved. It was read in evidence from the book of records kept by the trustees, where it was recorded by William Demeyer, the grantee, who was [20]*20clerk of the board. The original was proved to have been in the possession of the plaintiff, who claimed, under it, the property, conveyed by it; and in consequence of such claim the heirs of Chambers sold only half of the property as belonging to them. ' I think this deed was properly received in evidence; but however that may be, the decision admitting it cannot be questioned here, on the defendant’s bill of exceptions, and we must consider the deed as established.
Two important facts are stated in the recital of this deed. The first is, that on the 25th of February, 1694-5, the trustees conveyed to William Demeyer the falls in controversy. By the deed of 1688, Demeyer took only to the center; that is, he acquired by it the northerly half of the stream. If a further conveyance of the falls was made to him in 1694-5, he must have taken, under it, the southerly half, and thus have become the owner of the entire falls. The second fact appearing by the recital is, that the principal consideration for the deed of 1709 was the reconveyance to the trustees, by Demeyer, of the falls in question.
These recitals are evidence of the facts thus stated, as between the parties to the deed and those deriving title under them. In Torrey v. The Bank of Orleans, (9 Paige, 659,) Chancellor Walworth said, “A recital of a,fact in a deed is, as against the grantee in such deed, and all persons claiming under him, through that deed, evidence of the facts recited therein, so as to save the necessity of further proof thereof by the grant- or or those who claim under him. The acceptance of the deed operates as an estoppel upon the grantee and those who claim under him, as against the grantor and his assigns or representatives.” This rule is well settled. (See Carver v. Jackson, 4 Peters, 83, 88, and Sinclair v. Jackson, 8 Cowen, 586.) The latter case recognizes the principle that a man who admits the existence of a fact or deed, either by reciting it in an instrument executed by him, or by acting under such instrument, shall not be received to deny its existence. This principle is applicable to the recitals in the deed under consideration. The plaintiff, who claimed title under the deed, and asserted and [21]*21maintained it, is as much bound as was his ancestor, the grantee. The defendant represents the grantors from whom he derived his title! an<l he has a right to insist upon the proof thus established by the recital. It is not necessary in this case to say that the plaintiff was estopped from contradicting the facts stated in the recital. No offer was made to do so. It is enough to say that such facts were evidence against the plaintiff, and being uncontradicted, are to be taken as true. It must therefore be considered as established in this case, that the trustees conveyed the falls in question to William Demeyer in 1694-5, and that a reconveyance thereof to the trustees formed the principal consideration of the deed of other property, executed by the trustees, to Demeyer and Chambers, in 1709.
These facts being established, it is shown that the property in question was purchased from William Demeyer, and paid for by the trustees, in 1709. It also appears that no claim was ever afterwards made to the property by William Demeyer, or his descendants, until this action was brought—a lapse of about 140 years; that in 1805 the party who had thus re-purchased the property, conveyed it by deed to Baltus Kieffer, whose father had been in possession of the southern half of the stream, under a deed, for 20 acres .bounded by the creek on the south side, since 1756; and that the defendant succeeded to the rights and possession of Baltus Kieffer, in 1836.
It was not controverted but that the defendant, and those under whom he claimed, had been in possession of the southern half of the stream since 1756, and had used it for milling purposes since 1784. It was not contended that the plaintiff, or those under whom he claimed, ever had any actual occupation of the northern half of the stream, at the falls, or had ever made any use of it, but the plaintiff rested his right to recover upon his paper title alone. It was denied that the defendant’s dam had been extended across the stream till within 20 years, and so the jury found; though it appeared that the defendant, and those under whom he claimed, had, long before, occasionally done some act north of the center of the stream, for the purpose of securing the benefit of the water, at their will.
[22]*22Under these circumstances, the question arises, whether the law will presume a conveyance by deed from William Demeyer to the trustees, in accordance with the agreement recited in the deed of 1709. In addition to the recitals already referred to, the following clause appears in the deed of 1709 : “wh sd fall, runn or course of water y« said William Demeyer doth by these presents for himself, his heirs, executors and administrators forever release and acquit,” &c. Here then, in addition to the agreement to re-purchase, the payment of the purchase money and the surrender of possession which seems to have been made, by its never having been claimed, is an actual attempt to re-convey, in language clear and explicit. All that is wanting to make the reconveyance complete, beyond cavil, is the signature of William Demeyer, either to the deed or to a counterpart.
A grant of land will never be presumed, unless the lapse of time is so great as to create the belief that it was actually made; or unless the facts and circumstances in the case show that the party to whom it is presumed to have been made was legally or equitably entitled to it. (Jackson v. Moore, 6 Cowen, 725. 1 Cowper, 102. Bull. N. P. 74. 3 T. Rep. 157.) It is enough if this case comes within either of these alternatives. I think it comes within both. The lapse of time, and the absence of claim or 'occupancy, is sufficient to warrant the belief that a counterpart or separate grant was actually executed; and certain it is that the trustees were legally and equitably entitled to such conveyance.
When there is a contract to sell land, and the vendee has entered into possession, and paid the purchase money—this being a case in which a court of equity would at once decree a specific execution—a court of law will, after a great lapse of time, presume a conveyance, and that the legal title is in the vendee. (5 Cranch, 262. 2 John. 221, 226. 7 Id. 5. 3 Wend. 149,152. 2 J.J. Marsh. 436. 4 Wash. C. C. R. 356, 367. 1 Leigh, 183. 1 Cowen & Hill's Notes, 369, 370.) It is only necessary that the contract should be fulfilled by payment on the part of the vendee, and a rightful possession, so that the mere form of conveyance only is wanting. (Harp. Eq. Rep. [23]*23184, 192. 2 Halst. 41, 56. 3 Harris & John. 462.) In Downing v. Ford, (9 Dana, 391,) it was held, in Kentucky, that after 20 years’ possession under a title bond, a deed in compliance with the bond might be presumed by the jury. And in Jackson v. Murray, (Anth. 105,) there had been a very long adverse possession of only a part of the lands covered by the agreement, but the court allowed the jury to presume a grant of the whole, the partial possession having continued in the vendor and his family from time immemorial. The existence of a very old deed, alone necessary to complete a perfect title in one in possession of land, will be presumed. (Arthur v. Arthur, 2 Nev. & Man. 96.)
The principle upon which these decisions are founded is of great importance to the public and to individuals, in quieting titles to land. Presumption in favor of a probability, and to protect the equitable right of an occupant, is made to supply the place of positive proof, when an ancient title deed has happened to be lost, or where a fact is to be established which occurred at so remote a period that no cotemporary is living to testify to its existence. I think this principle is applicable to the case before us, and that it fully warrants the presumption of the executing of a counterpart, or of a grant, from William Demeyer to the trustees of the corporation of Kingston, in pursuance of the agreement and conveyance of 1709. Whether the defendant and those under whom he claims had or had not kept a dam extended across the whole width of the creek, over twenty years, it is certain they had owned and occupied on the easterly side of the creek, and to the center of it, for ninety-four years, and they had used the water at the falls as a mill privilege for sixty-six years, without being disturbed or questioned; and while so using it they had held a deed covering the whole property in controversy, for forty-five years, under which they claimed to own it. At the time that deed was executed, the counterpart of the deed of 1709, or the deed then executed by William Demeyer, was probably in existence and in the possession of the trustees, and it may well be supposed that upon that evidence of their title before them they executed the deed of [24]*241805. It is needless to look for evidence at the records in the clerk’s office; for Ulster was not a recording county till over a century after the transaction. No one is alive, to speak of what occurred at so remote a time; and but for the circumstance of the recitals in the deed, no proof might have existed. Those recitals, however, are clear and explicit. And it seems to me a stronger or more appropriate case for the raising of a presumption of a grant could hardly be conceived, even for the purpose of illustration.
[Albany General Term,
May 2, 1853.
If I am right in this conclusion, the judge erred in holding that the defendant had failed to show title out of the plaintiff to the north side or half of the stream; and the exception to such part of the charge was well taken. For this reason the judgment at the circuit must be reversed, and a new trial ordered.
Watson, Parker and Wright, Justices.]