NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY APPELLATE DIVISION DOCKET NO. A-2362-19T2
D.C.,1
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
V.C.,
Defendant-Respondent. ________________________
Submitted January 19, 2020 – Decided January 27, 2021
Before Judges Sabatino and DeAlmeida.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Chancery Division, Family Part, Cumberland County, Docket No. FM-06-0479-15.
Paul H. Scull, Jr., attorney for appellant.
Respondent has not filed a brief.
PER CURIAM
1 We use initials and pseudonyms to protect the welfare of the parties' minor children. R. 1:38-3(d). In this unopposed appeal, D.C., the father of the parties' two minor
children C.C. and D.C.,2 seeks relief from the Family Part's January 3, 2020
order denying relief with respect to the children's alleged educational neglect.
Specifically, the father urges that remedial action is warranted to address the
apparent failure of the children's mother, V.B. (formerly known as V.C.) to
provide adequate instruction to the children through home schooling.
For the reasons that follow, we vacate several portions of the January 3,
2020 order, remanding this case for additional evaluations and a plenary hearing,
yielding a more informed basis for the trial court to reconsider measures that
may be warranted to assure the children's educational best interests.
The parties are the parents of Claudia, who was born in September 2010,
and her younger brother Derek, who was born in September 2012. The parties
divorced in June 2017, entering into a Marital Settlement Agreement ("MSA")
with the mutual assistance of counsel. Under the terms of the MSA, the parties
agreed to share joint legal and physical custody of both children. The parties
designated the mother the parent of primary residence and the father the parent
of alternate residence.
2 Because the father and the son share the same initials "D.C.," we hereafter refer to the former as "the father" and the latter by the pseudonym "Derek." We shall refer to the daughter, C.C., by the pseudonym "Claudia." A-2362-19T2 2 In her role as primary custodian, the mother decided, against the father's
wishes, to provide both children with home schooling rather than enroll them in
the public-school system. She noted in her motion certification that the father
himself was home schooled as a child.
As time passed, the father became increasingly concerned about the
effectiveness of the children's home schooling. On the other hand, the mother
has insisted she has adequately met the children's educational needs. According
to the mother, the father has unjustifiably complained about the quality of her
home schooling simply to harass her. 3
In April 2019, a pediatrician with the CARES Institute performed an
examination of Claudia at the behest of the Division. The pediatrician, who is
an associate professor of pediatrics, authored a sixteen-page report covering a
range of concerns, including educational needs. At the time of the CARES
report, Claudia was eight years old and would have been in the third grade.
The CARES report identified numerous concerns about deficiencies in
Claudia's home schooling. Among other things, the expert noted that Claudia
3 The record shows the parties have had numerous disputes concerning the welfare of the children, some of which have prompted the involvement of the Division of Child Protection and Permanency ("the Division"). We do not address those issues here except for the contentions of educational neglect. A-2362-19T2 3 was "unable to read even a very basic book" and "could not read a full sentence."
The expert further noted that Claudia was "unable to complete very simple
mathematics problems such as addition and early multiplication." The expert
opined that these shortcomings were "very concerning for educational neglect."
More specifically, the expert recommended that Claudia and her brother be
"enrolled in school," and that Claudia receive "a formal evaluation of her
cognitive abilities and her academic achievement to ascertain whether or not she
is getting appropriate education."
Following the CARES report, the father moved in the Family Part for,
among other things, an order directing the children to be evaluated by a child
psychologist and to be tested by the public school. The mother, through counsel,
opposed the motion, and cross-moved herself for various items.
After considering the parties' submissions, the trial court issued a lengthy
order on September 9, 2019 which addressed a variety of issues, including the
children's schooling. Within that order, the trial court stated it "finds that there
is significant circumstantial evidence from the NJ CARES [I]nstitute that causes
the Court concern and that warrants further investigation [so as] to err to the
side of protecting the children." Although the court declined at that point to
make any finding the children had been abused or neglected, the court did order
A-2362-19T2 4 the parties to "execute the necessary authorizations and documentation to have
the minor children evaluated educationally by the [local public-school district]
as soon as possible."
In addition, the court's September 9, 2019 order granted, with certain
modifications, the father's request that the children be evaluated by a child
psychologist, as had been recommended by the CARES expert. Toward that
end, the court instructed each party to propose the names of three acceptable
psychologists who could undertake the evaluation. The father's counsel
submitted three names and the mother's counsel submitted two.
As directed, the local elementary school performed an educational
screening of both children in mid-September 2019, utilizing various assessment
tests in reading and math. The screening revealed that each child was
significantly behind his or her peers, as much as up to two grade levels. The
screening results were presented to the trial court, and both parents supplied
additional submissions. The father advocated that the children be immediately
enrolled in the public school. The mother opposed such action, contending that
the screeners unfairly used milestones for the end of the academic year to
evaluate the progress of the children who had not yet completed the year.
A-2362-19T2 5 The case returned to court in December 2019. After hearing oral argument
but no testimony, the court altered course and determined that no further steps
were warranted to address the children's educational concerns. The court found
it significant that the mother, as the parent of primary residence, had the
prerogative under N.J.S.A. 18A:38-25 to choose home schooling for the children
in lieu of traditional public education. The court further recognized that neither
the Division nor the school district had seen fit to initiate any steps to require
the children to attend the elementary school. In addition, the court expressed
concerns that the children might react adversely to being made subject to further
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY APPELLATE DIVISION DOCKET NO. A-2362-19T2
D.C.,1
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
V.C.,
Defendant-Respondent. ________________________
Submitted January 19, 2020 – Decided January 27, 2021
Before Judges Sabatino and DeAlmeida.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Chancery Division, Family Part, Cumberland County, Docket No. FM-06-0479-15.
Paul H. Scull, Jr., attorney for appellant.
Respondent has not filed a brief.
PER CURIAM
1 We use initials and pseudonyms to protect the welfare of the parties' minor children. R. 1:38-3(d). In this unopposed appeal, D.C., the father of the parties' two minor
children C.C. and D.C.,2 seeks relief from the Family Part's January 3, 2020
order denying relief with respect to the children's alleged educational neglect.
Specifically, the father urges that remedial action is warranted to address the
apparent failure of the children's mother, V.B. (formerly known as V.C.) to
provide adequate instruction to the children through home schooling.
For the reasons that follow, we vacate several portions of the January 3,
2020 order, remanding this case for additional evaluations and a plenary hearing,
yielding a more informed basis for the trial court to reconsider measures that
may be warranted to assure the children's educational best interests.
The parties are the parents of Claudia, who was born in September 2010,
and her younger brother Derek, who was born in September 2012. The parties
divorced in June 2017, entering into a Marital Settlement Agreement ("MSA")
with the mutual assistance of counsel. Under the terms of the MSA, the parties
agreed to share joint legal and physical custody of both children. The parties
designated the mother the parent of primary residence and the father the parent
of alternate residence.
2 Because the father and the son share the same initials "D.C.," we hereafter refer to the former as "the father" and the latter by the pseudonym "Derek." We shall refer to the daughter, C.C., by the pseudonym "Claudia." A-2362-19T2 2 In her role as primary custodian, the mother decided, against the father's
wishes, to provide both children with home schooling rather than enroll them in
the public-school system. She noted in her motion certification that the father
himself was home schooled as a child.
As time passed, the father became increasingly concerned about the
effectiveness of the children's home schooling. On the other hand, the mother
has insisted she has adequately met the children's educational needs. According
to the mother, the father has unjustifiably complained about the quality of her
home schooling simply to harass her. 3
In April 2019, a pediatrician with the CARES Institute performed an
examination of Claudia at the behest of the Division. The pediatrician, who is
an associate professor of pediatrics, authored a sixteen-page report covering a
range of concerns, including educational needs. At the time of the CARES
report, Claudia was eight years old and would have been in the third grade.
The CARES report identified numerous concerns about deficiencies in
Claudia's home schooling. Among other things, the expert noted that Claudia
3 The record shows the parties have had numerous disputes concerning the welfare of the children, some of which have prompted the involvement of the Division of Child Protection and Permanency ("the Division"). We do not address those issues here except for the contentions of educational neglect. A-2362-19T2 3 was "unable to read even a very basic book" and "could not read a full sentence."
The expert further noted that Claudia was "unable to complete very simple
mathematics problems such as addition and early multiplication." The expert
opined that these shortcomings were "very concerning for educational neglect."
More specifically, the expert recommended that Claudia and her brother be
"enrolled in school," and that Claudia receive "a formal evaluation of her
cognitive abilities and her academic achievement to ascertain whether or not she
is getting appropriate education."
Following the CARES report, the father moved in the Family Part for,
among other things, an order directing the children to be evaluated by a child
psychologist and to be tested by the public school. The mother, through counsel,
opposed the motion, and cross-moved herself for various items.
After considering the parties' submissions, the trial court issued a lengthy
order on September 9, 2019 which addressed a variety of issues, including the
children's schooling. Within that order, the trial court stated it "finds that there
is significant circumstantial evidence from the NJ CARES [I]nstitute that causes
the Court concern and that warrants further investigation [so as] to err to the
side of protecting the children." Although the court declined at that point to
make any finding the children had been abused or neglected, the court did order
A-2362-19T2 4 the parties to "execute the necessary authorizations and documentation to have
the minor children evaluated educationally by the [local public-school district]
as soon as possible."
In addition, the court's September 9, 2019 order granted, with certain
modifications, the father's request that the children be evaluated by a child
psychologist, as had been recommended by the CARES expert. Toward that
end, the court instructed each party to propose the names of three acceptable
psychologists who could undertake the evaluation. The father's counsel
submitted three names and the mother's counsel submitted two.
As directed, the local elementary school performed an educational
screening of both children in mid-September 2019, utilizing various assessment
tests in reading and math. The screening revealed that each child was
significantly behind his or her peers, as much as up to two grade levels. The
screening results were presented to the trial court, and both parents supplied
additional submissions. The father advocated that the children be immediately
enrolled in the public school. The mother opposed such action, contending that
the screeners unfairly used milestones for the end of the academic year to
evaluate the progress of the children who had not yet completed the year.
A-2362-19T2 5 The case returned to court in December 2019. After hearing oral argument
but no testimony, the court altered course and determined that no further steps
were warranted to address the children's educational concerns. The court found
it significant that the mother, as the parent of primary residence, had the
prerogative under N.J.S.A. 18A:38-25 to choose home schooling for the children
in lieu of traditional public education. The court further recognized that neither
the Division nor the school district had seen fit to initiate any steps to require
the children to attend the elementary school. In addition, the court expressed
concerns that the children might react adversely to being made subject to further
testing and evaluations while their parents fought and litigated over their
schooling.
Having reflected on the situation in this manner, the trial court issued an
order on January 3, 2020, denying the father's motion in nearly all respects.
Among other things, the order declared the court "will not interfere with [the
mother's] home schooling of the minor children," and denied the father's request
to have them enrolled in the public school. The order further denied the father's
request for the children to undertake comprehensive psychological evaluations,
and likewise denied his requests for risk assessments. Further, the court denied
the father's request for the children to switch to a counselor approved by the
A-2362-19T2 6 Division's case worker, although the court did order both parties "to follow any
recommendations of the [Division]." The court did keep intact a provision
within its September 2019 order requiring the mother to consult and confer with
the father concerning "all major non-emergent medical, educational, and issues
pertaining to religion." Although not embodied in the order, the court orally
urged the mother at the motion hearing to be more attentive to the children's
educational needs.
In his appeal of the court's January 3, 2020 order, the father argues the
trial court gave too much deference to the mother as the primary custodial
parent, and failed to take sufficiently into account the children's best interests.
The father requests that the matter be remanded for a plenary hearing and the
completion of psychological evaluations and academic testing of both children.
The mother has not filed a brief in opposition to the appeal.
The polestar of our state's laws involving custody and other post-divorce
matters affecting minor children is the best interests of the child. See, e.g.,
N.J.S.A. 9:2-4(a) to (c); Pascale v. Pascale, 140 N.J. 583, 588 (1995). Where,
as here, divorced parents share joint physical and legal custody of their children,
the parent of primary residence has some presumptive latitude over the
children's day-to-day affairs. Pascale, 140 N.J. at 599-600. Nonetheless, that
A-2362-19T2 7 primary caretaker is not permitted to take unilateral actions that are
demonstrably harmful to the children's best interests. Id. at 596.
Here, there are substantial indicia in the record from neutral sources such
as the CARE pediatrician and the school testing professionals that both Claudia
and Derek are seriously behind in their educational progress. Although we
appreciate the trial court's understandable concern about the children being
subjected to excessive testing or evaluations, the record we have been provided
raises considerable issues of educational deficiencies that must be more deeply
explored.
The right of a parent to elect home schooling under N.J.S.A. 18A:38-25
is not unlimited. The children must receive "academic equivalence." N.J.S.A.
18A:38-25; see also State v. Massa, 95 N.J. Super. 382, 390 (Law Div. 1967).
The trial court misapplied its discretion in declining to have these educational
issues investigated and addressed more thoroughly.
We accordingly vacate paragraphs 1 through 4 of the January 3, 2020
order, and remand for further proceedings, which shall include evaluations by a
court-appointed child psychologist and updated academic testing. Following
such reports, the court shall conduct an evidentiary hearing to resolve any
disputed questions of fact. To plan these remand activities, the court is
A-2362-19T2 8 instructed to conduct a case management conference within twenty days. 4 We
make no determination as to whether or not the children shall be enrolled in the
public school, as that ultimate decision will rest with the Family Part after the
current evidence concerning the children's status and best interests is more fully
developed.
Vacated in part and remanded. We do not retain jurisdiction.
4 The court is free to include in the remand proceedings any other issues relating to the children's welfare beyond the educational matters that are the subject of this appeal. A-2362-19T2 9