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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK Case No. 7:19-CV-08699-NSR tion 1S den . Vorcar mo \S ANTHONY DELLA MURA, Delt Forcai s Plaintiff, us Hhevk preyvdice Se fai □□□□ +
versus Sec. 2A. i‘. Chowk of the st pled to fermmate □□□ LAWRENCE PORCARI; THE oe (ds ur). CITY OF MOUNT VERNON; me co Jove 209 RICHARD THOMAS; BENJAMIN pakd » Wovet □□ ot MARABLE; and THE MOUNT oe VERNON BOARD OF WATER SOORDERED: Defendants. Sage ON, NELSONS. ROMANS □ URTED STATES DISTRIGT JUDGE
MOTION OF DEFENDANT PORCARI TO DISMISS COMPLAINT; REQUEST FOR HEARING; REQUEST FOR FEES AND COSTS; INCORPORATED MEMORANDUM OF LAW Defendant Lawrence Porcari, pursuant to Rule 12 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, moves to dismiss the complaint (DE1), for
the reasons stated. I. INTRODUCTION. 1) The Complaint should be dismissed in its entirety as to
Lawrence Porcari, who was Mount Vernon Corporation Counsel at all
times associated with the allegations presented in the Complaint (Complaint 710). ELECTRONICALLY FILED | poc# . DATE FELEDL | ratzzal
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2) Plaintiff's claims for Disability Discrimination (Second and
Third Causes of Action) should be dismissed as to Porcari because
the plaintiff received adequate due process and Porcari was not the
City official responsible for plaintiff's employment status.
Additionally, the ADA does not allow for a cause of action against an
individual defendant. As a result, the Complaint fails to state a claim
for relief on Counts 2 and 3). Dismissal with prejudice should be
ordered. 3) Plaintiffs §1983 claim against defendant Porcari (Fourth Cause of Action) must be dismissed because Porcari is protected from
suit by the doctrine of qualified immunity and because plaintiff has
not alleged any municipal practice or custom upon which his claim
is predicated. Although it is not clear whether the §1983 claim is
asserted against Porcari in his individual or official capacity, it must
nevertheless be dismissed because the claim is redundant to the
claim against the City.
4) Plaintiffs Civil RICO claim (18 U.S.C. §1964) against defendant Porcari must be dismissed because Porcari is protected from suit by the doctrine of qualified immunity and because plaintiff
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has not alleged any municipal practice or custom upon which his
claim is predicated. Civil RICO is not allowed for damages arising from personal injuries. Although it is not clear whether the §1964 claim is asserted against Porcari in his individual or official capacity, it must nevertheless be dismissed because the claim is redundant to
the claim against the City. II. MEMORANDUM OF LAW. A. Standard of Review. 5) Pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2), a pleading must contain
a “short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is
entitled to relief.” Rule 12(b)(6) requires a court to “accept all
allegations in the complaint as true and draw all inferences in the
non-moving party's favor.” Miller v. Wolpoff & Abramson, L.L.P., 321
F.3d 292, 300 (2d Cir. 2003). A case should not be dismissed unless
the court is satisfied that the complaint cannot state any set of facts
that would entitle the plaintiff to relief. Id.; Patel v. Contemporary Classics of Beverly Hills, 259 F.3d 123, 126 (2d Cir. 2001). 6) The Supreme Court has held that although a complaint “does not need detailed factual allegations” to survive a motion to
dismiss, “a plaintiff's obligation to provide the grounds of his [or her] entitlement to relief requires more than labels and conclusions, and
a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555, 127 S. Ct. 1955 (2007) (alteration and internal quotation marks omitted). Rule 8 “demands
more than an unadorned, the-defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me accusation.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678, 129 S. Ct. 1937
(2009). “Nor does a complaint suffice if it tenders naked assertions
devoid of further factual enhancement.” Id. (alteration and internal
quotation marks omitted). Rather, a complaint's “Iflactual allegations must be enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level.”
Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555, 127 S. Ct. 1955. Although “once a claim
has been stated adequately, it may be supported by showing any set
of facts consistent with the allegations in the complaint,” id. at 563, 127 S. Ct. 1955, and a plaintiff must allege “only enough facts to
state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face,” id. at 570, 127 S.
Ct. 1955, if a plaintiff has not “nudged [her] claims across the line
from conceivable to plausible, the[ ] complaint must be dismissed,” id.; see also Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 679, 129 S. Ct. 1937 (“Determining
whether a complaint states a plausible claim for relief will ... be a
context-specific task that requires the reviewing court to draw on its
judicial experience and common sense. But where the well-pleaded facts do not permit the court to infer more than the mere possibility of misconduct, the complaint has alleged—but it has not ‘show|n]’— “hat the pleader is entitled to relief.” (second alteration in original) (citation omitted) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2))); id. at 678-79, 129
S. Ct. 1937 (“Rule 8 marks a notable and generous departure from
the hypertechnical, code-pleading regime of a prior era, but it does
not unlock the doors of discovery for a plaintiff armed with nothing
more than conclusions.”). 7) “[{W]hen ruling on a defendant’s motion to dismiss, a judge must accept as true all of the factual allegations contained in the
complaint,” Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94, 127 S. Ct. 2197
(2007), and “draw| | all reasonable inferences in favor of the plaintiff,” Daniel v. T & M Prot. Res., Inc., 992 F. Supp. 2d 302, 304 n.1 (S.D.N.Y. 2014) (citing Koch v. Christie's Int’l PLC, 699 F.3d 141, 145 (2d Cir.
2012)). Additionally, “[iJn adjudicating a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, a
district court must confine its consideration to facts stated on the
No NNN I a IN A et EE NA ORD EO
face of the complaint, in documents appended to the complaint or
incorporated in the complaint by reference, and to matters of which
judicial notice may be taken.” Leonard F. v. Isr. Disc. Bank of N.Y., 199 F.3d 99, 107 (2d Cir. 1999) (internal quotation marks omitted);
see also Wang v. Palmisano, 157 F. Supp. 3d 306, 317 (S.D.N.Y. 2016) (same). B. Defendant Porcari Is Entitled to Qualified Immunity from Suit. 1. Civil Rights Claim Pursuant to 42 U.S.C. §1983 (Count 4). 8) To succeed on a claim for violation of civil rights under 42
U.S.C. § 1983, the plaintiff must show that municipal officials, acting under color of state law, deprived plaintiff of a right guaranteed him
by the Constitution or laws of the United States. Rodriguez v. Phillips, 66 F.3d 470, 473 (2d Cir. 1995). 9) The defendant’s actions at that time must have been
objectively unreasonable considering clearly established federal law; otherwise, the municipal government actors are entitled to qualified immunity for discretionary governmental conduct. Harlow v.
Fitzgerald, 475 U.S. 800, 818, 102 S. Ct. 2727, 2738 (1982); Robison
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v. Via, 821 F.2d 913, 920 (2d Cir. 1987); Romer v. Morganthau, 119
F. Supp. 2d 346, 355 (S.D.N.Y. 2000). 10) “The doctrine of qualified immunity protects government officials from liability for civil damages insofar as their conduct does
not violate clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of
which a reasonable person would have known.” Stanton v. Sims, 571
U.S. 3, 5-6, 134 S. Ct. 3, 4-5 (2013) (quoting Pearson v. Callahan,
555 U.S. 223, 231, 129 S. Ct. 808, 815 (2009)). Qualified immunity is “an immunity from suit rather than a mere defense to liability; and
like an absolute immunity, it is effectively lost if a case is erroneously permitted to go to trial.” Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 372, 376, 1275S. Ct.
1769, 1773-74 (2007). The immunity recognizes the “strong public interest in protecting public officials from the costs associated with
the defense of damages actions.” Crawford-El v. Britton, 523 U.S. 574,
590, 118 S. Ct. 1584, 1592-93 (1998). These costs, as the Supreme Court explained in Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. at 814, 102 S. Ct.
at 2736, can be insurmountable and life and career impacting: [T]he expenses of litigation, the diversion of official energy from pressing public issues, and the deterrence of able citizens from acceptance of public office. Finally, there is the danger that fear of being sued will “dampen the ardor of all but the most
resolute, or the most irresponsible [public officials], in the unflinching discharge of their duties.” Gregoire v. Biddle, 177 F.2d 579, 581 (2d Cir. 1949), cert. denied, 339 U.S. 949, 70S. Ct. 803 (1950). 11) The qualified immunity doctrine affords protection to a
government official only from suit in his individual capacity, that is, only insofar as the legal action attempts to fasten personal liability
on the official for his or her conduct taken under color of state law.
See generally Kentucky v. Graham, 473 U.S. 159, 165-68, 105 S. Ct.
3099, 3104-06 (1985) (comparing personal-capacity and official-
capacity suits). In contrast, a suit brought against a public officer in
his official capacity is treated as a suit against the government, damages are available only from the public fisc and the protection of
qualified immunity is not applicable. P.C. v. McLaughlin, 913 F.2d
1033, 1039 (2d Cir. 1990). 12) Violation of a clearly established right is grounded on
whether, based on recognized law and precedent, the right was
defined with “reasonable specificity” and whether statutory or case
law supports the existence and constructive notice of the right plaintiff claims was violated, such that a reasonable official would
have known his actions were unlawful. See Shechter v. Comptroller of
City of New York, 79 F.3d 265, 270-72 (2d Cir. 1996) (the question is
not whether defendants should have known of an abstract federal
right but whether they should have known their acts specifically violated plaintiffs right, since too broad a definition of specificity would turn “qualified immunity ... [into] virtually unqualified liability simply by [plaintiff] alleging violation of extremely abstract rights”) quoting Anderson v. Creighton, 483 U.S. 635, 639, 107 S. Ct. 3034
(1987). 13) Even in situations in which an action is found to have
been a violation of a clearly established right, qualified immunity still
applies if it was “objectively reasonable” for defendant to believe that
his acts did not violate those rights in that “officers of reasonable
competence could disagree” on their legality. See Robison v. Via, 821
F.2d at 921 (citing Malley v. Briggs, 475 U.S. 335, 341, 106 S. Ct.
1092, 1096 (1986)). The test renders irrelevant any allegations of the
official’s wrongful intent or malice. See Harlow, 457 U.S. at 818, 102
S. Ct. 2727. Qualified immunity protects all “but the plainly incompetent or those who knowingly violate the law.” Malley, 475
U.S. at 341, 106 S. Ct. 1092 (emphasis added). Qualified immunity
9 □
is the rule rather than the exception and is granted barring material
issues of fact; if denied on a principle of law, the decision is
immediately appealable. See 28 U.S.C. §1293; Cartier v. Lussier, 955
F.2d 841 (2d Cir. 1992). 14) The Complaint does not state any case for a violation by Porcari of well-established law that would give rise to an actionable
civil rights claim. The claim that Porcari and the other municipal defendants “retaliated” for the plaintiff's “lawful exercise of free
speech” is not only implausible but it is not of the type that
constitutes a known First Amendment retaliation claim.
15) To state a First Amendment retaliation cause of action
under §1983, a plaintiff must allege “(1) that the speech or conduct
at issue was protected, (2) that the defendant took adverse action
against the plaintiff, and (3) that there was a causal connection
between the protected speech and the adverse action.” Espinal v.
Goord, 558 F.3d 119, 128-29 (2d Cir. 2009); Gill v. Pidlypchak, 389
F.3d 379, 380 (2d Cir. 2004) (quoting Dawes v. Walker, 239 F.3d 489, 492 (2d Cir. 2001), overruled on other grounds, Swierkiewicz v.
Sorema N.A., 534 U.S. 506, 122 S. Ct. 992 (2002)).
16) Here, the Complaint does not plausibly allege any protected activity that was the subject of retaliation that was causally connected. 17) Porcari’s position as Corporation Counsel allowed him to
provide legitimate legal advice to Mount Vernon officials, but there is
no assertion in the Complaint that Porcari was a final decision-maker
whose advice to others resulted in any adverse, retaliatory action.
Therefore, the Complaint’s laundry list of employment grievances arising from an admitted medical disability does not plausibly state
a First Amendment retaliation claim against Porcari.
18) Additionally, the Complaint does not even allege Porcari knew his precise conduct in the exercise of powers authorized by municipal law constituted an actionable violation of plaintiffs First
Amendment rights. The Complaint identifies no facts coupled with
fact-specific case law to allow a conclusion of affirmative knowledge
on Porcari’s part. 19) Because the Complaint does not show Porcari caused the
offending municipal actions, and Porcari acted in furtherance of his
discretionary duties and responsibilities, Porcari is entitled to
qualified immunity from suit for the §1983 claim (Count 4). 2. Civil Rico Claim (18 U.S.C. §1964) (Count 1). 20) For all the same reasons asserted as to the Civil Rights Claim, Porcari is entitled to dismissal of Count 1 for reasons of
qualified immunity. The Complaint fails to demonstrate Porcari
caused the offending municipal actions. The Complaint pleads no
material facts identifying Porcari’s knowing violation of a clearly established right. Because Porcari acted in furtherance of his
discretionary duties and responsibilities as Corporation Counsel, Count 1 should be dismissed with prejudice. 3. Disability Claims (Counts 2 and 3). 21) For all the same reasons, Porcari is entitled to dismissal of
Count 2 and 3 for reasons of qualified immunity. The Complaint fails
to demonstrate Porcari caused the offending municipal actions. The
Complaint pleads no material facts identifying Porcari’s knowing violation of a clearly established right. Because Porcari acted in
furtherance of his discretionary duties and responsibilities as
Corporation Counsel, Counts 2 and 3 should be dismissed with
prejudice.
C. Eleventh Amendment Immunity Protects Porcari from Suit in his Official Capacity.
22) To the extent the Complaint attempts to assert civil
liability against Porcari in his official capacity, he is entitled to
Eleventh Amendment immunity for suits seeking money damages when the municipality is the real, substantial party at interest. See
Ford Motor Co. v. Department of Treasury, 323 U.S. 459, 464, 65 S.
Ct. 347 (1945); Ying Jing Gan v. City of New York, 996 F.2d 522, 529
(2d Cir. 1993) (“[When] a state official is sued for damages in his
official capacity, such a suit is deemed to be a suit against a state ...
[allowing] Eleventh Amendment immunity’). 23) Accordingly, Porcari invokes his Eleventh Amendment
immunity from suit as to all counts that arise from a claim brought against the City of Mount Vernon. Counts 1-4 should be dismissed
with prejudice. D. The Civil RICO Claim (Count 1) Must Be Dismissed. 1. The Civil RICO Statute Is Not a Personal Injury Statute Providing Recovery for Loss- of-Employment-Based Damages Claims. 24) To establish a civil RICO claim, a plaintiff must show “(1)
a violation of the RICO statute, 18 U.S.C. § 1962; (2) an injury to
business or property; and (3) that the injury was caused by the violation of Section 1962.” DeFalco v. Bernas, 244 F.3d 286, 305 (2d Cir. 2001). The instant Complaint should be dismissed for failure to
allege element 2, a cognizable injury to business or property. 25) “Congress enacted RICO to combat organized crime, not to
provide a federal cause of action and treble damages for personal injuries.” Major League Baseball Props., Inc. v. Price, 105 F. Supp. 2d
46, 49 (E.D.N.Y. 2000). Accordingly, as this Court has explained, “a
Plaintiff must also allege that he was injured in his business or
property by reason of’ a violation of RICO.” McLaughlin v. Chong, 13-
CV-0807 (NSR), 2018 WL 3773993, at *6 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 9, 2018). 26) The Complaint’s general allegations assert the following injuries: “Physical pain and suffering, [e]motional trauma and
suffering, including fear, embarrassment, humiliation, emotional distress, frustration, extreme inconvenience, and anxiety, and
[s]pecial damages including lost wages.” (DE1, 949). The damages allegations specific to Count I allege “financial, physical and
emotional injury.” (DE1, 758). 27) Each of these damage claims are personal injury claims
not recoverable under the civil RICO statute. Mackin v. Auberger, 59
F. Supp. 3d 528, 557 (W.D.N.Y. 2014) (explaining that “personal injuries are not injuries to business or property as those terms are
used in the RICO statute”). 28) For example, the [58 claim of damages for “financial, physical and emotional injury” is not a cognizable damage. See
Westchester County Indep. Party v. Astorino, 137 F. Supp. 3d 586, 612-13 (S.D.N.Y. 2015) (“Personal damages, emotional damages, and
physical damages, for example, are insufficient.”); Gross v. Waywell, 628 F. Supp. 2d 475, 488 (S.D.N.Y. 2009) (explaining that “personal
or emotional damages do not qualify”); Williams v. Dow Chem. Co., 255 F. Supp. 2d 219, 225 (S.D.N.Y. 2003) (explaining that the federal
RICO statute “does not provide recovery for physical and emotional
injuries”). 29) Similarly, the alleged damages for “[e]motional trauma and
suffering, including fear, embarrassment, humiliation, emotional
distress, frustration, extreme inconvenience, and anxiety” (DE1, 749)
are similarly inadequate. See Angermeir v. Cohen, 14 F. Supp. 3d
134, 152 (S.D.N.Y. 2014) (concluding that a claim that one was
subjected to annoyance, embarrassment, emotional distress, and
mental anguish was not a recoverable damage under the federal
RICO statute); Davis Lee Pharmacy, Inc., v. Manhattan Cent. Capital Corp., 327 F. Supp. 2d 159, 164 (E.D.N.Y. 2004) (explaining that the
civil RICO statute is inapplicable to claims for damages arising from
emotional distress); Pappas v. Passias, 887 F. Supp. 465, 470
(E.D.N.Y, 1995) (“emotional distress is not cognizable under RICO
because it does not constitute an injury to business or property”). 30) Likewise, physical pain and suffering are not recoverable
damages. See Canosa v. Ziff, 18 CIV 4115 (PAE), 2019 WL 498865, at *26 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 28, 2019) (“The [Amended Complaint]’s RICO
claims, however, fail to allege a compensable injury. T he AC alleges that as a result of the described RICO acts, Canosa ‘sustained injury, emotional pain and suffering, physical pain, emotional distress, pain and suffering and loss of enjoyment of life.’ AC 535. Although these
personal injuries are undeniably consequential, none is an injury to
business or property.”). 31) Finally, regarding the alleged damages for lost wages, “The
Second Circuit has held for more than a quarter century that loss of
employment for reporting or refusing to participate in an enterprise engaging in a pattern of racketeering activity is not an injury sufficient to confer RICO standing.” Appel v. Schoeman Updike Kaufman Stern & Ascher L.L.P., 14-CV-2065 (AJN), 2015 WL
13654007, at *10 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 26, 2015) (quoting Hatson v. N.Y.
Archdiocese, No. 05 Civ. 10467 (PAC), 2007 WL 431098, at *7
(S.D.N.Y. Feb. 8, 2007). In Appel, alleged damages for “termination,
severe economic injury, including but not limited to lost past and
future wages” were not cognizable civil RICO injuries. 2015 WL
13654007, at *10. 32) Count I must accordingly be dismissed with prejudice. 2. The Complaint § Alleges No Causal Connection Between His Termination-Based Damages Claim and the Alleged RICO Scheme. 33) In addition to establishing an injury to business or
property, “the plaintiff is [also] required to show that a RICO
predicate offense ‘not only was a ‘but for’ cause of his injury, but was
the proximate cause as well.” Zimmerman v. Poly Prep Country Day Sch., 888 F. Supp. 2d 317, 330 (E.D.N.Y. 2012) (quoting Hemi Group, LLC v. City of New York, 559 U.S. 1 (2010). Proximate cause requires 17
“some direct relation between the injury asserted and the injurious conduct alleged.” Holmes v. Securities Investor Prot. Corp., 503 U.S.
258, 268 (1992). The Hemi Group court explained that “[a] link that
is ‘too remote,’ ‘purely contingent,’ or ‘indirec[t]’ is insufficient.” Hemi
Group, LLC, 559 U.S. at 9. 34) The instant Complaint does not allege a direct link
between Pocari’s alleged predicate acts and plaintiff's damages. Under his Complaint, the target of the predicate offenses was not the
plaintiff, but the Mount Vernon Board of Water & Sewer funds (DE1, (21-23). Plaintiff alleges “Porcari engaged in this ‘systematic ongoing course of conduct’ to steal from and defraud the MVBWS
between March 23, 2018 and November 5, 2018,” the purpose of
which was to “pay for Defendant Mayor Thomas’ legal fees to the
Boies firm and to pay for a Public Relations firm in connection with
Thomas’ arrest.” (DE1, 921). Plaintiff accordingly has failed to allege
a causal connection between his injuries and the alleged RICO
scheme. 35) Count I must be dismissed with prejudice for this
additional reason.
E. The Disability Discrimination Claims Must be Dismissed (Counts II & III). 36) The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) makes it
unlawful to “discriminate against a qualified individual on the basis
of disability in regard to... the hiring, advancement, or discharge of
employees, . . . and other terms, conditions, and privileges of
employment.” 42 U.S.C. §12112(a). Prevailing Second Circuit law
requires the following allegations for a plaintiff to state a prima facie
case for discrimination: “(1) the defendant is covered by the ADA; (2) plaintiff suffers from or is regarded as suffering from a disability within the meaning of the ADA; (3) plaintiff was qualified to perform the essential functions of the job, with or without reasonable
accommodation; and (4) plaintiff suffered an adverse employment action because of his disability or perceived disability.” Capobianco
v. City of N.Y., 422 F.3d 47, 56 (2d Cir. 2005); Colon v. New York State
Dep’t of Corr. & Cmty. Supervision, 15 CIV. 7432 (NSR), 2017 WL
4157372, at *6 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 15, 2017). 37) “A plaintiff states a prima facie failure to accommodate claim by demonstrating that (1) plaintiff is a person with a disability under the meaning of the ADA; (2) an employer covered by the statute 19
had notice of his disability; (3) with reasonable accommodation, plaintiff could perform the essential functions of the job at issue; and
(4) the employer has refused to make such accommodations.” McMillan v. City of New York, 711 F.3d 120, 125-26 (2d Cir. 2013). 38) Although plaintiff sued for ADA violations in Counts 2 and
3, “there is no right of recovery against individual defendants under
the ADA.” Corr v. MTA Long Island Bus, 199 F.3d 1321 (2d Cir. 1999); Tomka v. Seiler Corp., 66 F.3d 1295, 1314 (2d Cir. 1995) (explaining the absence of individual liability under Title VII because of the word
“employer”). Embro v. Marsico, 12-CV-9003 NSR, 2014 WL 5038368, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 30, 2014) (dismissing ADA claims against District Superintendent for the Rockland County Board of
Cooperative Educational Services, “because there is no individual liability under Title VII or the ADA”). 39) The ADA claims in Counts 2 and 3 must accordingly be
dismissed with prejudice. III. DEFENDANT PORCARI IS ENTITLED TO ATTORNEY’S FEES AND COSTS. 40) As authorized by the statutes invoked by the plaintiff for
the claims presented, defendant Porcari is entitled to reasonable 20
costs and fees upon prevailing in this matter. IV. CERTIFICATION OF CONFERRAL. 41) Defense counsel conferred with plaintiff's counsel who did
not agree to the relief requested in this motion.
V. CONCLUSION. 42) For the reasons stated, the Complaint should be dismissed
with prejudice as to Porcari. Dated: November 14, 2019 Respectfully submitted, (Renedct Kethve S/ Benedict P. Kuehne BENEDICT P. KUEHNE Florida Bar No. 233293 KUEHNE DAVIS LAW, P.A. 100 S.E. 2nd St., Suite 3550 Miami, FL 33131-2154 Tel: 305.789.5989 Fax: 305.789.5987 ben. kuehne@kuehnelaw.com efiling@kuehnelaw.com Pro Hac Vice CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE I certify that on November 14, 2019, I electronically filed the
foregoing document with the Clerk of the Court using CM/ECF. I
certify the foregoing document is being served this day on all counsel 21
of record via transmission of Notices of Electronic Filing generated by CM/ECF. By: /S/ Benedict P. Kuehne BENEDICT P. KUEHNE