IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE
DEBORAH A. DEAL, ) ) Plaintiff, ) ) v. ) C.A. No. N16C-03-005 JAP ) LAUREN E. DIMONDO and ) USAA CASUALTY INSURANCE ) COMPANY, ) ) Defendants. ) )
MEMORANDUM OPINION
The issue before the court is a narrow one: Which version of
the underinsured motorist statute applies to this case? Under the
former version Plaintiff is not entitled to UIM benefits; under the
more recent version, she is. Plaintiff’s insurance carrier, USAA, has
moved to dismiss claiming that the older version of the statute
applies here. The court agrees.
The facts are straightforward and not in dispute. Plaintiff
Deborah Deal was involved in an automobile accident on March 27,
2013. According to the complaint, she suffered sprain and strain of
the cervical and lumbar spine, bilateral disc bulges, bilateral disc herniation with root compression, and irritation of her nerve roots
in her lumbar and sacral spine. She alleges she has already
undergone lengthy treatment and is scheduled for an “anterior
lumbar interbody fusion.” For purposes of this motion the court
will assume the driver of the other car, Defendant Dimondo, is
liable for Plaintiff’s injuries. Ms. Dimondo has liability coverage of
$100,000, and the court assumes for present purposes that the
damages attributable to Plaintiff’s injuries exceed that amount.
Plaintiff purchased Under Insured Motorist (UIM) coverage from her
carrier, USAA, in the amount of $100,000. The question here is
whether she is entitled to any of those underinsured motorist
benefits.
Prior to 2013 Delaware law provided that an insured was not
entitled to UIM coverage unless the combined liability coverage of
the tortfeasor(s) was less than the amount of the UIM coverage.
According to then-existing 18 Del. C. §3902:
An underinsured motor vehicle is one for which there may be bodily injury liability coverage in effect, but the limits of bodily injury liability coverage under all bonds and insurance policies applicable at the time of the accident total less than the limits provided by the underinsured motorist coverage. These limits shall be stated in the declaration sheet of the policy.
2 Plaintiff’s UIM policy limit is $100,000 and Defendant’s liability
insurance limit is also $100,000. Thus, if the old statute governs,
Plaintiff is not entitled to any UIM benefits because Defendant
Dimondo’s liability coverage is not “less than the limits provided by
the underinsured motorist policy.”1
Under the more recent version of section 3902 Plaintiff would
be entitled to UIM coverage because the damages attributable to her
injuries assumedly exceed the Defendant’s $100,000 liability
coverage. On July 3, 2013 the governor signed into law a statute
which changes this result and provided for UIM coverage if the
insured’s damages exceeded the liability coverage available from the
tortfeasors. The revision to section 3902 provides:
An underinsured motor vehicle is one for which there may be bodily injury liability coverage in effect, but the limits of bodily injury liability coverage under all bonds and insurance policies applicable at the time of the accident are less than the damages sustained by the
1 The parties agree that for purposes of the former statute, Defendant’s liability coverage of $100,000 was not “less than” Plaintiff’s UIM coverage of $100,000. Phrases such as “less than” and “more than” exclude “equal to.” For example, in Tatum v. State, 941 A.2d 1009 (Del. 2007), a criminal defendant was fined $100 in a trial court, and sought to appeal to the Supreme Court, which has jurisdiction only over cases in which the fine “exceeds one hundred dollars.” The Court found it lacked jurisdiction because a fine equal to one hundred dollars does not “exceed” one hundred dollars. “Tatum's sentence on the charge of being in a park after dark was a fine of $100, which clearly does not meet the jurisdictional threshold of a fine exceeding $100.”
3 insured. These limits shall be stated in the declaration sheet of the policy.
The parties agree, for present purposes, that Plaintiff’s damages
exceed Defendant’s $100,000 liability coverage, and therefore
Plaintiff is entitled to benefits under her UIM coverage if the new
statute applies.
The key to determining which version of section 3902 applies
is found in the enacting legislation. When the General Assembly
revised section 3902 it provided that “[t]he provisions of this law
shall apply to motor vehicle insurance policies issued and/or
renewed six (6) months after enactment.” In short, if Plaintiff’s
policy in force at the time of her accident had been renewed after
January 3, 2014 (“six (6) months after enactment”) she was entitled
to the benefit of the revised UIM statute; on the other hand, if the
latest renewal date of her policy at the time of the accident was not
after January 3, 2014, she is not covered by the revision to section
3902. A short timeline shows that Plaintiff’s UIM policy in force at
the time of the accident had not yet been renewed after January 3,
2014:
4 1. July 3, 2013. Governor signs into law the
revision to section 3902. The revision will apply
to motor vehicle policies “issued and/or renewed
six (6) months after enactment.”
2. October 20, 2013. Plaintiff’s USAA policy
renewed. Set to expire April 20, 2014.
3. January 3, 2014. Earliest date on which
renewal or issuance of new policy will cause
policy to be subject to revised section 3902.
4. March 27, 2014. Automobile accident which
injures Plaintiff occurs.
5. April 20, 2014. Plaintiff’s USAA policy renews.
This is the first renewal after the six month delay
set forth in the revision to section 3902.
In short, the policy in effect when the March, 2014 accident
occurred was the one renewed on October 20, 2013. Consequently
it had not yet been renewed “six (6) months after enactment,” and
therefore the revised section 3902 does not apply here.
Plaintiff argues strenuously that the policy behind the revision
to section 3902 requires that the revision be applied here. She
5 points to Moffit-Ali v. State Farm2 in which this court held that the
old version of section 3902 applied to the case before it but which
described in dictum the purpose of the revision to that section:
While the Court believes this is a legally correct decision under the law at the time of the accident, it finds comfort that the General Assembly has recognized the previous statute was being used by insurance companies to limit coverage in cases where the plaintiff was significantly injured and the liability coverage was not sufficient to provide fair compensation. Clearly this was not intended by the framers of the original statute and was inconsistent with the intent of the law. Fortunately the statute as changed will prevent such injustice from continuing. Unfortunately for Plaintiff the previous statute controls and State Farm's Motion must be granted.
The holding in this case is not a retrenchment from the views
expressed in Moffit-Ali. But no matter how compelling the policy of
a statute might be, however, “it is well-settled that unambiguous
statutes are not subject to judicial interpretation.”3 The Delaware
Supreme Court has often held that “the meaning of a statute must,
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IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE
DEBORAH A. DEAL, ) ) Plaintiff, ) ) v. ) C.A. No. N16C-03-005 JAP ) LAUREN E. DIMONDO and ) USAA CASUALTY INSURANCE ) COMPANY, ) ) Defendants. ) )
MEMORANDUM OPINION
The issue before the court is a narrow one: Which version of
the underinsured motorist statute applies to this case? Under the
former version Plaintiff is not entitled to UIM benefits; under the
more recent version, she is. Plaintiff’s insurance carrier, USAA, has
moved to dismiss claiming that the older version of the statute
applies here. The court agrees.
The facts are straightforward and not in dispute. Plaintiff
Deborah Deal was involved in an automobile accident on March 27,
2013. According to the complaint, she suffered sprain and strain of
the cervical and lumbar spine, bilateral disc bulges, bilateral disc herniation with root compression, and irritation of her nerve roots
in her lumbar and sacral spine. She alleges she has already
undergone lengthy treatment and is scheduled for an “anterior
lumbar interbody fusion.” For purposes of this motion the court
will assume the driver of the other car, Defendant Dimondo, is
liable for Plaintiff’s injuries. Ms. Dimondo has liability coverage of
$100,000, and the court assumes for present purposes that the
damages attributable to Plaintiff’s injuries exceed that amount.
Plaintiff purchased Under Insured Motorist (UIM) coverage from her
carrier, USAA, in the amount of $100,000. The question here is
whether she is entitled to any of those underinsured motorist
benefits.
Prior to 2013 Delaware law provided that an insured was not
entitled to UIM coverage unless the combined liability coverage of
the tortfeasor(s) was less than the amount of the UIM coverage.
According to then-existing 18 Del. C. §3902:
An underinsured motor vehicle is one for which there may be bodily injury liability coverage in effect, but the limits of bodily injury liability coverage under all bonds and insurance policies applicable at the time of the accident total less than the limits provided by the underinsured motorist coverage. These limits shall be stated in the declaration sheet of the policy.
2 Plaintiff’s UIM policy limit is $100,000 and Defendant’s liability
insurance limit is also $100,000. Thus, if the old statute governs,
Plaintiff is not entitled to any UIM benefits because Defendant
Dimondo’s liability coverage is not “less than the limits provided by
the underinsured motorist policy.”1
Under the more recent version of section 3902 Plaintiff would
be entitled to UIM coverage because the damages attributable to her
injuries assumedly exceed the Defendant’s $100,000 liability
coverage. On July 3, 2013 the governor signed into law a statute
which changes this result and provided for UIM coverage if the
insured’s damages exceeded the liability coverage available from the
tortfeasors. The revision to section 3902 provides:
An underinsured motor vehicle is one for which there may be bodily injury liability coverage in effect, but the limits of bodily injury liability coverage under all bonds and insurance policies applicable at the time of the accident are less than the damages sustained by the
1 The parties agree that for purposes of the former statute, Defendant’s liability coverage of $100,000 was not “less than” Plaintiff’s UIM coverage of $100,000. Phrases such as “less than” and “more than” exclude “equal to.” For example, in Tatum v. State, 941 A.2d 1009 (Del. 2007), a criminal defendant was fined $100 in a trial court, and sought to appeal to the Supreme Court, which has jurisdiction only over cases in which the fine “exceeds one hundred dollars.” The Court found it lacked jurisdiction because a fine equal to one hundred dollars does not “exceed” one hundred dollars. “Tatum's sentence on the charge of being in a park after dark was a fine of $100, which clearly does not meet the jurisdictional threshold of a fine exceeding $100.”
3 insured. These limits shall be stated in the declaration sheet of the policy.
The parties agree, for present purposes, that Plaintiff’s damages
exceed Defendant’s $100,000 liability coverage, and therefore
Plaintiff is entitled to benefits under her UIM coverage if the new
statute applies.
The key to determining which version of section 3902 applies
is found in the enacting legislation. When the General Assembly
revised section 3902 it provided that “[t]he provisions of this law
shall apply to motor vehicle insurance policies issued and/or
renewed six (6) months after enactment.” In short, if Plaintiff’s
policy in force at the time of her accident had been renewed after
January 3, 2014 (“six (6) months after enactment”) she was entitled
to the benefit of the revised UIM statute; on the other hand, if the
latest renewal date of her policy at the time of the accident was not
after January 3, 2014, she is not covered by the revision to section
3902. A short timeline shows that Plaintiff’s UIM policy in force at
the time of the accident had not yet been renewed after January 3,
2014:
4 1. July 3, 2013. Governor signs into law the
revision to section 3902. The revision will apply
to motor vehicle policies “issued and/or renewed
six (6) months after enactment.”
2. October 20, 2013. Plaintiff’s USAA policy
renewed. Set to expire April 20, 2014.
3. January 3, 2014. Earliest date on which
renewal or issuance of new policy will cause
policy to be subject to revised section 3902.
4. March 27, 2014. Automobile accident which
injures Plaintiff occurs.
5. April 20, 2014. Plaintiff’s USAA policy renews.
This is the first renewal after the six month delay
set forth in the revision to section 3902.
In short, the policy in effect when the March, 2014 accident
occurred was the one renewed on October 20, 2013. Consequently
it had not yet been renewed “six (6) months after enactment,” and
therefore the revised section 3902 does not apply here.
Plaintiff argues strenuously that the policy behind the revision
to section 3902 requires that the revision be applied here. She
5 points to Moffit-Ali v. State Farm2 in which this court held that the
old version of section 3902 applied to the case before it but which
described in dictum the purpose of the revision to that section:
While the Court believes this is a legally correct decision under the law at the time of the accident, it finds comfort that the General Assembly has recognized the previous statute was being used by insurance companies to limit coverage in cases where the plaintiff was significantly injured and the liability coverage was not sufficient to provide fair compensation. Clearly this was not intended by the framers of the original statute and was inconsistent with the intent of the law. Fortunately the statute as changed will prevent such injustice from continuing. Unfortunately for Plaintiff the previous statute controls and State Farm's Motion must be granted.
The holding in this case is not a retrenchment from the views
expressed in Moffit-Ali. But no matter how compelling the policy of
a statute might be, however, “it is well-settled that unambiguous
statutes are not subject to judicial interpretation.”3 The Delaware
Supreme Court has often held that “the meaning of a statute must,
in the first instance, be sought in the language in which the act is
framed, and if that is plain the sole function of the courts is to
enforce it according to its terms.”4 There is simply no ambiguity in
2 2016 WL 1424788 (Del. Super.). 3 Leatherbury v. Greenspun, 939 A.2d 1284, 1288 (Del. 2007). 4 Friends of H. Fletcher Brown Mansion v. City of Wilmington, 34 A.3d 1055, 1059 (Del. 2011) (internal quotation and editing marks omitted); see Arnold v. State, 49 A.3d. 1180, 83 (Del. 2012) (“Thus, if statutory text is unambiguous, this Court's role is limited to an application of the literal meaning of the statute's words.”); Leatherbury v. Greenspun, 939 A.2d 1284, 1288 (Del.2007) (“If the statute as a whole is unambiguous and there is
6 the language “[t]he provisions of this law shall apply to motor
vehicle insurance policies issued and/or renewed six (6) months
after enactment.” Accordingly, the court is not free to resort to
“legislative intent” to attribute another meaning to it.
Assuming for the sake of argument, however, there is an
ambiguity in the statute which permits this court to divine the
legislature’s intent as an aid to statutory construction, the
legislative history requires the same result the court has reached
here. The “primary source of legislative intent is the bill's
synopsis.”5 The synopsis to the revision of section 3902 leads to the
same conclusion the court has reached. That synopsis makes it
clear the revision is intended to apply only to policies renewed six
months after the enactment of the statute:
The provisions of the law will not affect existing insurance policies, and will apply only to renewing or new policies that become effective six months after the law is enacted.6
Despite the impassioned appeal from Plaintiff, the court is
bound by the words used by the General Assembly. It is
undisputed that Plaintiff’s policy in effect at the time of the accident
no reasonable doubt as to the meaning of the words used, the court's role is limited to an application of the literal meaning of those words.”). 5 Wilmington Savings Fund Soc., FSB v. Kaczmarczyk, 2007 WL 704937 at *4, n.39 (Del. Ch.). 6 79 Del. Laws ch. 91, § 2 (2013).
7 was not one which was renewed “six months after the law is
enacted.” USAA’s motion to dismiss is therefore GRANTED.
Dated: June 21, 2016 John A. Parkins, Jr. Superior Court Judge
oc: Prothonotary
pc: Richard A. DiLiberto, Esquire, Young Conaway Stargatt & Taylor, LLP, Wilmington, Delaware Thomas P. Leff, Esquire, Casarino Christman Shalk Ransom & Doss, P.A., Wilmington, Delaware Lauren E. Dimondo, 2437 West Colonial Drive, Upper Chichester, Pennsylvania