IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 23-0101 Filed June 19, 2024
DEMARRIO DESHON WRIGHT, Applicant-Appellant,
vs.
STATE OF IOWA, Respondent-Appellee. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Black Hawk County, John J. Sullivan,
Judge.
An applicant appeals the denial of postconviction relief. AFFIRMED.
Gregory F. Greiner, West Des Moines, for appellant.
Brenna Bird, Attorney General, and Joshua A. Duden, Assistant Attorney
General, for appellee State.
Considered by Tabor, P.J., and Badding and Buller, JJ. 2
BULLER, Judge.
DeMarrio Deshon Wright appeals the denial of his second application for
postconviction relief. He claims the attorney from his first postconviction action
was so defective a structural error occurred. We reject this complaint and affirm.
In 2014, we affirmed Wright’s convictions for sexual abuse in the second
degree, sexual abuse in the third degree, and indecent contact with a child. State
v. Wright, No. 12–2138, 2014 WL 956064 (Iowa Ct. App. Mar. 12, 2014). We
summarized the facts of conviction in some detail, but for this appeal we only note
Wright sexually abused minor child M.W. multiple times. Id. at *1–2. We rejected
legal issues on direct appeal concerning evidence of sexual abuse Wright
perpetrated against M.W. in another state and the effectiveness of counsel in not
challenging the trial information on speedy-indictment grounds. Id. at *3–7.
In 2020, we affirmed the denial of Wright’s first application for postconviction
relief. Wright v. State, No. 17-1904, 2020 WL 109559, at *4 (Iowa Ct. App.
Jan. 9, 2020). We rejected claims trial counsel was ineffective for not doing
enough to investigate or present cell-phone location data, not calling Wright’s
sisters or ex-paramour as witnesses, and not doing enough to investigate DNA
evidence. Id. at *2–3.
While his first postconviction appeal was pending, Wright filed a second
application for postconviction relief. He later amended the application, raising
various claims. After motion practice and in a bid to bypass the procedural bars of
Iowa Code chapter 822 (2020), he clarified that his claims were limited to those
which asserted prior postconviction counsel was ineffective. The matter
proceeded to contested trial, and the court heard testimony from Wright and one 3
of his sisters. The postconviction court denied relief, and Wright appeals, raising
only one claim—that his first postconviction counsel was so incompetent there was
a “structural error” in that proceeding.
Iowa and federal law recognize three narrow scenarios in which a “structural
error” occurs: (1) when “counsel is completely denied, actually or constructively, at
a crucial stage of the proceeding”; (2) when “counsel does not place the
prosecution’s case against meaningful adversarial testing”; or (3) when
“surrounding circumstances justify a presumption of ineffectiveness,” like when
“counsel has an actual conflict of interest in jointly representing multiple
defendants.” Lado v. State, 804 N.W.2d 248, 251–52 (Iowa 2011) (collecting
cases). Wright does not identify which of the three buckets he relies on to
challenge counsel’s performance at his first postconviction trial, so we evaluate
each.
As to the first bucket, we know Wright’s first postconviction counsel did not
stand mute when faced with dismissal as in Lado, since the matter was tried and
appealed to our court. See generally Wright, 2020 WL 109559. Through our
independent review of the transcript from the first postconviction trial, which is
automatically part of the record here, we also confirm counsel was not actually or
constructively absent. See Iowa Code § 822.6A (2022). At that first postconviction
trial, Wright’s attorney called the two typical witnesses in postconviction cases: the
applicant and criminal-trial counsel. Both witnesses were examined by
postconviction counsel at length, and Wright’s claims were developed within the
bounds of reasonable competence. As we said before when rejecting a similar
claim, “Perhaps [the applicant] would have liked a more zealous advocate, but he 4
was not constructively without counsel.” Allard v. State, No. 11-1641, 2013
WL 1227352, at *3 (Iowa Ct. App. Mar. 27, 2013).
As to the second bucket of structural errors, the only example given by the
federal Supreme Court involves denial of a criminal defendant’s right to confront
witnesses under the Sixth Amendment. See United States v. Cronic, 466
U.S. 648, 659 (1984) (discussing Davis v. Alaska, 415 U.S. 308 (1974)). But this
type of error cannot be at issue, as there is no constitutional confrontation right in
a postconviction case and there is no colorable argument the applicant was
prohibited from cross-examining a material witness at the first postconviction trial.
See In re L.K.S., 451 N.W.2d 819, 822 (Iowa 1990) (“[I]t is clear that the
confrontation clause applies only in criminal cases.” ). In fact, the State did not call
any witnesses at the first postconviction trial—so there was no one to confront—
and postconviction counsel examined the only two witnesses who testified. There
was also no “prosecution” for the applicant to test; postconviction matters are civil
actions in which the State is the respondent and the applicant is the plaintiff. See
Iowa Code § 822.3. The second bucket of structural error is not in play.
This brings us to the third bucket of structural errors, which occur when
“counsel is called upon to render assistance under circumstances where
competent counsel very likely could not” possibly perform effectively. Bell v. Cone,
535 U.S. 685, 696 (2002); accord Lado, 804 N.W.2d at 252. There are two
examples for this type of error in controlling case law: actually-conflicted
representation of co-defendants and an appointment to represent a capital
defendant in an unfamiliar jurisdiction with no preparation. See Bell, 535 U.S.
at 696 (discussing Powell v. Alabama, 287 U.S. 45, 58 (1932)); Cronic, 466 U.S. 5
at 660–61 (same); Lado, 804 N.W.2d at 252. Nothing like those claims is at issue
here.
What Wright really brings are routine ineffective-assistance challenges,
where he claims alleged failures at “specific points” of the proceedings rather than
a failure “to oppose the prosecution throughout the [criminal] proceeding as a
whole.” Bell, 535 U.S. at 697. As the Supreme Court has made clear, these
specific complaints are “plainly” governed by “Strickland’s performance and
prejudice components.” Id. at 697–98. But Wright has not meaningfully briefed
the core elements of Strickland—deficient performance or the reasonable
probability of a different outcome. See Strickland v. Washington,
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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 23-0101 Filed June 19, 2024
DEMARRIO DESHON WRIGHT, Applicant-Appellant,
vs.
STATE OF IOWA, Respondent-Appellee. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Black Hawk County, John J. Sullivan,
Judge.
An applicant appeals the denial of postconviction relief. AFFIRMED.
Gregory F. Greiner, West Des Moines, for appellant.
Brenna Bird, Attorney General, and Joshua A. Duden, Assistant Attorney
General, for appellee State.
Considered by Tabor, P.J., and Badding and Buller, JJ. 2
BULLER, Judge.
DeMarrio Deshon Wright appeals the denial of his second application for
postconviction relief. He claims the attorney from his first postconviction action
was so defective a structural error occurred. We reject this complaint and affirm.
In 2014, we affirmed Wright’s convictions for sexual abuse in the second
degree, sexual abuse in the third degree, and indecent contact with a child. State
v. Wright, No. 12–2138, 2014 WL 956064 (Iowa Ct. App. Mar. 12, 2014). We
summarized the facts of conviction in some detail, but for this appeal we only note
Wright sexually abused minor child M.W. multiple times. Id. at *1–2. We rejected
legal issues on direct appeal concerning evidence of sexual abuse Wright
perpetrated against M.W. in another state and the effectiveness of counsel in not
challenging the trial information on speedy-indictment grounds. Id. at *3–7.
In 2020, we affirmed the denial of Wright’s first application for postconviction
relief. Wright v. State, No. 17-1904, 2020 WL 109559, at *4 (Iowa Ct. App.
Jan. 9, 2020). We rejected claims trial counsel was ineffective for not doing
enough to investigate or present cell-phone location data, not calling Wright’s
sisters or ex-paramour as witnesses, and not doing enough to investigate DNA
evidence. Id. at *2–3.
While his first postconviction appeal was pending, Wright filed a second
application for postconviction relief. He later amended the application, raising
various claims. After motion practice and in a bid to bypass the procedural bars of
Iowa Code chapter 822 (2020), he clarified that his claims were limited to those
which asserted prior postconviction counsel was ineffective. The matter
proceeded to contested trial, and the court heard testimony from Wright and one 3
of his sisters. The postconviction court denied relief, and Wright appeals, raising
only one claim—that his first postconviction counsel was so incompetent there was
a “structural error” in that proceeding.
Iowa and federal law recognize three narrow scenarios in which a “structural
error” occurs: (1) when “counsel is completely denied, actually or constructively, at
a crucial stage of the proceeding”; (2) when “counsel does not place the
prosecution’s case against meaningful adversarial testing”; or (3) when
“surrounding circumstances justify a presumption of ineffectiveness,” like when
“counsel has an actual conflict of interest in jointly representing multiple
defendants.” Lado v. State, 804 N.W.2d 248, 251–52 (Iowa 2011) (collecting
cases). Wright does not identify which of the three buckets he relies on to
challenge counsel’s performance at his first postconviction trial, so we evaluate
each.
As to the first bucket, we know Wright’s first postconviction counsel did not
stand mute when faced with dismissal as in Lado, since the matter was tried and
appealed to our court. See generally Wright, 2020 WL 109559. Through our
independent review of the transcript from the first postconviction trial, which is
automatically part of the record here, we also confirm counsel was not actually or
constructively absent. See Iowa Code § 822.6A (2022). At that first postconviction
trial, Wright’s attorney called the two typical witnesses in postconviction cases: the
applicant and criminal-trial counsel. Both witnesses were examined by
postconviction counsel at length, and Wright’s claims were developed within the
bounds of reasonable competence. As we said before when rejecting a similar
claim, “Perhaps [the applicant] would have liked a more zealous advocate, but he 4
was not constructively without counsel.” Allard v. State, No. 11-1641, 2013
WL 1227352, at *3 (Iowa Ct. App. Mar. 27, 2013).
As to the second bucket of structural errors, the only example given by the
federal Supreme Court involves denial of a criminal defendant’s right to confront
witnesses under the Sixth Amendment. See United States v. Cronic, 466
U.S. 648, 659 (1984) (discussing Davis v. Alaska, 415 U.S. 308 (1974)). But this
type of error cannot be at issue, as there is no constitutional confrontation right in
a postconviction case and there is no colorable argument the applicant was
prohibited from cross-examining a material witness at the first postconviction trial.
See In re L.K.S., 451 N.W.2d 819, 822 (Iowa 1990) (“[I]t is clear that the
confrontation clause applies only in criminal cases.” ). In fact, the State did not call
any witnesses at the first postconviction trial—so there was no one to confront—
and postconviction counsel examined the only two witnesses who testified. There
was also no “prosecution” for the applicant to test; postconviction matters are civil
actions in which the State is the respondent and the applicant is the plaintiff. See
Iowa Code § 822.3. The second bucket of structural error is not in play.
This brings us to the third bucket of structural errors, which occur when
“counsel is called upon to render assistance under circumstances where
competent counsel very likely could not” possibly perform effectively. Bell v. Cone,
535 U.S. 685, 696 (2002); accord Lado, 804 N.W.2d at 252. There are two
examples for this type of error in controlling case law: actually-conflicted
representation of co-defendants and an appointment to represent a capital
defendant in an unfamiliar jurisdiction with no preparation. See Bell, 535 U.S.
at 696 (discussing Powell v. Alabama, 287 U.S. 45, 58 (1932)); Cronic, 466 U.S. 5
at 660–61 (same); Lado, 804 N.W.2d at 252. Nothing like those claims is at issue
here.
What Wright really brings are routine ineffective-assistance challenges,
where he claims alleged failures at “specific points” of the proceedings rather than
a failure “to oppose the prosecution throughout the [criminal] proceeding as a
whole.” Bell, 535 U.S. at 697. As the Supreme Court has made clear, these
specific complaints are “plainly” governed by “Strickland’s performance and
prejudice components.” Id. at 697–98. But Wright has not meaningfully briefed
the core elements of Strickland—deficient performance or the reasonable
probability of a different outcome. See Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668,
687–89, 694 (1984).
We acknowledge a single throw-away sentence at the end of Wright’s brief
references “breached essential duties” and suggests “the result of the proceeding
would have been different,” but he does not use Strickland as the basis for his
claim: “Mr. Wright argues structural error.” As we cannot develop an argument for
Wright, and we decide only the arguments put forward by the parties, we find his
Strickland claim waived. See Inghram v. Dairyland Mut. Ins. Co., 215 N.W.2d 239,
240 (Iowa 1974) (“To reach the merits of this case would require us to assume a
partisan role and undertake the appellant’s research and advocacy. This role is
one we refuse to assume.”); see also United States v. Dunkel, 927 F.2d 955, 956
(7th Cir. 1991) (per curiam) (“Judges are not like pigs, hunting for truffles buried in
briefs.”). And we have rejected the only claim presented on appeal—structural
error. 6
In the interest of completeness, we note that Wright still would not be owed
relief if we were to reach the merits under Strickland. We have carefully reviewed
the transcript and evidence submitted at Wright’s second postconviction trial and
find he has not proven by a preponderance of the evidence that trial and first-
postconviction counsel acted outside the reasonable bounds of competence, nor
has he demonstrated the reasonable probability of a different outcome. See
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687, 697.
AFFIRMED.