JUSTICE HOWERTON
delivered the opinion of the court:
This case presents a serpentine legislative and judicial history of the “savings statute.” Finding head and tail is difficult, and describing the hunt takes many words.
Initially, plaintiff filed suit against defendants in Federal court for libel and defamation, which he alleged occurred on August 6, 7, 8, and 9,1986.
Defendants moved to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction and improper venue.
The case was dismissed by the Federal court December 14, 1987, on grounds of improper venue.
The motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction was not addressed.
Less than one year later, on March 30, 1988, plaintiff refiled the defamation case in the circuit court of Christian County, Illinois.
Defendants moved to dismiss, claiming that the one-year statute of limitations for libel actions had passed, barring the case.
Plaintiff claimed that the “savings statute” gave him one year after dismissal from Federal court in which to refile in State court. Ill. Rev. Stat. 1987, ch. 110, par. 13—217 (formerly, Ill. Rev. Stat. 1977, ch. 83, par. 24a).
The circuit court denied the motion to dismiss, certified the question for this court under Supreme Court Rule 308 (107 Ill. 2d R. 308), and we granted leave to appeal.
Does the “saving statute” apply to a case that was initially filed in Federal district court but was dismissed because of improper venue? We believe it does.
Section 13 — 217 of the Code of Civil Procedure in pertinent part reads:
“§13 — 217. Reversal or dismissal. In the actions specified in Article XIII of this Act or any other act or contract where the time for commencing an action is limited, if *** the action is voluntarily dismissed by the plaintiff, or the action is dismissed for want of prosecution, or the action is dismissed by a United States District Court for lack of jurisdiction, then, whether or not the time limitation for bringing such action expires during the pendency of such action, the plaintiff *** may commence a new action within one year or within the remaining period of limitations, whichever is greater, *** after the action is voluntarily dismissed by the plaintiff, or the action is dismissed for want of prosecution, or the action is dismissed by a United States District Court for lack of jurisdiction.” Ill. Rev. Stat. 1987, ch. 110, par. 13 — 217.
Defendants argue that the statute is clear. It applies only to cases voluntarily dismissed, dismissed for want of prosecution, or dismissed by a United States District Court for lack of jurisdiction. This case, defendants say, was not voluntarily dismissed, dismissed for want of prosecution, or dismissed for lack of jurisdiction. Rather, this case was dismissed for improper venue. Therefore, defendants conclude, the statute does not “save” plaintiff’s case from death at the hands of the statute of limitations.
Plaintiff concedes that his case does not fall within the express terms of the statute, but contends that the policy upon which the statute is based supports the circuit court’s refusal to use the statute of limitations to kill the case.
We look to the evolution of the statute and to the case law construing it to discern legislative intent.
ORIGINAL STATUTE
The original statute only applied to cases in which the plaintiff was “nonsuited.” Ill. Rev. Stat. 1977, ch. 83, par. 24a.
The supreme court of Illinois, in 1964, was confronted with the question of whether the statute applied to a case that had been dismissed, instead of nonsuited, in Federal court for lack of jurisdiction. (Roth v. Northern Assurance Co. (1964), 32 Ill. 2d 40, 203 N.E.2d 415.) In Roth, the defendant argued that the statute only saved non-suits, not dismissals for lack of jurisdiction. The supreme court held that the statute applied, saying:
“ ‘The act is remedial, reflecting a legislative intent to protect the party who brings the action in good faith from complete loss of relief on the merits merely because of procedural defect. Such remedial statutes should be liberally construed, so as to prevent destruction of the purpose of the legislation. *** In both common law nonsuit and dismissal for want of jurisdiction the order is due to some defect in the procedure or proof which prevents a trial on the merits. The obvious purpose of the statute was to give a plaintiff an opportunity to try the merits and it is illogical to assume that the legislature meant to prevent hardship in the case of a nonsuit, but not in that of dismissal for want of jurisdiction.’ ” Roth, 32 Ill. 2d at 42-43, 203 N.E.2d at 416, quoting Sachs v. Ohio National Life Insurance Co. (7th Cir. 1942), 131 F.2d 134, 137.
Following Roth’s lead, the Illinois Appellate Court, in Casillas v. Rosengren (1967), 86 Ill. App. 2d 139, 229 N.E.2d 141, held that a dismissal for want of prosecution was covered by the “savings statute,” even though the statute’s language was limited to nonsuits.
STATUTE AMENDED
The statute was amended in 1976 in response to the work done by the Illinois Law Review Commission, which had alerted the legislature to the discrepancy between the terminology of the statute and the Civil Practice Act. The discrepancy: the statute used the term “nonsuit”; the Civil Practice Act used the term “voluntary dismissal.” (Fins, The Illinois Law Review Commission, 29 DePaul L. Rev. 443, 460-61 (1980).) Amended, the statute dropped “nonsuit” and substituted “voluntar[y] dismiss[al]” or “dismiss[al] for want of prosecution.” Ill. Rev. Stat. 1977, ch. 83, par. 24a.
In Hupp v. Gray (1978), 73 Ill. 2d 78, 382 N.E.2d 1211, the supreme court took an opportunity to use dictum to alert the legislature that there was a problem that had been built into the amended statute. Hupp’s complaint had been dismissed for lack of jurisdiction. The supreme court pointed out that the original statute saved the case under Roth, but that the amended version of the statute, had it applied, would not have saved the case, because the original “non-suit” language covered dismissals for lack of jurisdiction while the amended “voluntary dismissal” language did not.
The legislature took no action.
The supreme court was given an opportunity to hold what had been dictum in Hupp. In Conner v. Copley Press, Inc. (1984), 99 Ill. 2d 382, 459 N.E.2d 955, the court held that a case dismissed in Federal court for want of jurisdiction was not covered by the amended statute.
The upshot of the evolution of the “savings statute” and Roth is this: Roth construed the statute to cover all involuntary dismissals, even though “nonsuit” was the only term contained in the statute.
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JUSTICE HOWERTON
delivered the opinion of the court:
This case presents a serpentine legislative and judicial history of the “savings statute.” Finding head and tail is difficult, and describing the hunt takes many words.
Initially, plaintiff filed suit against defendants in Federal court for libel and defamation, which he alleged occurred on August 6, 7, 8, and 9,1986.
Defendants moved to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction and improper venue.
The case was dismissed by the Federal court December 14, 1987, on grounds of improper venue.
The motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction was not addressed.
Less than one year later, on March 30, 1988, plaintiff refiled the defamation case in the circuit court of Christian County, Illinois.
Defendants moved to dismiss, claiming that the one-year statute of limitations for libel actions had passed, barring the case.
Plaintiff claimed that the “savings statute” gave him one year after dismissal from Federal court in which to refile in State court. Ill. Rev. Stat. 1987, ch. 110, par. 13—217 (formerly, Ill. Rev. Stat. 1977, ch. 83, par. 24a).
The circuit court denied the motion to dismiss, certified the question for this court under Supreme Court Rule 308 (107 Ill. 2d R. 308), and we granted leave to appeal.
Does the “saving statute” apply to a case that was initially filed in Federal district court but was dismissed because of improper venue? We believe it does.
Section 13 — 217 of the Code of Civil Procedure in pertinent part reads:
“§13 — 217. Reversal or dismissal. In the actions specified in Article XIII of this Act or any other act or contract where the time for commencing an action is limited, if *** the action is voluntarily dismissed by the plaintiff, or the action is dismissed for want of prosecution, or the action is dismissed by a United States District Court for lack of jurisdiction, then, whether or not the time limitation for bringing such action expires during the pendency of such action, the plaintiff *** may commence a new action within one year or within the remaining period of limitations, whichever is greater, *** after the action is voluntarily dismissed by the plaintiff, or the action is dismissed for want of prosecution, or the action is dismissed by a United States District Court for lack of jurisdiction.” Ill. Rev. Stat. 1987, ch. 110, par. 13 — 217.
Defendants argue that the statute is clear. It applies only to cases voluntarily dismissed, dismissed for want of prosecution, or dismissed by a United States District Court for lack of jurisdiction. This case, defendants say, was not voluntarily dismissed, dismissed for want of prosecution, or dismissed for lack of jurisdiction. Rather, this case was dismissed for improper venue. Therefore, defendants conclude, the statute does not “save” plaintiff’s case from death at the hands of the statute of limitations.
Plaintiff concedes that his case does not fall within the express terms of the statute, but contends that the policy upon which the statute is based supports the circuit court’s refusal to use the statute of limitations to kill the case.
We look to the evolution of the statute and to the case law construing it to discern legislative intent.
ORIGINAL STATUTE
The original statute only applied to cases in which the plaintiff was “nonsuited.” Ill. Rev. Stat. 1977, ch. 83, par. 24a.
The supreme court of Illinois, in 1964, was confronted with the question of whether the statute applied to a case that had been dismissed, instead of nonsuited, in Federal court for lack of jurisdiction. (Roth v. Northern Assurance Co. (1964), 32 Ill. 2d 40, 203 N.E.2d 415.) In Roth, the defendant argued that the statute only saved non-suits, not dismissals for lack of jurisdiction. The supreme court held that the statute applied, saying:
“ ‘The act is remedial, reflecting a legislative intent to protect the party who brings the action in good faith from complete loss of relief on the merits merely because of procedural defect. Such remedial statutes should be liberally construed, so as to prevent destruction of the purpose of the legislation. *** In both common law nonsuit and dismissal for want of jurisdiction the order is due to some defect in the procedure or proof which prevents a trial on the merits. The obvious purpose of the statute was to give a plaintiff an opportunity to try the merits and it is illogical to assume that the legislature meant to prevent hardship in the case of a nonsuit, but not in that of dismissal for want of jurisdiction.’ ” Roth, 32 Ill. 2d at 42-43, 203 N.E.2d at 416, quoting Sachs v. Ohio National Life Insurance Co. (7th Cir. 1942), 131 F.2d 134, 137.
Following Roth’s lead, the Illinois Appellate Court, in Casillas v. Rosengren (1967), 86 Ill. App. 2d 139, 229 N.E.2d 141, held that a dismissal for want of prosecution was covered by the “savings statute,” even though the statute’s language was limited to nonsuits.
STATUTE AMENDED
The statute was amended in 1976 in response to the work done by the Illinois Law Review Commission, which had alerted the legislature to the discrepancy between the terminology of the statute and the Civil Practice Act. The discrepancy: the statute used the term “nonsuit”; the Civil Practice Act used the term “voluntary dismissal.” (Fins, The Illinois Law Review Commission, 29 DePaul L. Rev. 443, 460-61 (1980).) Amended, the statute dropped “nonsuit” and substituted “voluntar[y] dismiss[al]” or “dismiss[al] for want of prosecution.” Ill. Rev. Stat. 1977, ch. 83, par. 24a.
In Hupp v. Gray (1978), 73 Ill. 2d 78, 382 N.E.2d 1211, the supreme court took an opportunity to use dictum to alert the legislature that there was a problem that had been built into the amended statute. Hupp’s complaint had been dismissed for lack of jurisdiction. The supreme court pointed out that the original statute saved the case under Roth, but that the amended version of the statute, had it applied, would not have saved the case, because the original “non-suit” language covered dismissals for lack of jurisdiction while the amended “voluntary dismissal” language did not.
The legislature took no action.
The supreme court was given an opportunity to hold what had been dictum in Hupp. In Conner v. Copley Press, Inc. (1984), 99 Ill. 2d 382, 459 N.E.2d 955, the court held that a case dismissed in Federal court for want of jurisdiction was not covered by the amended statute.
The upshot of the evolution of the “savings statute” and Roth is this: Roth construed the statute to cover all involuntary dismissals, even though “nonsuit” was the only term contained in the statute. Conner found that the statute had been amended, dropping “non-suit” and substituting “voluntary dismissals.” Therefore, the legislature had dropped involuntary dismissals from coverage, and substituted voluntary dismissals.
What a change!
Conner could only hold that Roth had become diseased to the point of death under the evolutionary forces that had been exerted by the changing face of the statute.
Then the legislature acted, and we are brought to this case.
STATUTE AMENDED A SECOND TIME
Ironically, the statute again was amended in the hiatus between Hupp and Conner, because “doubts arose regarding the application of [section 13 — 217] to dismissal by a federal court for lack of jurisdiction.”
As the statute now reads, it covers certain types of both voluntary and involuntary dismissals.
This last evolutionary push has struck at Conner, it, now, is diseased, withered, and we believe Conner no longer is in force.
The question is whether the reasoning of Roth applies.
ROTHREDUX
This history, this evolution, leads us to believe that Roth, once diseased, now is returned to health, a redux, if you will, at least insofar as the facts of this case are concerned.
Roth proceeds by classifying “nonsuit” as involuntary, and then includes thereunder other involuntary dismissals.
In this case, the statute covers dismissal by a Federal court for lack of jurisdiction, also an involuntary dismissal.
Does it cover dismissal for lack of venue, also an involuntary dismissal?
We believe it does, because the legislative history and the courts’ treatment lead us to believe that Roth’s reasoning is now revived.
The act is remedial, reflecting a legislative intent that this case be saved from the statute of limitations. In the words of Justice Schaefer in Roth, “it is illogical to assume that the legislature meant to prevent hardship in the case of a nonsuit, but not in that of dismissal for want of jurisdiction.” Roth, 32 Ill. 2d at 42, 203 N.E.2d at 416.
Substitute “dismissed in Federal court for lack of jurisdiction” in place of “nonsuit,” and substitute “lack of venue” for “dismissal for want of jurisdiction.” Justice Schaefer’s statement then can be read, “it is illogical to assume that the legislature meant to prevent hardship in the case of [dismissal in a Federal court for lack of jurisdiction], but not in that of dismissal for [lack of venue].” That reading does no damage to the fabric of the statute. Statutes apply to cases that fall within the object, spirit and meaning of a statute even though they fall outside the letter. Department of Revenue v. Joseph Bublick & Sons, Inc. (1977), 68 Ill. 2d 568, 369 N.E.2d 1279.
• In Roth, plaintiff was dismissed for lack of jurisdiction, an involuntary dismissal. The statute applied to “nonsuit,” an involuntary dismissal. Therefore, the statute covered the case.
This case was dismissed for improper venue, an involuntary dismissal. The statute applies to cases dismissed for lack of jurisdiction, also an involuntary dismissal. Therefore, the statute covers this case.
It is the involuntariness of the dismissal that places this case and Roth in the same class. It is the involuntariness of the dismissal that causes this case to be included in the statute.
We advance one hypothetical in proof of our position. Assume this case had been filed in an Illinois court rather than a Federal court and further assume that a motion attacking venue had been filed and granted. The case would not have been dismissed; it would have been transferred to an Illinois county in which venue would be proper. But in the case at hand, the Federal district court could not transfer to an Illinois court; it could only dismiss. Therefore, the case is most like one filed in Illinois and dismissed for lack of jurisdiction, a case clearly within the reach of the “savings statute.”
Furthermore, if there exists no personal jurisdiction in a Federal cause of action, it would follow that there is no venue. (See Andrews v. Heinold Commodities, Inc. (7th Cir. 1985), 771 F.2d 184.) Thus, any defendant in the future could forever bar the Federal plaintiff from refiling in an Illinois circuit court by simply filing a motion to dismiss for improper venue in a Federal district court, rather than a motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction. The policy of section 13— 217 effectively, therefore, would be thwarted by defendant’s tactical decision to use an implicit defect in the statute.
The maxim espressio unius est exclusio alterius is not of universal application and should not be used to defeat the intent of the legislature. (People ex rel. County of Du Page v. Smith (1961), 21 Ill. 2d 572, 173 N.E.2d 485.) The legislature is presumed not to have intended an absurdity or injustice. Halberstadt v. Harris Trust & Savings Bank (1973), 55 Ill. 2d 121, 302 N.E.2d 64.
Defendants also ask us to rule that the plaintiff filed in Federal district court in bad faith, thereby preventing application of the “savings statute” to the facts at hand. See White v. Tucker (1977), 53 Ill. App. 3d 862, 369 N.E.2d 90.
The circuit court found no bad faith, and we affirm. Plaintiff had a case that involved two States, Illinois and Missouri. Two defendants were Missouri residents, and part of the factual basis of the cause of action took place in a bar in Missouri, while part occurred in Illinois. Under these circumstances, we cannot find bad faith.
Having not the temerity to hope for wisdom, we have pressed for craftsmanship, and in humility and with proper deference to Roth and Conner, as well as to the legislature, we affirm the circuit court j and remand for further proceedings.
Affirmed and remanded.
WELCH, J., concurs.