Rel: December 16, 2022
Notice: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the advance sheets of Southern Reporter. Readers are requested to notify the Reporter of Decisions, Alabama Appellate Courts, 300 Dexter Avenue, Montgomery, Alabama 36104-3741 ((334) 229-0650), of any typographical or other errors, in order that corrections may be made before the opinion is published in Southern Reporter.
Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals OCTOBER TERM, 2022-2023 _________________________
CR-21-0174 _________________________
Deborah R. Tisdale
v.
State of Alabama
Appeal from Covington Circuit Court (CC-20-312)
MINOR, Judge.
In this appeal, we consider Deborah Tisdale's arguments (1) that
the circuit court should not have admitted during her trial a statement
she made to law enforcement and (2) that the circuit court lacked
authority to impose a jail sentence on her conviction for failure to bury a CR-21-0174
dead animal, see § 3-1-28, Ala. Code 1975. We hold that Tisdale did not
preserve the first issue for review and that the circuit court had authority
to impose a jail sentence on Tisdale's conviction.
FACTS1 AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Tisdale was convicted in the Covington District Court of two counts
of failure to bury livestock and one count of cruelty to an animal. (C. 47-
48.) She appealed her convictions to the Covington Circuit Court for a
jury trial.
At trial, the evidence showed that, two days before Christmas in
2019, police responded to Tisdale's home located on Nall Road in
Covington County to conduct a welfare check on Tisdale, who had been
unreachable for several days. Officers smelled a "foul odor emitting from
the residence and the general area," and they obtained a search warrant
for Tisdale's residence. (R. 310, 427.)
Outside the residence, officers found horses in troubling conditions,
including a black stallion in a cramped trailer and a dead foal in a pen
with its mother. Testimony described the pen as so cramped that the
1Tisdale does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence, and thus only a brief recitation of the facts is necessary. 2 CR-21-0174
mother could not turn around without stepping on her dead foal. (R. 248,
346, 392, 394-95, 467, 489.)
Officers found a dead white horse that was "bloated" and appeared
to be "sunk down in the mud," which signified that "the horse had been
there for a few days." (R. 246, 259.) The horse was decomposing and was
surrounded by feces. Dr. Lynn Hall, a veterinarian, testified that the
horse appeared to have "been dead for several days because its head and
back and there was a lot of feces behind it, and the head was sunk down
into the ground." (R. 482.)
Testifying in her own defense, Tisdale stated that she is a medical
doctor and that she rescues animals from "kill pens." (R. 551.) She denied
the allegations against her and stated that the white horse was alive on
the morning of December 23, 2019.
The jury found Tisdale guilty of one count of failure to bury a dead
animal (white mare) and acquitted her of the other two charges. (C. 112;
R. 699-700.) The circuit court sentenced Tisdale to 90 days'
imprisonment but suspended that sentence and placed Tisdale on 2
years' unsupervised probation. The circuit court also ordered Tisdale to
pay a $50 fine, court costs, and a bail-bond fee.
3 CR-21-0174
I. MIRANDA RIGHTS VIOLATION
Tisdale argues that "her rights were violated by the introduction of
a recorded statement in which she had clearly invoked her right to
counsel after having been given her Miranda [v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436
(1966),] rights." (Tisdale's brief, p. 1.) In her statement, Tisdale stated
that the horse died "[t]he night before last," (R. 319), and that the
recorded statement was "cumulative" and prejudicial. (Tisdale's brief, p.
6.)
At first, Tisdale objected only to the circuit court's admission of her
recorded statement that occurred after she had been Mirandized. (R. 622-
23.) Later, Tisdale objected to the statement "all together" and argued
that "the whole reason for Miranda is to prevent statements like this from
coming in when a person is asking for an attorney." (R. 626.) Tisdale then
argued that "[i]f the Court decides to let it in, … but I think that we are
okay with it starting here and just playing from 000 to 6:42." (R. 626-27.)
The circuit court admitted the statement. 2 Later, Tisdale argued: "We
think that it needs to be played from the beginning. In fact, the more we
2In denying Tisdale's objection, the circuit court held that Tisdale's statement was "spontaneously" made. (R. 629.) 4 CR-21-0174
talk the more that I am leaning towards asking for the Doctrine of
Completeness and playing the whole thing." (R. 634.) Finally, Tisdale
argued that "we would ask for the Doctrine of Completeness and play it
all." (R. 639.) Tisdale's entire recorded statement was played for the jury.
The record shows that Tisdale abandoned her objection to the
admission of the statement and asked for the statement to be admitted
in its entirety. Thus, Tisdale preserved nothing for our review. Tisdale
also cannot now argue the exact opposite—that the circuit court erred by
admitting Tisdale's recorded statement. See Robitaille v. State, 971 So.
2d 43, 59 (Ala. Crim. App. 2005) (" 'Under the doctrine of invited error, a
defendant cannot by his own voluntary conduct invite error and then seek
to profit thereby.' " (quoting Phillips v. State, 527 So. 2d 154, 156 (Ala.
1988))). Thus, because Tisdale withdrew her objection and asked for the
entire statement to be played, Tisdale is due no relief.
II. UNAUTHORIZED SENTENCE
Tisdale argues that her "suspended jail sentence … was not
authorized." (Tisdale's brief, p. 1.) Tisdale asserts that the only
punishment that the court could impose is a $50 fine under § 3-1-28, Ala.
Code 1975:
5 CR-21-0174
"All owners or custodians of animals which die or are killed in their possession or custody, other than such as are slaughtered for food, within 24 hours shall cause the bodies of such animals to be burned or buried at least two feet below the surface of the ground. Hogs dying from cholera or any other disease whatsoever shall be burned. No such animal shall be burned or buried sufficiently near a residence or residences as to create a nuisance. Any person violating this section, whether by failure to burn or bury an animal dying or being killed in his possession or by causing the same to be burned in such proximity to a dwelling or in such other way as to become a nuisance shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and, on conviction, shall be fined not more than $50.00."
(Emphasis added.)
In response, the State cites § 13A-5-4(b):
"The particular classification of each misdemeanor defined in this title is expressly designated in the chapter or article defining it. Any offense defined outside this title which is declared by law to be a misdemeanor without specification as to classification or punishment is punishable as a Class C misdemeanor."
(Emphasis added.) The State argues that § 13A-5-4(b) applies to § 3-1-28
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Rel: December 16, 2022
Notice: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the advance sheets of Southern Reporter. Readers are requested to notify the Reporter of Decisions, Alabama Appellate Courts, 300 Dexter Avenue, Montgomery, Alabama 36104-3741 ((334) 229-0650), of any typographical or other errors, in order that corrections may be made before the opinion is published in Southern Reporter.
Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals OCTOBER TERM, 2022-2023 _________________________
CR-21-0174 _________________________
Deborah R. Tisdale
v.
State of Alabama
Appeal from Covington Circuit Court (CC-20-312)
MINOR, Judge.
In this appeal, we consider Deborah Tisdale's arguments (1) that
the circuit court should not have admitted during her trial a statement
she made to law enforcement and (2) that the circuit court lacked
authority to impose a jail sentence on her conviction for failure to bury a CR-21-0174
dead animal, see § 3-1-28, Ala. Code 1975. We hold that Tisdale did not
preserve the first issue for review and that the circuit court had authority
to impose a jail sentence on Tisdale's conviction.
FACTS1 AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Tisdale was convicted in the Covington District Court of two counts
of failure to bury livestock and one count of cruelty to an animal. (C. 47-
48.) She appealed her convictions to the Covington Circuit Court for a
jury trial.
At trial, the evidence showed that, two days before Christmas in
2019, police responded to Tisdale's home located on Nall Road in
Covington County to conduct a welfare check on Tisdale, who had been
unreachable for several days. Officers smelled a "foul odor emitting from
the residence and the general area," and they obtained a search warrant
for Tisdale's residence. (R. 310, 427.)
Outside the residence, officers found horses in troubling conditions,
including a black stallion in a cramped trailer and a dead foal in a pen
with its mother. Testimony described the pen as so cramped that the
1Tisdale does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence, and thus only a brief recitation of the facts is necessary. 2 CR-21-0174
mother could not turn around without stepping on her dead foal. (R. 248,
346, 392, 394-95, 467, 489.)
Officers found a dead white horse that was "bloated" and appeared
to be "sunk down in the mud," which signified that "the horse had been
there for a few days." (R. 246, 259.) The horse was decomposing and was
surrounded by feces. Dr. Lynn Hall, a veterinarian, testified that the
horse appeared to have "been dead for several days because its head and
back and there was a lot of feces behind it, and the head was sunk down
into the ground." (R. 482.)
Testifying in her own defense, Tisdale stated that she is a medical
doctor and that she rescues animals from "kill pens." (R. 551.) She denied
the allegations against her and stated that the white horse was alive on
the morning of December 23, 2019.
The jury found Tisdale guilty of one count of failure to bury a dead
animal (white mare) and acquitted her of the other two charges. (C. 112;
R. 699-700.) The circuit court sentenced Tisdale to 90 days'
imprisonment but suspended that sentence and placed Tisdale on 2
years' unsupervised probation. The circuit court also ordered Tisdale to
pay a $50 fine, court costs, and a bail-bond fee.
3 CR-21-0174
I. MIRANDA RIGHTS VIOLATION
Tisdale argues that "her rights were violated by the introduction of
a recorded statement in which she had clearly invoked her right to
counsel after having been given her Miranda [v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436
(1966),] rights." (Tisdale's brief, p. 1.) In her statement, Tisdale stated
that the horse died "[t]he night before last," (R. 319), and that the
recorded statement was "cumulative" and prejudicial. (Tisdale's brief, p.
6.)
At first, Tisdale objected only to the circuit court's admission of her
recorded statement that occurred after she had been Mirandized. (R. 622-
23.) Later, Tisdale objected to the statement "all together" and argued
that "the whole reason for Miranda is to prevent statements like this from
coming in when a person is asking for an attorney." (R. 626.) Tisdale then
argued that "[i]f the Court decides to let it in, … but I think that we are
okay with it starting here and just playing from 000 to 6:42." (R. 626-27.)
The circuit court admitted the statement. 2 Later, Tisdale argued: "We
think that it needs to be played from the beginning. In fact, the more we
2In denying Tisdale's objection, the circuit court held that Tisdale's statement was "spontaneously" made. (R. 629.) 4 CR-21-0174
talk the more that I am leaning towards asking for the Doctrine of
Completeness and playing the whole thing." (R. 634.) Finally, Tisdale
argued that "we would ask for the Doctrine of Completeness and play it
all." (R. 639.) Tisdale's entire recorded statement was played for the jury.
The record shows that Tisdale abandoned her objection to the
admission of the statement and asked for the statement to be admitted
in its entirety. Thus, Tisdale preserved nothing for our review. Tisdale
also cannot now argue the exact opposite—that the circuit court erred by
admitting Tisdale's recorded statement. See Robitaille v. State, 971 So.
2d 43, 59 (Ala. Crim. App. 2005) (" 'Under the doctrine of invited error, a
defendant cannot by his own voluntary conduct invite error and then seek
to profit thereby.' " (quoting Phillips v. State, 527 So. 2d 154, 156 (Ala.
1988))). Thus, because Tisdale withdrew her objection and asked for the
entire statement to be played, Tisdale is due no relief.
II. UNAUTHORIZED SENTENCE
Tisdale argues that her "suspended jail sentence … was not
authorized." (Tisdale's brief, p. 1.) Tisdale asserts that the only
punishment that the court could impose is a $50 fine under § 3-1-28, Ala.
Code 1975:
5 CR-21-0174
"All owners or custodians of animals which die or are killed in their possession or custody, other than such as are slaughtered for food, within 24 hours shall cause the bodies of such animals to be burned or buried at least two feet below the surface of the ground. Hogs dying from cholera or any other disease whatsoever shall be burned. No such animal shall be burned or buried sufficiently near a residence or residences as to create a nuisance. Any person violating this section, whether by failure to burn or bury an animal dying or being killed in his possession or by causing the same to be burned in such proximity to a dwelling or in such other way as to become a nuisance shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and, on conviction, shall be fined not more than $50.00."
(Emphasis added.)
In response, the State cites § 13A-5-4(b):
"The particular classification of each misdemeanor defined in this title is expressly designated in the chapter or article defining it. Any offense defined outside this title which is declared by law to be a misdemeanor without specification as to classification or punishment is punishable as a Class C misdemeanor."
(Emphasis added.) The State argues that § 13A-5-4(b) applies to § 3-1-28
and thus a violation of § 3-1-28 "is punishable as a Class C misdemeanor"
under § 13A-5-2(c), Ala. Code 1975.3
3Section 13A-5-2(c) provides:
"Every person convicted of a misdemeanor … shall be sentenced by the court to:
"(1) Imprisonment for a term authorized by Section 13A- 6 CR-21-0174
"These principles guide our examination of what a statute means:
" 'In determining the meaning of a statute, this Court looks to the plain meaning of the words as written by the legislature. As we have said:
" ' " 'Words used in a statute must be given their natural, plain, ordinary, and commonly understood meaning, and where plain language is used a court is bound to interpret that language to mean exactly what it says. If the language of the statute is unambiguous, then there is no room for judicial construction and the clearly expressed intent of the legislature must be given effect.' "
" 'Blue Cross & Blue Shield v. Nielsen, 714 So. 2d 293, 296 (Ala. 1998) (quoting IMED Corp. v. Systems Eng'g Assocs. Corp., 602 So. 2d 344, 346 (Ala. 1992)); see also Tuscaloosa County Comm'n v. Deputy Sheriffs' Ass'n, 589 So. 2d 687, 689 (Ala. 1991); Coastal States Gas Transmission Co. v. Alabama Pub. Serv. Comm'n, 524 So. 2d 357, 360 (Ala. 1988); Alabama Farm Bureau Mut. Cas. Ins. Co. v. City of Hartselle, 460 So. 2d 1219, 1223 (Ala. 1984); Dumas Bros. Mfg. Co. v. Southern Guar. Ins. Co., 431 So. 2d 534, 536 (Ala. 1983); Town of Loxley v. Rosinton Water, Sewer, & Fire
5-7; or
"(2) Pay a fine authorized by Section 13A-5-12; or
"(3) Both such imprisonment and fine."
7 CR-21-0174
Protection Auth., Inc., 376 So. 2d 705, 708 (Ala. 1979). It is true that when looking at a statute we might sometimes think that the ramifications of the words are inefficient or unusual. However, it is our job to say what the law is, not to say what it should be. Therefore, only if there is no rational way to interpret the words as stated will we look beyond those words to determine legislative intent. To apply a different policy would turn this Court into a legislative body, and doing that, of course, would be utterly inconsistent with the doctrine of separation of powers. See Ex parte T.B., 698 So. 2d 127, 130 (Ala. 1997).' "
Pack v. State, 331 So. 3d 1179, 1181-82 (Ala. Crim. App. 2021) (quoting
DeKalb Cnty. LP Gas Co. v. Suburban Gas, Inc., 729 So. 2d 270, 275-76
(Ala. 1998)).
Tisdale argues that § 13A-5-4(b) does not apply if the offense
defined as a misdemeanor outside Title 13A includes either a
classification or a punishment. Tisdale correctly argues that § 3-2-28
specifies a punishment—a fine of not more than $50. See, e.g., § 15-18-
1(a) (“The only legal punishments, besides removal from office and
disqualification to hold office, are fines, hard labor for the county,
imprisonment in the county jail, imprisonment in the penitentiary, which
includes hard labor for the state, and death.”). Thus, Tisdale asserts that
§ 13A-5-4(b) does not apply.
8 CR-21-0174
The legality of Tisdale's jail sentence turns on what "or" means in
the phrase "without specification as to classification or punishment" in §
13A-5-4(b) (emphasis added). Typically, the word "and combines while
or creates alternatives." Antonin Scalia & Bryan A. Garner, Reading
Law: The Interpretation of Legal Texts 116 (Thompson/West 2012). As
Scalia and Garner caution, however, "with negatives, plurals, and
various specific wordings there are nuances."
The phrase at issue illustrates what Scalia and Garner label "the
disjunctive negative proof." They offer this hypothetical example:
"To be eligible for citizenship, you must prove that you have not (1) been convicted of murder; (2) been convicted of manslaughter; or (3) been convicted of embezzlement.
"An applicant proves #3—that he has never been convicted of embezzlement—but fails to prove that he has not been convicted of both murder and manslaughter. Is he eligible? (No.) Is the requirement that he not have done one of these things, or that he have done none? (He must have done none.)"
Id. at 120.
Applying this principle to § 13A-5-4(b), the phrase "without
specification as to classification or punishment" means that § 13A-5-4(b)
applies to any misdemeanor defined outside Title 13A that does not
include a specification as to both classification and punishment. Thus, §
9 CR-21-0174
13A-5-4(b) applies to a misdemeanor offense outside Title 13A if: (1) the
provision includes a punishment but does not classify that offense; (2) the
provision classifies that misdemeanor but does not include a punishment;
(3) the provision includes neither a classification nor a punishment.
The principle of in pari materia also guides our construction.
"Statutes are in pari materia where they deal with the same subject. Kelly v. State, 273 Ala. 240, 139 So. 2d 326 [(1962)]. Where statutes are in pari materia they should be construed together to ascertain the meaning and intent of each. City of Birmingham v. Southern Express Co., [164 Ala. 529, 51 So. 159 (Ala. 1909)]. Where possible, statutes should be resolved in favor of each other to form one harmonious plan and give uniformity to the law. Waters v. City of Birmingham, 282 Ala. 104, 209 So. 2d 388 [(1968)]; Walker County v. White, 248 Ala. 53, 26 So. 2d 253 [(1946)]."
League of Women Voters v. Renfro, 292 Ala. 128, 131, 290 So. 2d 167, 169
(1974). See also Scalia & Garner, Reading Law § 39 at 252 ("Statutes in
pari materia [dealing with the same subject] are to be interpreted
together, as though they were one law.").
Section 13A-1-2(9), Ala. Code 1975, defines "misdemeanor" as "[a]n
offense for which a sentence to a term of imprisonment not in excess of
one year may be imposed." Section 13A-1-7(b) extends that definition
outside Title 13A under certain conditions: "Unless otherwise expressly
provided or unless the context otherwise requires, the provisions of this
10 CR-21-0174
chapter shall govern the construction of and punishment for any offense
defined outside this title and committed after the effective date thereof,
as well as the construction and application of any defense to a prosecution
for such an offense."
Tisdale's construction of § 3-1-28, however, would create a separate
category of misdemeanor conviction for which a sentencing court may
impose only a fine, not a term of imprisonment. That construction
conflicts with § 13A-1-2(9), in which the very definition of a misdemeanor
is the possibility of imprisonment of not more than 12 months. Tisdale's
construction also conflicts with § 13A-5-2(c), Ala. Code 1975, which
provides as available punishment for a misdemeanor conviction (1) a
term of imprisonment, (2) a fine, or (3) both a term of imprisonment and
a fine.
Applying the above principles to this case, we conclude that § 13A-
5-4(b) applies to § 3-1-28. 4 Thus, Tisdale's conviction under § 3-1-28 is a
4The Commentary for § 13A-5-4 provides:
"Subsection (a) makes all felonies defined outside the Criminal Code for which no punishment is provided Class C felonies, the lowest category. Subsection (b) similarly deals with misdemeanors. Most existing crimes were covered in Title 13, Alabama Code of 1975, but most were repealed upon 11 CR-21-0174
conviction for a Class C misdemeanor. A conviction for a Class C
misdemeanor is punishable by a "term of imprisonment in the county jail
… not more than three months." § 13A-5-7(a)(3). Although § 13A-5-
12(a)(3) provides for a fine of "not more than $500" for a Class C
misdemeanor conviction, § 3-1-28 limits that fine to "not more than $50."
Finally, under § 15-22-50, Ala. Code 1975, a sentencing court has the
authority to "suspend execution of sentence and place on probation any
person convicted of a crime in any court exercising criminal jurisdiction."
In sum, the circuit court could sentence Tisdale to up to three
months' imprisonment, if it so chose, and, under § 3-1-28, the circuit court
had to impose a fine on Tisdale of no more than $50. As noted above, the
circuit court sentenced Tisdale to 90 days' imprisonment and a $50 fine.
The circuit court suspended the jail sentence and placed Tisdale on two
years' unsupervised probation. Thus, Tisdale's sentence is authorized,
and she is due no relief.
the effective date of the Criminal Code. To the extent that there are some crimes now found outside former Title 13 which have not been subsumed by the Criminal Code and which are not repealed, it is desirable that they be incorporated into the Criminal Code, at least those which specify no particular punishment." 12 CR-21-0174
The judgment of the circuit court is affirmed.
AFFIRMED.
Kellum and McCool, JJ., concur. Windom, P.J., and Cole, J., concur
in the result.