Judgment rendered November 17, 2021. Application for rehearing may be filed within the delay allowed by Art. 2166, La. C.C.P.
No. 53,987-CW
COURT OF APPEAL SECOND CIRCUIT STATE OF LOUISIANA
*****
DEMECIA KING Respondent
versus
THE TOWN OF CLARKS AND Applicants MAYOR CHAD COATES AND BOARD OF ALDERMAN, CHRISSY JOLLY, SHAWN GUINN, JASON MORRIS, MARGIE FISHER, PATSY FISHER IN THEIR OFFICIAL CAPACITY AND XYZ INSURANCE COMPANY
On Application for Writs from the Thirty-Seventh Judicial District Court for the Parish of Caldwell, Louisiana Trial Court No. 28,642
Honorable Ashley Paul Thomas, Judge
HUDSON, POTTS, & BERNSTEIN, LLP Counsel for Applicants By: Jay P. Adams Sara G. White LAW OFFICE OF CAROL D. Counsel for Respondent POWELL LEXING & ASSOCIATES, PLC By: Carol D. Powell-Lexing
Before MOORE, PITMAN, STONE, THOMPSON, and ROBINSON, JJ.
STONE, J., dissents with written reasons. THOMPSON, J.
Plaintiff, Demecia King, owned a home in the Town of Clarks, and
beginning in 2012, the house flooded with sewer water when there was a
significant rainfall. After several flooding events over the years, she filed
suit in August, 2016, against the town, its mayor, and the town’s aldermen,
alleging that her home had been inundated with sewer water due their
negligence in the design and/or maintenance of the drainage system. The
defendants filed a motion for summary judgment and argued that her claims
prescribed one year after she knew or should have known about the flooding
in her home. Because plaintiff’s petition only alleged acts that occurred one
year prior to filing suit, the trial court found that there was a question of fact
as to prescription, and denied defendants’ motion for summary judgment.
As a result, defendants filed a writ application. For the reasons set forth
below, we find that the plaintiff’s claims are prescribed and reverse the trial
court’s ruling.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
The plaintiff, Demecia King (“King”), owned a home in the Town of
Clarks that had a manhole located six feet from her front door. King alleges
that the town owns, operates, and maintains a sewage disposal system that
serves the town via the manhole in front of her home. King claims that
every time there was a significant rainfall, sewage water would overflow
from the toilets and bathtubs in her home onto her floors. She contends that
the overflows caused damage to the floors, walls, baseboards, and
furnishings and resulted in mold, mildew, and an overwhelming stench in
her home. King argues that she suffered from health problems associated
with the mold, including allergies, headaches, loss of sleep, emotional distress, mental anguish, irritation, anxiety, and discomfort. After several
flooding events from 2012 forward, King eventually filed suit on August 19,
2016, against the defendants, Town of Clarks, Mayor Chad Coates, and
Board of Aldermen members, Chrissy Jolly, Shawn Gunn, Jason Morris,
Margie Fisher, and Patsy Fisher. King asserted in her petition that when
there was a significant rainfall, sewage from the manhole would flood her
home. In her petition for damages, King asserted that due to the town’s
failure to correct its improperly functioning sewer system, her home has
flooded six times over a five-year period, specifically “twice the year of
2015 during the months of April 2015 and November 2015 and with the
most recent problem occurring on March 10, 2016.” Discovery ensued.
King testified at her deposition that she began experiencing the
flooding in her home in 2012 and that she spoke with the mayor about the
problem. She testified that in 2013, 2014, and 2015, she experienced
flooding in her home two to three times a year and spoke with the mayor
about the problem each year. She contends that when she complained about
the problem to the mayor, she was told that the town was working on getting
a grant to fix the lift station on Ouachita Avenue, which was located near her
house.
King provided copies of text message exchanges with Mayor Chad
Coates (“Coates”) in 2016 about the flooding, as part of her deposition. The
record includes text messages from April 12, 2016, from Coates stating:
“I’m meeting with our engineer this evening. I’m going to get him to shoot a
line and see where the problem is,” and “[a]lso I’m going to use all of the
grant this year to redo the lift station near your house. That will help keep
the water from backing up. I will do everything I can to make sure this 2 doesn’t happen again!!!” Another text message from Coates states, “[w]e
need a relief pond or something along that line so that water will have
somewhere to go when we get heavy rains. I’m gonna do some research and
figure out where and how we can make one. That would I hope fix the
problem.” King also provided copies of various work orders from the town
from 2016, where Thomas Benson (“Benson”), the town’s water sewer
supervisor, tried various methods to repair or improve the flooding reported
at King’s address.
In response to King’s petition, the defendants filed a motion for
summary judgment on the basis that King had filed her petition almost four
years after she first became aware of the flooding and that her claim was
now prescribed. In support of their motion, the defendants attached King’s
deposition, in which she estimated that between 2012 and 2018, the flooding
in her home happened 10 or 12 times. She testified that the flooding was the
same each time there was a significant rainfall. King opposed the motion for
summary judgment, arguing that the flooding she experienced was a
continuous tort or, in the alternative, that her communications with the
mayors of the town were sufficient to act as an acknowledgment, which
would suspend the running of prescription.
The trial court found that the flooding began in 2012 and that King
was aware of it in 2012. It held that the one-year prescriptive period applies
to this matter and that any acts that occurred prior to one year before the
filing of the lawsuit had prescribed. The court further found that the
flooding was not a continuous tort. However, the trial court ultimately
denied the summary judgment based on the fact that the petition, on its face,
alleged acts that occurred within one year of the filing of suit and, thus, there 3 was a genuine issue of fact as to prescription. This writ application by the
defendants followed.
DISCUSSION
The defendants raise only one assignment of error, namely that King’s
claims have prescribed. Specifically:
Assignment of Error: The trial court erred in denying defendants’ motion for summary judgment since the petition for damages was filed well over a year after plaintiff had constructive knowledge sufficient to begin the running of prescription.
Defendants argue that King’s claims are subject to a one-year
prescriptive period that began to run in 2012, when she was first put on
notice of the flooding in her home, and thus, all of her claims are prescribed.
King contends that the flooding in her home is a continuous tort that began
in 2012 or, in the alternative, that Coates’ text messages are an
acknowledgment sufficient to interrupt prescription.
Although typically asserted through the procedural vehicle of the
peremptory exception, the defense of prescription may also be raised by
motion for summary judgment. Hogg v. Chevron USA, Inc., 09-2632 (La.
7/6/10), 45 So. 3d 991, 997; Newsome v. City of Bastrop through Jones,
51,752 (La. App. 2 Cir. 11/15/17), 245 So. 3d 248. Appellate courts review
motions for summary judgment de novo, using the same criteria that govern
the trial court’s consideration of whether summary judgment is appropriate.
Peironnet v. Matador Res. Co., 12-2292 (La. 6/28/13), 144 So. 3d 791; Bank
of Am., N.A. v. Green, 52,044 (La. App. 2 Cir. 5/23/18), 249 So. 3d 219;
Newsome, supra. We view the record and all reasonable inferences to be
drawn from it in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Hines v.
Garrett, 04-0806 (La. 6/25/04), 876 So. 2d 764, rehearing denied, 04-0806
4 (La. 9/24/04), 882 So. 2d 1134; Coleman v. Lowrey Carnival Co., 53,467
(La. App. 2 Cir. 4/22/20), 295 So. 3d 427, writ denied, 20-00594 (La.
9/23/20), 301 So. 3d 1179.
A motion for summary judgment is a procedural device used when
there is no genuine issue of material fact for all or part of the relief prayed
for by a litigant. Samaha v. Rau, 07-1726 (La. 2/26/08), 977 So. 2d 880;
Driver Pipeline Co. v. Cadeville Gas Storage, LLC, 49,375 (La. App. 2 Cir.
10/1/14), 150 So. 3d 492, writ denied, 14-2304 (La. 1/23/15), 159 So. 3d
1058. A motion for summary judgment shall be granted if the motion,
memorandum, and supporting documents show there is no genuine issue as
to material fact and the mover is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. La.
C.C.P. art. 966(A)(3). A genuine issue is one about which reasonable
persons could disagree. Hines, supra; Franklin v. Dick, 51,479 (La. App. 2
Cir. 6/21/17), 224 So. 3d 1130. In determining whether an issue is genuine,
a court should not consider the merits, make credibility determinations,
evaluate testimony, or weigh evidence. Chanler v. Jamestown Ins. Co.,
51,320 (La. App. 2 Cir. 5/17/17), 223 So. 3d 614, writ denied, 17-01251 (La.
10/27/17), 228 So. 3d 1230. A material fact is one that potentially ensures
or precludes recovery, affects the ultimate success of the litigant, or
determines the outcome of the dispute. Hines, supra; Franklin, supra.
The burden of proof rests with the mover. Nevertheless, if the mover
will not bear the burden of proof at trial on the issue that is before the court
on the motion for summary judgment, the mover’s burden on the motion
does not require him to negate all essential elements of the adverse party’s
claim, action, or defense, but rather to point out to the court the absence of
factual support for one or more elements essential to the adverse party’s 5 claim, action, or defense. The burden is on the adverse party to produce
factual support sufficient to establish the existence of a genuine issue of
material fact or that the mover is not entitled to judgment as a matter of law.
La. C.C.P. art. 966(D)(1). When the motion for summary judgment is made
and supported as provided in La. C.C.P. art. 966, the adverse party may not
rest on the mere allegations or denials of his pleading, but his response, by
affidavits or other proper summary judgment evidence, must set forth
specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial. Coleman, supra.
Delictual actions are subject to a liberative prescription of one year.
La. C.C. art. 3492. When damage is caused to immovable property, the one-
year prescription commences to run from the day the owner of the
immovable acquired, or should have acquired, knowledge of the damage.
La. C.C. art. 3493. Constructive knowledge is whatever notice is enough to
excite attention and put the injured party on guard or call for inquiry.
Campo v. Correa, 01-2707 (La. 06/21/02), 828 So. 2d 502, 510-511. Such
notice is tantamount to knowledge or notice of everything to which a
reasonable inquiry might lead, and such information or knowledge as ought
to reasonably put the injured party on inquiry is sufficient to start the
running of prescription. Id. at 511. In assessing whether an injured party
possessed constructive knowledge sufficient to commence the running of
prescription, the ultimate consideration is the reasonableness of the injured
party’s action or inaction in light of the surrounding circumstances. Id.
Two previous cases from this court are instructive to the present issue.
In Pracht v. City of Shreveport, 36,504 (La. App. 2 Cir. 10/30/02), 830 So.
2d 546, writ denied, 03-0007 (La. 3/14/03), 839 So. 2d 46, this court held
that separate instances of flooding caused by the negligent maintenance of a 6 drainage canal by a city do not constitute a continuous tort. The plaintiff in
that case argued that the flooding of the canal in the ten years prior to filing
suit caused erosion, which resulted in a continuous tort that suspended the
running of prescription. The court rejected this argument and found that
“[s]ince we can reasonably rely on the fact that it will always rain …
plaintiffs’ proposition would have the result of postponing the running of
prescription in perpetuity. For the flooding damage will never abate until
either it stops raining or the necessary repairs/modifications are made to the
drainage canal to prevent flooding.” Pracht, supra. The court found that the
plaintiff’s claims had prescribed.
In Newsome, supra, homeowners purchased immovable property in
1999 and, shortly thereafter, began to experience sewage backup into their
home due to an overburdened wastewater collection system that could not
contain the increased amount of water caused by rainfall. The overflow
caused sewage water to back up into the toilets, tubs, and sinks of the home,
resulting in damage to the residence. On February 4, 2015, the homeowners
filed suit against the city for the damage to their home. Deposition
testimony from one of the homeowners indicated that he had been aware of
the sewage backup for over 10 years prior to filing suit. He testified that
flooding from a manhole happened probably over 100 times and that he
frequently complained to the city about the flooding.
The Newsome court followed Pracht, supra, and held that the
homeowners’ flooding was not a continuous tort that would suspend the
running of prescription. The court found that the evidence provided by the
homeowners in their opposition to the motion for summary judgment failed
to show that the alleged damage to their home was caused by anything other 7 than the overburdened sewage system, which they were aware of some 10
years prior to filing suit. Newsome, supra. As such, the court found that the
homeowners’ claims had prescribed.
The one-year prescriptive period set forth in La. C.C. art. 3493 applies
to the present matter. The court is charged with reaching a conclusion as to
whether the complained of activities or negligence that occurred within one
year of the date of filing suit have already prescribed.
King is attempting to identify the symptom (the flooding) that
continues to result from the same problem (faulty design and maintenance).
King has argued to this court that the consistent flooding in her house that
has occurred since 2012, resulted from the same problem and, therefore, was
a continuous tort that suspended the running of prescription. We disagree.
We have previously held that multiple occurrences of flooding caused by the
same alleged negligence are not a continuous tort and do not interrupt the
running of prescription.
We recognized, as this court previously noted in Newsome, supra, that
if the record reflects that the floods experienced by the homeowner have
different causes, each flood would be its own separate cause of action with a
separate prescriptive period. For example, if the system suffered a
catastrophic failure from deferred maintenance, or there was some other
intervening cause which complicated the functioning of the drainage system
and resulted in flooding, the dates of such events would be controlling in
considering if those claims had prescribed. Here, King has sought damages
from a series of floods occurring in the year prior to filing her suit on August
19, 2016. We must examine the record to determine if there is a genuine
8 issue of fact as to the cause of the flooding complained of by King in her
petition.
Defendants urge the court to find that there was only one cause of the
floods that affected King’s home in the years from 2012 through the date of
her lawsuit. They direct the court to testimony from King, wherein she
describes the floods as being the same type of overflow situation every time
there was a heavy rainfall.
The record provides more specific details about the floods to King’s
home starting in 2016. In 2016, Benson was sent to King’s home to correct
flooding problems at least five times. Coates testified that the entire town
and surrounding area was subject to a massive flood in March, 2016,
wherein he reported that they received more than 20 inches of rainwater in
one month. Coates testified that in April, 2016, he had an engineer examine
the Ouachita Avenue lift station, located near King’s house. Coates
testified:
As far as the engineer coming out and he did inspect, and, you know, and that’s when he said that we had a sluggish- sluggish pump. We probably need to get it fixed and it could’ve been caused from the massive floods that we-we got because there was so much water on the town that it could’ve- that pump could’ve ran continuous and caused-and damaged the pump.
Due to the damage from the areawide flood in March, 2016, the town
received a grant from FEMA and used the funds to replace the motor in the
lift station on Ouachita Avenue.
The record also includes a series of work orders from 2016 based on
work performed after complaints were made by King to the town about the
flooding in her home. Coates testified that on March 18, 2016, Benson
checked the pumps on the lift station and noted that the pump was not 9 keeping up. The work order states that Benson checked for an obstruction in
the main lines and the lift station and “reprimed” the left pump. The May
10, 2016, work order includes a note from Benson, in which he stated he
would request the fire department to flush the lines. Another work order,
dated June 16, 2016, from Benson notes that he dug up the main line to find
any elevation problems and capped off three taps that were not in service.
He also replaced six feet of bad pipe at that time.
In August, 2016, Benson issued another work order stating that he
would see about putting in a backflow valve on King’s home. The work
order notes that Benson spoke with the Louisiana Rural Water Association,
which suggested a backflow preventer to stop the flooding at King’s house.
Benson also stated that he would smoke test all the lines on the south end of
town looking for infiltration. He also installed a check valve. Finally, on
September 19, 2016, Benson reported that he checked the sewer system for
tie-in with the neighbor’s home, shot grade on the lines from the neighbor’s
tie-in to check the valve, and reported that “the line is off pitch.” There is
evidence in the record that King continued to complain about flooding in the
years 2017 and 2018, until she finally moved out of the home.
The above testimony and evidence indicate that there was an areawide
flood in March, 2016, with rainfall amounts in the Town of Clarks in excess
of 20 inches. The pumps of the lift station were overrun, and the damage
was significant enough that the town petitioned and received a FEMA grant
to fix the lift station. The record indicates that during and after this areawide
flood, King’s home suffered flood damage. Even after the motor in the lift
station nearest to her home was repaired using FEMA money, the flooding
continued. In 2016, the town’s water sewer supervisor tried several different 10 methods to alleviate the flooding in her house and identified several possible
problems that would cause the flooding, including old pipe and the lack of a
backflow valve.
Considering the foregoing, there could be an argument made that
these events may have precipitated a new source for the flooding to King’s
home and, thus, begun the running of prescription on a new cause of action.
However, in both her briefs and her argument to this court, King has
unequivocally stated that the cause of the flooding in her home was the same
in 2016 as it was in 2012. No other intervening causes of the flooding were
entertained or asserted by counsel for King. Considering this, and accepting
King’s argument in brief and oral argument, we must follow Newsome,
supra, and find that King’s claims relating back to the same problem that
existed in 2012 had prescribed by the time she filed suit in 2016.
Interruption of Prescription
King argues in the alternative that her conversations with Coates acted
as an acknowledgment by the defendants that was sufficient to interrupt
prescription. However, the record reflects that communications between
Coates and King happened in 2016, well after her claims had prescribed.
Acknowledgement only serves to interrupt prescription before it has expired,
with the prescriptive period beginning to run anew from the time of
interruption. Bracken v. Payne and Keller Co., Inc., 06-0865 (La. App. 1
Cir. 9/5/07), 970 So. 2d 582. Once prescription runs, it cannot be
interrupted. Dufrene v. Morgan Equip. Rental, Inc., 98-1582 (La. App. 1
Cir. 9/24/99), 754 So. 2d 1000. The prescriptive period for King was not
renewed from her conversation with Coates, and it did not revive or start
11 prescription anew. We find King’s argument prescription was interrupted to
be without merit.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we find the plaintiff’s claims are prescribed
and the trial court’s ruling denying defendants’ motion for summary
judgment to be in error and it is hereby reversed, with the costs of this writ
application assessed to plaintiff.
REVERSED.
12 Stone, J., dissenting.
I respectfully dissent. This court should affirm the trial court’s
judgment denying the defendant’s motion for summary judgment (“MSJ”).
Overview
The majority acknowledges the existence of a genuine issue of
material fact, but grants summary judgment anyway. Furthermore,
Newsome, supra, and Pracht, supra, the jurisprudence on which the majority
relies, is wrong and should be overruled.
Newsome, supra, and Pracht, supra, hold that if a series of floods
occurs as a result of a constant tortious condition (e.g., an inadequately
maintained drainage system), there is only one cause of action, even if the
floods are years apart. Accordingly, even if each flood causes distinct
damage to the plaintiff’s home, and is precipitated by a totally separate
weather system, only the first flood gives rise to a distinct cause of action
under these cases. Newsome does, however, recognize a separate cause of
action with respect to flooding caused by a different tortious condition;
apparently, an example would be a different fault in the drainage system. Id.
The majority, in announcing the legal standard it applied, stated:
We recognized, as this court previously noted in Newsome, supra, that [only] if the record reflects that the floods experienced by the homeowner have different causes, each flood would be its own separate cause of action with a separate prescriptive period
If this were the correct standard to apply, then there would be a
genuine issue of material fact. However, as explained herein, this is not the
correct legal standard. Under the facts of this case, the floods that occurred
within the 12 months immediately preceding the filing of suit should be
1 treated as separate and distinct causes of action regardless of whether they
were caused by something different than the earlier floods.
Additionally, the majority has tacitly presumed that all the floods
were caused by the same fault in the drainage system. Stated conversely, the
majority has implicitly assigned to the plaintiff the burden of proving that
the floods that occurred within 12 months prior to suit were not caused by
the same fault in the drainage system as the earlier floods. This presumption
by the majority is contrary to well-established law and sound public policy.
Applying Newsome, supra, and Pracht, supra, there is a genuine issue of material fact
Citing Newsome, supra, the majority declares that for the floods that
occurred within the year preceding the filing of suit to constitute separate
causes of action from the earlier floods, the latter floods must have been
caused by factors different from those that caused the earlier floods. In
applying that standard, the majority essentially acknowledges that the
evidence admitted for the purpose of summary judgment creates a genuine
issue of material fact regarding what caused the flooding in 2016, but grants
the defense’s MSJ nonetheless:
Considering the foregoing [evidence regarding what caused the floods], there could be an argument made that these events may have precipitated a new source for the flooding to King’s home and, thus, began the running of prescription on a new cause of action. … However, in both her briefs and her argument to this court, King has unequivocally stated that the cause of the flooding in her home was the same in 2016 as it was in 2012. No other intervening causes of the flooding were entertained or asserted by counsel for King. Considering this, and accepting King’s argument in brief and oral argument, we must follow Newsome, supra, and find that King’s claims relating back to the same problem that existed in 2012 had prescribed by the time she filed suit in 2016. 2 The majority attempts to rationalize this outcome on the ground that
the plaintiff’s attorney: (1) in advocating for the application of the
continuing tort doctrine, argued in brief and oral argument that this was not
a new cause of the flooding; but (2) failed to alternatively argue this
“different causes” standard that the majority has adopted from Newsome,
supra.
The evidence discussed in the majority opinion does create a genuine
issue of material1 fact regarding whether the 2016 flooding resulted from a
new and different cause. The argument of plaintiff’s counsel does not and
cannot negate the existence of that genuine issue of material fact because the
argument of plaintiff’s counsel is not evidence. It is universally accepted that
factfinders are bound to determine what has or has not been proven strictly
based on the evidence. Hence, that principle is explicitly set forth in
Louisiana’s standard jury instructions.2 This principle applies equally in the
context of a motion for summary judgment. Only evidence admitted for the
purpose of summary judgment in accordance with La. C.C.P. art. 966 and
La. C.C.P. art. 967 may be considered in determining whether a genuine
issue of material fact exists, and argument of counsel, whether in brief or
1 That is, it is material under Newsome, supra, and Pracht, supra. It is immaterial under the correct legal standard, discussed infra. 2 § 2:1. Composite general closing instructions, 18 La. Civ. L. Treatise, Civil Jury Instructions § 2:1 (3d ed.): [The jury is to make] an impartial deliberation and conclusion based upon all the evidence presented in this case, and on nothing else… The evidence which you will be considering consists of the facts which the parties have agreed are true (which the law calls “stipulated facts”), the testimony of the witnesses, and the documents…admitted into evidence, as well as any reasonable inferences…that you can draw from the evidence. [A]rguments by the lawyers…are not part of the evidence. (Emphasis added).
3 oral argument, is not evidence. Wilson v. Davis, 07-1929 (La. App. 1 Cir.
5/28/08), 991 So. 2d 1052, writ denied, 08-2011 (La. 11/10/08), 996 So. 2d
1070, and writ denied, 08-2020 (La. 11/10/08), 996 So. 2d 1071; Haney v.
Davis, 04-1716, p. 9 (La. App. 4 Cir. 1/19/06), 925 So. 2d 591, 597, writ
denied, 06–0413 (La. 4/28/06), 927 So. 2d 293.
Admittedly, Wilson, supra, and Haney, supra, address the reverse
situation from that presented in this case, i.e., they held that mere argument
by the attorney opposing the MSJ could not create a genuine issue of
material fact; here, the majority holds that the attorney opposing the MSJ
negated the existence of a genuine issue of material fact. However, this is a
distinction without a difference in the context of this case.
The majority provides no explanation of its basis for holding that
plaintiff’s attorney’s argument negated the existence of a genuine issue of
material fact. Thus, it bears pointing out that the only theoretically possible
basis for treating lawyer argument as evidence is unavailable in this case.
Argument of counsel can only be treated as evidence is it qualifies as a
judicial confession under La. C.C. art. 1853, which states:
A judicial confession is a declaration made by a party in a judicial proceeding. That confession constitutes full proof against the party who made it. A judicial confession is indivisible and it may be revoked only on the ground of error of fact.
The jurisprudence has elaborated on the Civil Code provision for judicial
confession:
To constitute a judicial confession, the statement must be an express acknowledgment of an adverse fact. Jones v. Gillen, 564 So. 2d 1274 (La. App. 5 Cir.); writ den. 568 So. 2d 1081 (La. 1990). The effect is to waive evidence as to the subject matter of the admission or to withdraw the matter from issue. Id.; Fisher v. River Oaks, Ltd. 93-677 (La. App. 3/16/94), 635 So. 2d 1209; writ den. 94-0932 4 (La. 6/3/94), 637 So. 2d 503. Jurisprudence has added the requirement that a party must have relied on the declaration to his detriment before it can be a judicial confession. Howard Trucking Co., Inc. v. Stassi, 474 So. 2d 955 (La. App. 5 Cir. 1985); affirmed 485 So. 2d 915 (La.); cert. den. 479 U.S. 948, 107 S. Ct. 432, 93 L. Ed. 2d 382 (1986); Jefferson Parish v. Fidelity & Deposit Co., 95–951, 95–952, 95–953, 95–954, 95–955, 95–956, 95–957 (La. App. 5 Cir 4/30/96), 673 So. 2d 1238, 1244; writ den. 96–1719 (La.10/4/96), 679 So. 2d 1390. (Emphasis added).
Krepps v. Hindelang, 97-980 (La. App. 5 Cir. 4/15/98), 713 So. 2d 519, 524.
La. C.C. art. 1853, comment (b), states that “a declaration made by party’s
attorney… has the same effect as one made by the party himself,” and
Louisiana courts have ruled in that accord. Anderson v. Houston, 11, 766
(La. App. 2 Cir. 9/23/09), 22 So. 3d 1029, 1032. In this case, there is nothing
to satisfy the requirement that the defense relied to its detriment on the
appellate argument of plaintiff’s attorney. Accordingly, the argument by the
plaintiff’s attorney does not and cannot constitute evidence – and cannot
negate the existence of a genuine issue of material fact.
This court’s presumption that, if a certain location experiences a series of floods, the floods must have all been caused by the same fault is contrary to well-settled law
The assignment of the burden of proof regarding whether the latest
floods were caused by something different than the previous floods could
easily be outcome determinative in cases such as this one. Yet the majority
opinion completely fails to mention which party it assigned the burden proof
on that issue. This is especially troubling in light of La. C.C.P. art.
966(D)(1), which explicitly directs the court to decide the motion for
summary judgment based on which party would bear the burden of proof on
the issue or issues raised by the MSJ if it went to trial.
5 The allocation of the burden of proof on prescription issues is a well-
known and well-settled area of Louisiana law:
Ordinarily, the exceptor bears the burden of proof at the trial of the peremptory exception. However, if prescription is evident on the face of the pleadings, the burden shifts to the plaintiff to show the action has not prescribed.
Carter v. Haygood, 2004-0646 (La. 1/19/05), 892 So. 2d 1261, 1267.
However, Newsome and Pracht are totally incompatible with the
allocation reflected in Carter, supra. Newsome tacitly presumed that each
incident of flooding was caused by the same fault, and imposed the burden
of proving otherwise on the plaintiff. Newsome involved sewage back-
flowing into the plaintiff’s house multiple times from 2002 to 2015. In 2015,
the Newsomes filed a petition “alleging that the flooding of the property
caused by sewage overflow was due to negligence and failure to properly
maintain the sewerage system.” Newsome at 251. Without any further
description of the facts alleged in the petition, this court stated:
Although the Newsomes allege that other flooding events occurred within one year of when the suit was filed, they have failed to show that the alleged damage to the home was caused by anything other than the overburdened sewerage system. Thus, the record before us shows that the damage caused by the alleged negligence was evident to the Newsomes by 2004, at the latest. (Emphasis added).
Id. at 253. Clearly, the Newsome court lacked any basis for concluding that
prescription was evident on the face of the petition. “Negligence and failure
to properly maintain the sewerage system” is broad, vague, general language
which could easily encompass multiple, distinct acts of negligence on the
part of the defendant. Such distinct acts of negligence would each constitute
a different cause of the flooding. In shifting the burden of proof to the
plaintiff, the Newsome court erred. Carter v. Haygood, supra.
6 Under Newsome, a plaintiff whose house floods multiple times in
roughly the same manner must, to avoid prescription, either: (1) file suit
within a year after the first flood; or (2) thereafter, disprove the presumption
that the floods which occurred in the year preceding the filing of suit were
caused by the same fault as the earlier floods. The Newsome court’s tacit
presumption amounts to a reversal of the allocation of the burden of proof
reflected in Carter, supra. It also saddles the plaintiff with the impossible
burden of proving a negative: the flood victim who does not sue within a
year the first flood must prove that the floods occurring within a year before
suit were not caused by the same thing as earlier floods. At the very least,
this aspect of Newsome should be overruled. That is, even if floods all
caused by the same fault in the drainage system must be regarded as a single
cause of action, the defendant should be assigned the burden of proving that
all the floods were caused by the same fault
Even if the series of floods potentially constitutes only a single cause
of action, summary judgment based on prescription should be unavailable
unless: (1) the defendant introduces prima facie evidence that the floods
were all caused by the same fault; and (2) that the plaintiff fails to introduce
contradictory evidence sufficient to allow reasonable minds to differ (i.e.,
sufficient to create a genuine issue).
This court’s treatment of a series of floods as single cause of action is wrong and should be overruled
Newsome, supra, and Pracht, supra, are in direct conflict with
Everything on Wheels Subaru, Inc. v. Subaru South, Inc. 616 So. 2d 1231
(La. 1993), which enunciates the Louisiana Supreme Court’s standard for
determining what does or does not constitute a distinct cause of action. The
7 logic embodied therein is a foundational precept of our law. The treatment of
a series of floods – with as many as seven months in between individual
floods – as a single cause of action3 is an aberration in Louisiana law.
Newsome, supra, and Pracht, supra, must be overruled as a matter of logical
coherency in our law, and as a matter of public policy.
A “cause of action” is “the operative facts which give rise to the
plaintiff’s right to judicially assert the action against the defendant.”
Everything on Wheels, supra. The Louisiana Supreme Court set forth the test
for determining whether there is one cause of action or multiple causes of
action:
There is only one cause of action (although several demands or theories of recovery may be asserted thereon) when the operative facts of one transaction or occurrence give rise to the plaintiff's right to assert the action against the defendant. However, there are separate and distinct causes of action when the operative facts of separate and distinct transactions or occurrences give rise to the plaintiff's right to assert various actions against the defendants. (Emphasis added).
Id.
In Summerville v. Missouri Pacific R. Co., 509 So.2d 639 (La. App. 3
Cir. 1987), the plaintiff’s home flooded in 1980 and on December 25, 1982.
The plaintiff brought suit on October 5, 1983, and the defendants argued that
prescription had expired because the two floods constituted a single cause of
action which began prescribing after the 1980 flood. The Third Circuit
rejected this argument, and held that the action was not prescribed because it
was brought within a year after the latter flood.
3 As previously mentioned, Newsome, supra, and Pracht, supra, hold that if a series of floods occurs as a result of a constant tortious condition (e.g., an inadequately maintained drainage system), there is only one cause of action, even if the floods are years apart. Accordingly, even if each flood causes discrete, separate, and distinct damage, only the first flood gives rise to a distinct cause of action under these cases. 8 In this case, the floods were spread out over five years, and occurred
approximately 2 to 3 times per year. The three most recent of these floods
were each separated by several months: April 2015, November 2015, and
March 2016; the plaintiff filed suit in August 2016. The interposition of
approximately seven months between the April 2015 flood (more than a year
prior to filing of suit) and the November 2015 flood (less than a year prior to
the filing of suit) floods requires them to be considered separate and distinct
occurrences. Each of them was caused by a totally separate and distinct
weather system, and each caused separate and distinct damage to the
plaintiff’s home. The same is true of the November 2015 flood and the
March 2016 flood. Accordingly, the flooding that occurred within the 12
months preceding the filing of suit constitutes two separate causes of action,
and each has its own one-year liberative prescription. Accordingly,
prescription has not accrued with respect these two most recent floods.
Moreover, as illustrated by this case, Newsome, supra, and Pracht,
supra, undermine the basic policies of tort law – compensation of victims
and deterrence of tortious conduct. More specifically, they deprive
homeowners of the right to seek compensation when their homes flood
multiple times over several years and they do not file a lawsuit within a year
of the first flood; they also remove the incentive for tortfeasors to remedy
whatever condition has caused the flooding.
The judgment of the trial court should be AFFIRMED.