By the Court.
Benning, J.
delivering the opinion.
It appears, upon the face of the return of the commissioners to examine David Dawson, that David Dawson signed the depositions returned.
It is very doubtful, therefore, whether enough does not appear upon the face of that return to show the commission to have been well executed- — very doubtful whether enough-does not appear upon the face of the return, to show that the depositions were, in fact, “ answered, subscribed and sworn-to” before the commissioners, by the witness. I, myself, am-very much disposed to think that there does appear enough to show that.
And then, the interrogatories had lain in office for more' than three years. And the 47th rule of Court requires all objections to the execution and return of interrogatories, on appeal trials, to be made before the cause has been submitted-to the Jury. The case was on-the appeal. The plaintiff’s-continuances were exhausted.
[1.] We think the most the Court could have done on this objection to the execution of the commission, would have been. [579]*579to present to the defendant the alternative, either to waive .the objection or submit to a general continuance of the case.
Several parts of the answers of George Watts consisted in mere matter of opinion; and therefore, should not have been read to the Jury, against the objection of the plaintiff. These parts are as follows: 1. A part of Watt’s answer to the first cross-question in the plaintiff’s set of interrogatories for him, in the following words: “it was and is my opinion, that if ¡Susannah Watts had the money, she must have got it.from John Watts.” 2. A part of Watts’ answer to the second direct interrogatory in the defendant’s set of interrogatories for him, in the following words : “ I do not know, but think John Watts counted the money to Coe for all the negroes.” “ If she had the means to buy negroes, I think she obtained it through John Watts.” 8. A part of his answer to the first cross-interrogatory of this same set, in the following words: “ I have already stated, in 2d interrogatory, that John Watts counted the money to Coe — I think, I cannot say, positively, it was John Watts’ money. If Susannah Watts had the means, I think it came through John Watts. ” “ I do not know, positively, but think that John Yfatts had and paid over the amount of the purchase money for the negroes.”
[2.] As it appears to us, the witness intends, by these answers, to give nothing but his opinions. If so, the answers were, of course, not proper to go to the Jury.
George Watts, as to the execution of the bill of sale, swore, in answer to the plaintiff’s interrogatories, as follow's: “I did sign the said bill of sale, as an attesting witness. I saw said Jesse Coe execute said bill of sale to said Susannah Watts, (as I supposed,) for the purposes therein mentioned.” This, the Court held, did not prove the bill of sale sufficiently to make it admissible to the Jury. Rut we think it did. If this statement b.e true, the most obvious, if not the necessary inference from it is, that the witness saw the bill of sale signed and delivered; that he was present when that was done, and that he attested the doing of it. A statement from which [580]*580such an inference may be drawn, is certainly sufficient to carry the instrument to which it, relates to the Jury.
Any objection to the word “execute,” on the score that it .expresses a conclusion rather than a fact, would equally lie to any one of the words, sign, seal, deliver.
It appears, that at the time when the slave, Charity, was purchased, and for a while afterwards, Susannah Watts and John Watts lived together.
[4.] And thus living together, prima facie, by presump-tion of law, they were in the joint, possession of the slave. Any declaration of either, made while they were so living together, explanatory of the nature of the possession, would therefore be admissible as evidence, for the one which made it, under the principle of the res gestee. (1 Greenlf. Ev. §108, and cases cited.)
Milly Dawson, a witness, swore this: “ she knows, after the negro was brought home, Susannah Watts claimed the negro.” This declaration of Susannah Watts, was explanatory of the nature of the possession which,she had of the negro. It went to show the possession to be one in her own. separate right. The declaration was therefore admissible in favor of her and of those claiming under her, according to the above stated principle.
This witness also testified to this: “during their stay in Hall, Susannah Watts made a deed of gift of Charity to John Watts’ oldest daughter, Susannah.” If this was true, the deed, Itself, was better evidence of it. And nothing appears to show the deed not to have been within the possession or the power of the plaintiff. And unless something of this kind appears, none but the best evidence is to be received.
It was right of the Court, therefore, to reject this testimony-
This witness and her husband, Benj. Dawson, jointly, testified as follows : “ They say Susannah Watts lived constantly with them from the time John Watts went from Hall County. They know she did not know where John Watts had gone ; their reasons for saying so, is because they often heard her [581]*581;say so, and because she made many efforts to find where he was.” “ Because they often heard her say so,” was objected 'to by the defendant, and ruled out by the Court.
[5.] Talcing this whole statement together, we understand'! the witnesses to mean, that these sayings of Susannah Watts were made during the time when she was making “ the many efforts to find where he was,” of which they speak. If we are right in this, these sayings were the natural, if not the neaccompaniments of those efforts ; and so, were admissible as evidence, under the principle of the res gestee, in the same manner as was her declaration, above noticed, explanatory of her possession of the slave Charity.
Was the charge of the Court below right ? .
The main proposition in the charge was this : “ that as no administration on the estate of John Watts or his widow was ;shown, the possessions of John Watts and his widow, after-wards of his daughter, were separate and independent possessions.” And this proposition w'as one which we think might or might not have been true, according as the facts might import one or another of two things. If the import of the facts was, that the possessions of the widow and of the daughter, were respectively acquired in any other manner than as the successive representatives of John Watts, then it was true that ‘the possessions of the widow and of the daughter, were “separate and independent possessions.” But if the import of the facts was, that these possessions, which the widow and the daughter had, were acquired by them as the representatives of John Watts, then it was not true that the “possessions were separate and independent possessions.” And that “no administration on the estate of John Watts or his widow was shown,” was by no means conclusive that the widow did not represent John Watts — and by no means conclusive that the daughter did not represent the widow.
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By the Court.
Benning, J.
delivering the opinion.
It appears, upon the face of the return of the commissioners to examine David Dawson, that David Dawson signed the depositions returned.
It is very doubtful, therefore, whether enough does not appear upon the face of that return to show the commission to have been well executed- — very doubtful whether enough-does not appear upon the face of the return, to show that the depositions were, in fact, “ answered, subscribed and sworn-to” before the commissioners, by the witness. I, myself, am-very much disposed to think that there does appear enough to show that.
And then, the interrogatories had lain in office for more' than three years. And the 47th rule of Court requires all objections to the execution and return of interrogatories, on appeal trials, to be made before the cause has been submitted-to the Jury. The case was on-the appeal. The plaintiff’s-continuances were exhausted.
[1.] We think the most the Court could have done on this objection to the execution of the commission, would have been. [579]*579to present to the defendant the alternative, either to waive .the objection or submit to a general continuance of the case.
Several parts of the answers of George Watts consisted in mere matter of opinion; and therefore, should not have been read to the Jury, against the objection of the plaintiff. These parts are as follows: 1. A part of Watt’s answer to the first cross-question in the plaintiff’s set of interrogatories for him, in the following words: “it was and is my opinion, that if ¡Susannah Watts had the money, she must have got it.from John Watts.” 2. A part of Watts’ answer to the second direct interrogatory in the defendant’s set of interrogatories for him, in the following words : “ I do not know, but think John Watts counted the money to Coe for all the negroes.” “ If she had the means to buy negroes, I think she obtained it through John Watts.” 8. A part of his answer to the first cross-interrogatory of this same set, in the following words: “ I have already stated, in 2d interrogatory, that John Watts counted the money to Coe — I think, I cannot say, positively, it was John Watts’ money. If Susannah Watts had the means, I think it came through John Watts. ” “ I do not know, positively, but think that John Yfatts had and paid over the amount of the purchase money for the negroes.”
[2.] As it appears to us, the witness intends, by these answers, to give nothing but his opinions. If so, the answers were, of course, not proper to go to the Jury.
George Watts, as to the execution of the bill of sale, swore, in answer to the plaintiff’s interrogatories, as follow's: “I did sign the said bill of sale, as an attesting witness. I saw said Jesse Coe execute said bill of sale to said Susannah Watts, (as I supposed,) for the purposes therein mentioned.” This, the Court held, did not prove the bill of sale sufficiently to make it admissible to the Jury. Rut we think it did. If this statement b.e true, the most obvious, if not the necessary inference from it is, that the witness saw the bill of sale signed and delivered; that he was present when that was done, and that he attested the doing of it. A statement from which [580]*580such an inference may be drawn, is certainly sufficient to carry the instrument to which it, relates to the Jury.
Any objection to the word “execute,” on the score that it .expresses a conclusion rather than a fact, would equally lie to any one of the words, sign, seal, deliver.
It appears, that at the time when the slave, Charity, was purchased, and for a while afterwards, Susannah Watts and John Watts lived together.
[4.] And thus living together, prima facie, by presump-tion of law, they were in the joint, possession of the slave. Any declaration of either, made while they were so living together, explanatory of the nature of the possession, would therefore be admissible as evidence, for the one which made it, under the principle of the res gestee. (1 Greenlf. Ev. §108, and cases cited.)
Milly Dawson, a witness, swore this: “ she knows, after the negro was brought home, Susannah Watts claimed the negro.” This declaration of Susannah Watts, was explanatory of the nature of the possession which,she had of the negro. It went to show the possession to be one in her own. separate right. The declaration was therefore admissible in favor of her and of those claiming under her, according to the above stated principle.
This witness also testified to this: “during their stay in Hall, Susannah Watts made a deed of gift of Charity to John Watts’ oldest daughter, Susannah.” If this was true, the deed, Itself, was better evidence of it. And nothing appears to show the deed not to have been within the possession or the power of the plaintiff. And unless something of this kind appears, none but the best evidence is to be received.
It was right of the Court, therefore, to reject this testimony-
This witness and her husband, Benj. Dawson, jointly, testified as follows : “ They say Susannah Watts lived constantly with them from the time John Watts went from Hall County. They know she did not know where John Watts had gone ; their reasons for saying so, is because they often heard her [581]*581;say so, and because she made many efforts to find where he was.” “ Because they often heard her say so,” was objected 'to by the defendant, and ruled out by the Court.
[5.] Talcing this whole statement together, we understand'! the witnesses to mean, that these sayings of Susannah Watts were made during the time when she was making “ the many efforts to find where he was,” of which they speak. If we are right in this, these sayings were the natural, if not the neaccompaniments of those efforts ; and so, were admissible as evidence, under the principle of the res gestee, in the same manner as was her declaration, above noticed, explanatory of her possession of the slave Charity.
Was the charge of the Court below right ? .
The main proposition in the charge was this : “ that as no administration on the estate of John Watts or his widow was ;shown, the possessions of John Watts and his widow, after-wards of his daughter, were separate and independent possessions.” And this proposition w'as one which we think might or might not have been true, according as the facts might import one or another of two things. If the import of the facts was, that the possessions of the widow and of the daughter, were respectively acquired in any other manner than as the successive representatives of John Watts, then it was true that ‘the possessions of the widow and of the daughter, were “separate and independent possessions.” But if the import of the facts was, that these possessions, which the widow and the daughter had, were acquired by them as the representatives of John Watts, then it was not true that the “possessions were separate and independent possessions.” And that “no administration on the estate of John Watts or his widow was shown,” was by no means conclusive that the widow did not represent John Watts — and by no means conclusive that the daughter did not represent the widow. If the widow took possession of the slaves as the executor in her own wrong, of John Watts, she held the slaves as the representative of John Watts; and if the daughter took possession of the slaves, as the executor in her own wrong, of the^widow, she held the [582]*582slaves as tlie representative of the widow; and therefore, as the representative of John Watts,
An executor in his own wrong, may be such representative.
An executor in his own wrong, is subject to an action by the rightful executor, by the creditors and by the legatees. (Wentworth Ex’rs, 331, and note (1). Wms. Ex’rs, 141, and notes (h) and (i).
“ All lawful acts which an executor de son tort doth, are good.” (Id. 145, quoting from Coulter’s Case, 5 Co. 30 b.)
Such an executor is to “ bo sued, generally, by the name of executor of the last will and testament of the defunct.” (Went. Ex’rs. 328.) So, such an executor may be sued, jointly, with the rightful executor, if there is one. (Id. Ibid.)
An executor in his own wrong, then, it is clear, is the representative of the deceased person whose estate he takes into possession.
Therefore, it may be that the import of the facts in this case is, that the v/idow of John Watts was, as to the possession of the slaves, the representative of John Watts; for that import may be, that she took possession of the slaves as executor in her own wrong.
And in like manner, the executor in his own wrong, of an executor in his own wrong; may be the representative of such first deceased person.
This would seem to bo a proposition that follows from the principle, that “ the executor of an executor, how far soever in degree remote, stands, as to the points both of being, having and doing, in the same state and plight as the first and immediate executor;” (Went. Ex’rs, 462, and noted 1 ;) for an executor in his own wrong, is an executor. And then, to hold the contrary, we should have to say that an executor in his own wrong, has a situation, in some particulars, more advantageous than that which a rightful executor has.
This proposition would seem to be also involved in the 11th section of the Act of 1792, to protect the estates of orphans, &c. which section is as follows : “ All and every the executors and administrators of any person or persons who, as ex[583]*583ecutor or executors, in Ms or their own wrong or administrators, shall waste or convert any goods, chattels, estate or assets of any person deceased, to their own use, shall be liable and chargeable in the same manner as their testator or intestate would have been, if they had been living.” (Pr. Dig. 229.)
And this proposition seems to be expressly affirmed by the Act of the 43 of Elizabeth, against fraudulent administrations. That Act says: “that every person and persons that hereafter shall obtain, receive and have any goods or debts of any person dying intestate,” “upon any fraud, as is aforesaid, or without such valuable consideration as shall amount to the value of the same goods or debts, or near thereabouts, (except it be in or towards satisfaction of some just and principal debt, of the value of the same goods or debts to him owing by the intestate, at the time of his decease,) shall be charged and chargeable as executor in his own wrong,” &c. (Schley’s Dig. 234.)
And this proposition seems to be a consequence of the doctrine of Equity, “that where the trust property has been improperly disposed of, and is capable of being followed in specie,” a Court of Equity “ will compel tho trustee or the party in possession (if the latter have taken with notice of the trust) to re-convey the estate to the purposes of the trust.” (Hill on Trustees, 522.)
Erom all this, we think it safe to conclude that an executor in his own wrong, of an executor in his own wrong, represents the first testator or deceased person.
[5.] The daughter then, as well as the widow, her mother, might, in this case, have been the representative of John Watts, after his decease, although it was so that no will was left by him, and that no administration was granted on his estate; for she might have been the executor in her oAvn wrong of her mother, and her mother might have been the executor in her own wrong of John Watts; and if they had been such executors, that would, according to what has been said above, have made them successive representatives of John Watts. [584]*584Whether either was such executor or not, was a question-' which depended on the import of the facts in evidence.
If they were such, then it follows, that if John Watts was,, with respect to the slaves, the bailee or trustee of Susannahs Watts, they were equally, each in succession, such bailee or trustee.
[7.] And if this relationship of bailee and bailor, or trustee- and cestui que trust, subsisted between Watts, his widow and daughter, successively, on one side, and Susannah Watts on the other, then the Statute of Limitations could no more begin to run in favor of the widow and daughter, respectively, until they had converted the property — the slaves — to their own use, and Susannah Watts had obtained knowledge of such conversion, than it would begin to run in favor of John Watts, himself, until these things had happened, as to him.
And this is what the Court should have told the Jury.
The facts in evidence had three aspects, each demanding-a charge.
If the case was, that John Watts, and not Susannah, really bought the slave, Charity, then she was his to a certainty.
If the case was, that Susannah Watts, and not John, really-bought the slave, then, still, if John, as a trespasser, converted the slave to his own use, the Statute of Limitations commenced running in his favor, from the moment of such conversion; and so, by the time of trial, would have made, for him and those claiming under him, a bar to an action for such-conversion.
If, however, the case was, that Susannah, and not John,, bought the slave, and that John got possession of the slave-as bailor from Susannah, or as trustee for her, and the possession under this relationship continued in him until his death,, and then passed into his widow, as his executor de son tort, and remained in her until her death, and then passed into her-daughter, as executor de son tort of the widow, and remained’, in her until .her marriage with Callaway, then, up to the time-of this marriage, the Statute of Limitations had not commenced running at all. In short, if this relationship ever existed. [585]*585at all, that Statute did not commence running until the relationship terminated; and if the relationship terminated by means of a conversion of the property, not until that conversion and notice, or knowledge of it, had come to Susannah Watts.
The Court below told the Jury, “that if Mrs. Watts held the property more than four years, and had a statutory title, the defendant could plead it in bar of this action, though he did not claim under Mrs. Watts.”
[8.] In this, we think the Court was in error. The Statute of Limitations may be pleaded by the person in whose direct favor it operates, and by all those claiming under him ; and, according to our understanding of the law, by none else. Even those in whose direct favor the Statute operates, are not bound to plead it; they may waive it. How, then, can strangers get the right to plead it.
The words of the Statute, however, do not give the benefit of the bar to strangers. They give it to the party who can say that the cause of action has not risen against him, at any time within four years.
[9.] In this case, the defendant’s Counsel “proposed to examine the defendant On the merit of the case, not touched upon by the direct examination. Plaintiff objected, and insisted that the cross-examination must be confined to the subject-matter of the direct examination. The Court overruled the objection of plaintiff, and allowed the examination to proceed.”
We think the Court was right. There is certainly doubt as to what is the rule in such cases; but the decision of the Court seems to have the support of the English decisions. (R. vs. Brook, 2 Stark. R. 472. Morgan vs. Brydges, Id. 314. 1 Stark. Ev. 161. 1 Phil. Ev. 274. 1 Greenlf. Ev. §445.)
And those decisions are, in general, better evidence of' what the law of Georgia is, than are any other decisions, except those made by the Courts of Georgia; and the decisions [586]*586of these latter Courts have, we think, agreed with the English decisions.