The Assistant Vice-Chancellor.
In the view which I have taken of this case, it is unimportant whether or not the bond and mortgage of the defendants were originally placed in the hands of Curtis, in order to procure a specific loan ; or for any purpose of their own which could not be accomplished. I think the evidence is conclusive, that they loaned the bond and mortgage to Curtis, and authorized him to use it for his own benefit or that of his firm.
To sustain their defence, the defendants are driven to call [362]*362Curtis as a witness,, who if he succeeds in establishing it, must thereby convict himself of a gross fraud as well as breach of trust. His testimony ought therefore, to be carefully scrutinized, and received with caution. Giving to it, however, the full weight to which the same statement would be entitled, from the lips of a stranger to the transaction, it leaves no room for doubt.
The bond and mortgage were transferred to the complainant, in effect, when he advanced the stock to Curtis, on the 3d of January, 1844. The complainant at that time, became the purchaser of the securities, in good faith, without notice, and for a valuable consideration.
The defendants had executed these securities to Curtis, which declared to all the world that they had received the sum secured, and that Curtis had full authority to sell and transfer them. If their purpose were accomplished, or had been frustrated; the defendants ought to have withdrawn them. To strangers, the securities expressed the same language as if the defendants had received the whole sum secured to be paid.
The complainant, instead of having any notice or suspicion of wrong, had been apprised of the defendants intention to execute a mortgage on this property, and of Curtis being their agent for the purpose.
Then on the 6th of March, at Curtis’s request, and upon the complainant’s demand, Perkins & Town transferred to the . complainant, their policy of insurance on the manufactory, fixtures &c., situated on the premises.
It is impossible to account for this act on any rational ground, if the defendants did not then know that Curtis had used ’the bond and mortgage, and if they had not previously sanctioned it, or intended to ratify and confirm it.
This is too plain for argument. The portion of the premises which was insured, constituted their principal value, and the policy therefore made an important and almost vital part of the security to the mortgagee.
It is incredible that these defendants, without a dollar being paid, and without questioning its object or propriety, should have transferred that policy in the manner they did,, unless they had known that the complainant was the owner of their bond and [363]*363mortgage, or unless he was about to become such owner with their entire assent.
On either assumption, it was a loan of their securities to Curtis, and the consideration paid to him, became a sufficient consideration to them to support the mortgage.
It is contended by the defendant Clark, that his interest in the premises was not affected by the transfer of the mortgage, because he was not a party to the assignment of the policy of insurance, and therefore not bound by that act or the inferences derived from it
The mortgaged premises consist of a lease for twenty-one years, on which is erected a white lead manufactory, with steam engines and other appropriate fixtures and apparatus. Clark was a joint lessee with Perkins and Town, and they all had an interest in the business conducted on the demised premises. This business in New York, where their store was kept, went under the name of Perkins & Town.
From the joint demise, the uses to which it was converted, the joint interest in the business, and the character of that business, (it being manufacturing and commercial,) I am bound to infer that they were partners.
Clark had joined in executing the bond and mortgage, and had concurred with the other partners in suffering them to remain in the possession of Curtis. The principal value of the premises mortgaged was of such a nature that either of the copartners could have sold and transferred it, and the leasehold itself was in equity, subject to all the incidents of the personal property of a partnership. (See Houghton v. Houghton, 11 Simons, 491 ; Dyer v. Clark, 5 Metc. 562; Howard v. Priest, 5 ibid. 582.) The policy, being in the name of Perkins & Town, their transfer sufficed to convey it to the complainant. And in reference to its effect as a ratification, I think when I consider the character of the property, the execution of the bond and mortgage, and its continuance with Curtis ; that the transfer of the policy must be deemed the act of the firm, and binding upon Clark in all its consequences.
The mortgage must be declared a valid security to the complainant for the amount of the stock which he advanced.
[364]*364Then as to the sum paid to obtain the possession of the bond and mortgage.
The conduct and acts of the defendants, were not only a sufficient warrant, as it respects the complainant, for Curtis’s' transfer to him, but authorized him to infer that all the other dealings of Curtis with the securities were rightful and within his legitimate power and control over the same.
Finding the securities under an equitable mortgage for a debt of Curtis, the complainant was compelled to redeem them in order to protect his own title. Curtis asserts that Little & Co. had no right to retain them. There are two strong circumstances against the witnesses opinion. The debt to Little & Co. is undisputed, and they had possession of the securities.
1 think the complainant was justified in paying their claim, and is entitled to hold the securities for the sum which he paid.
A question was made as to the amount which the complainant is entitled to recover for his stock loaned.
The stock was to have been returned in thirty days, and the complainant’s measure of damages is the price of the stock in the market at the end of that time. (Gregory v. McDowell, 8 Wend. 435; Dey v. Dox, 9 ibid. 129 ; Clark v. Finney, 7 Cow. 681.)
It is insisted also, that the steam engine, machinery and fixtures, for manufacturing, are not included in the mortgage.
This is incorrect. Although the lessor of the land could not claim them, it is otherwise of the mortgagee of the lessees. The question here is between grantor and grantee, in which case the grantee holds all fixtures whether for trade and manufacture, or for the purposes of agriculture or habitation. (See the authorities in Walker v. Sherman, 20 Wend. 636.)
The defendants make two or three other points which I will mention.
It is said that the complainant’s bill must be dismissed, because he has not proved the allegation that the defendants were indebted to Curtis and others, for which debt they gave the bond and mortgage.
[365]*365There are two answers to this. First, if the whole allegation of indebtedness were stricken . out of the bill, the complainant would be entitled to a decree on the statement of the execution of the bond and mortgage.
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The Assistant Vice-Chancellor.
In the view which I have taken of this case, it is unimportant whether or not the bond and mortgage of the defendants were originally placed in the hands of Curtis, in order to procure a specific loan ; or for any purpose of their own which could not be accomplished. I think the evidence is conclusive, that they loaned the bond and mortgage to Curtis, and authorized him to use it for his own benefit or that of his firm.
To sustain their defence, the defendants are driven to call [362]*362Curtis as a witness,, who if he succeeds in establishing it, must thereby convict himself of a gross fraud as well as breach of trust. His testimony ought therefore, to be carefully scrutinized, and received with caution. Giving to it, however, the full weight to which the same statement would be entitled, from the lips of a stranger to the transaction, it leaves no room for doubt.
The bond and mortgage were transferred to the complainant, in effect, when he advanced the stock to Curtis, on the 3d of January, 1844. The complainant at that time, became the purchaser of the securities, in good faith, without notice, and for a valuable consideration.
The defendants had executed these securities to Curtis, which declared to all the world that they had received the sum secured, and that Curtis had full authority to sell and transfer them. If their purpose were accomplished, or had been frustrated; the defendants ought to have withdrawn them. To strangers, the securities expressed the same language as if the defendants had received the whole sum secured to be paid.
The complainant, instead of having any notice or suspicion of wrong, had been apprised of the defendants intention to execute a mortgage on this property, and of Curtis being their agent for the purpose.
Then on the 6th of March, at Curtis’s request, and upon the complainant’s demand, Perkins & Town transferred to the . complainant, their policy of insurance on the manufactory, fixtures &c., situated on the premises.
It is impossible to account for this act on any rational ground, if the defendants did not then know that Curtis had used ’the bond and mortgage, and if they had not previously sanctioned it, or intended to ratify and confirm it.
This is too plain for argument. The portion of the premises which was insured, constituted their principal value, and the policy therefore made an important and almost vital part of the security to the mortgagee.
It is incredible that these defendants, without a dollar being paid, and without questioning its object or propriety, should have transferred that policy in the manner they did,, unless they had known that the complainant was the owner of their bond and [363]*363mortgage, or unless he was about to become such owner with their entire assent.
On either assumption, it was a loan of their securities to Curtis, and the consideration paid to him, became a sufficient consideration to them to support the mortgage.
It is contended by the defendant Clark, that his interest in the premises was not affected by the transfer of the mortgage, because he was not a party to the assignment of the policy of insurance, and therefore not bound by that act or the inferences derived from it
The mortgaged premises consist of a lease for twenty-one years, on which is erected a white lead manufactory, with steam engines and other appropriate fixtures and apparatus. Clark was a joint lessee with Perkins and Town, and they all had an interest in the business conducted on the demised premises. This business in New York, where their store was kept, went under the name of Perkins & Town.
From the joint demise, the uses to which it was converted, the joint interest in the business, and the character of that business, (it being manufacturing and commercial,) I am bound to infer that they were partners.
Clark had joined in executing the bond and mortgage, and had concurred with the other partners in suffering them to remain in the possession of Curtis. The principal value of the premises mortgaged was of such a nature that either of the copartners could have sold and transferred it, and the leasehold itself was in equity, subject to all the incidents of the personal property of a partnership. (See Houghton v. Houghton, 11 Simons, 491 ; Dyer v. Clark, 5 Metc. 562; Howard v. Priest, 5 ibid. 582.) The policy, being in the name of Perkins & Town, their transfer sufficed to convey it to the complainant. And in reference to its effect as a ratification, I think when I consider the character of the property, the execution of the bond and mortgage, and its continuance with Curtis ; that the transfer of the policy must be deemed the act of the firm, and binding upon Clark in all its consequences.
The mortgage must be declared a valid security to the complainant for the amount of the stock which he advanced.
[364]*364Then as to the sum paid to obtain the possession of the bond and mortgage.
The conduct and acts of the defendants, were not only a sufficient warrant, as it respects the complainant, for Curtis’s' transfer to him, but authorized him to infer that all the other dealings of Curtis with the securities were rightful and within his legitimate power and control over the same.
Finding the securities under an equitable mortgage for a debt of Curtis, the complainant was compelled to redeem them in order to protect his own title. Curtis asserts that Little & Co. had no right to retain them. There are two strong circumstances against the witnesses opinion. The debt to Little & Co. is undisputed, and they had possession of the securities.
1 think the complainant was justified in paying their claim, and is entitled to hold the securities for the sum which he paid.
A question was made as to the amount which the complainant is entitled to recover for his stock loaned.
The stock was to have been returned in thirty days, and the complainant’s measure of damages is the price of the stock in the market at the end of that time. (Gregory v. McDowell, 8 Wend. 435; Dey v. Dox, 9 ibid. 129 ; Clark v. Finney, 7 Cow. 681.)
It is insisted also, that the steam engine, machinery and fixtures, for manufacturing, are not included in the mortgage.
This is incorrect. Although the lessor of the land could not claim them, it is otherwise of the mortgagee of the lessees. The question here is between grantor and grantee, in which case the grantee holds all fixtures whether for trade and manufacture, or for the purposes of agriculture or habitation. (See the authorities in Walker v. Sherman, 20 Wend. 636.)
The defendants make two or three other points which I will mention.
It is said that the complainant’s bill must be dismissed, because he has not proved the allegation that the defendants were indebted to Curtis and others, for which debt they gave the bond and mortgage.
[365]*365There are two answers to this. First, if the whole allegation of indebtedness were stricken . out of the bill, the complainant would be entitled to a decree on the statement of the execution of the bond and mortgage. Second; the evidence which shows that the defendants loaned the securities to Curtis and others, with the bond itself, supports the charge of an indebtedness, pro line vice.
The last suggestion also answers the point, that the bill should have set forth the authority of* Curtis to transfer the securities.
It is further objected that the complainant received other collateral securities together with this mortgage, and he ought to show that he has exhausted those, before proceeding upon the mortgage.
I can perceive no good reason why he should show this. If he has received any thing upon the other collaterals, the defendants will have the benefit of it on computing the amount due. If they are of any value, the defendants may be subrogated to them on paying the complainant’s claim.
The complainant is entitled to a decree for foreclosure and sale.
If he is content with the price of the stock when it should have been restored, as fixed by the defendant’s witness, there need be no reference on that point. In that event, the decree will be for such price .with interest, and for the sum paid to J. Little & Co. with interest, and the costs of the suit.(a)
See note at the end of the case.