Fullerton, J.
The respondents, who- were plaintiffs below, brought this action against the appellants to recover the possession of certain unsurveyed government lands on which they had discovered a coa.1 vein. The lands are situated in the eastern portion of Lewis county, some sixteen miles from the nearest wagon road, some one hundred miles from a railroad, and are reached by a trail over which it is possible to take, pack animals only. The nearest comer on the government surveys is about twelve miles distant from the discovery claim. From this corner the respondents caused a [56]*56private survey to be made, and found that the section of land they, as an association, desire to locate will be situate in sections 12, 13, 23 and 24, in township fourteen, north, of range ten, east of the Willamette meridian, when the government surveys are extended, if extended according to the system now in vogue.
The coal vein was discovered by the respondents in the summer of 1895. At that time they entered into possession, of the same, built a cabin on the claim, and partially opened the vein; and yearly, since that time, down to the summer of 1903, they have returned to the property and worked the mines, opening tunnels thereon aggregating several hundred feet in length, one of which, alone, extends into, the vein a distance of more than one hundred and fifty feet; the proofs showing that they have expended on the mine in its care and development more than1 five thousand dollars. While the respondents did not stay upon the claim during the winter season, they maintained at all times a cabin thereon (in 1900 rebuilding the previous one that had been destroyed by fire), in which they kept their tools used in working the mine, their cooking utensils, and such nonperishable articles as they found useful and necessary in developing the mine. They also erected a cabin on the trail as a way house, in which to lodge while they were going to and returning from the property.
In October, 1903, after the respondents had left the property for that season, the appellants entered, taking possession of the respondents’ cabin and works, and the land surrounding the same, and refused to deliver up such possession on demand made therefor. This action was thereupon brought to recover such possession. In their complaint the respondents alleged their location, entry upon, and improvement of the property; the entry of the defendants, that the same, was wrongful, a demand for the possession; and prayed that they have judgment for possession and for the costs of the action. The appellants demurred to the complaint, which demurrer the trial court overruled. The appellants thereupon answered [57]*57separately, each denying the allegations of the complaint, and pleading affirmatively that he held a certain portion of the land described as coal lands for entry under the laws of the United States when the same should become subject to entry; denying, however, that the appellants held the same collectively or in common, but alleging that the tract each held and had improved was separate and distinct from that claimed by either of the others. A reply was interposed to these defenses, and a trial had before the court and jury, resulting ini a judgment of ouster against the appellants as to all that portion of the land claimed by the respondents on which their improvements had been made, “consisting of cabin or cabins and of tunnels, coal mine or mines situate on both sides of the creek running through the lands described in the complaint, and the lands adjacent and near the cabin or cabins and tunnels and mines, necessary for the development and working of the same.” It is from this judgment that this appeal is taken.
The appellants first contend that the complaint fails to state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action, for the reason that it does not appear on the face thereof that the respondents are qualified under the laws of the United States to enter coal lands’, the precise objection being that it is not alleged that respondents or any of them are of the age of twenty-one years. We are unable, however, to concur in this contention. It may be true that, when this land becomes subject to entry as coal land and the respondents apply to the government for leave to enter it as such, their qualifications as to age and citizenship to enter coal lands will be a material inquiry, and they will have to allege and prove that they are citizens of lawful age before they will be permitted to make such an entry. But this is not a material question as between them and the respondents, where nothing but the question of prior possession is involved. In the absence of positive law forbidding it, any person whether minor or adult, citizen or alien, may lawfully locate upon, and take [58]*58possession, of, a part of the unsurveyed public domain and rest secure iu that possession until the government calls it in question. ISTo individual or person may lawfully interfere, and the courts may he invoked to restrain unlawful' interferences.
This right to maintain possession as against individuals who can acquire no higher right owes its present authority, if not its origin, to the necessity of preserving the peace of society, and of protecting the individual from arbitrary aggressions; and this being its purpose, the argument in its favor is just as potent when applied to an alien or minor as it is when applied to a citizen of lawful age. The rule has its foundation in the necessities of the state, its duty, for the sake of peace, to protect all within its borders iu all lawful avocations. In this case, therefore, since the land was not subject to entry, and prior peaceable possession was the only inquiry, the respondents did not have to allege that they had the necessary qualifications to enter government lands in order to state a cause of action against the appellants. Hor is the rule changed by the fact that the appellants are in possession of the property and the respondents are seeking to oust them from such possession. The respondents allege that they were in possession, and had been in possession for a number of years, when the appellants came along, during their temporary absence, and took possession themselves. The gist of the action, therefore, is the wrongful entry of the apipellants on the possession of the respondents, and it is the determination of that question that determines the right to the property; it is of no importance to inquire who may he technically plaintiff or defendant.
It is next contended that the evidence fails to show that the respondents had such a possession as would preclude the appellants from entering thereon. But we think the appellants are mistaken in this contention also. It is trae that no one representing the respondents was actually ou the property at the time the appellants entered, hut this was not necessary [59]*59to constitute possession) as against a stranger entering without right. The respondents had not abandoned the property.
Abandonment of a mining claim is where the locator goes away and leaves it without any intention of returning, having no regard for what becomes of the claim or who may appror priate it. But to leave a claim with the intent to return later is not toi abandon it. Here the respondents had located the property nearly ten years prior to the appellants’ entry. They had returned to it year after year, and had spent a large sum of money in the work of development.
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Fullerton, J.
The respondents, who- were plaintiffs below, brought this action against the appellants to recover the possession of certain unsurveyed government lands on which they had discovered a coa.1 vein. The lands are situated in the eastern portion of Lewis county, some sixteen miles from the nearest wagon road, some one hundred miles from a railroad, and are reached by a trail over which it is possible to take, pack animals only. The nearest comer on the government surveys is about twelve miles distant from the discovery claim. From this corner the respondents caused a [56]*56private survey to be made, and found that the section of land they, as an association, desire to locate will be situate in sections 12, 13, 23 and 24, in township fourteen, north, of range ten, east of the Willamette meridian, when the government surveys are extended, if extended according to the system now in vogue.
The coal vein was discovered by the respondents in the summer of 1895. At that time they entered into possession, of the same, built a cabin on the claim, and partially opened the vein; and yearly, since that time, down to the summer of 1903, they have returned to the property and worked the mines, opening tunnels thereon aggregating several hundred feet in length, one of which, alone, extends into, the vein a distance of more than one hundred and fifty feet; the proofs showing that they have expended on the mine in its care and development more than1 five thousand dollars. While the respondents did not stay upon the claim during the winter season, they maintained at all times a cabin thereon (in 1900 rebuilding the previous one that had been destroyed by fire), in which they kept their tools used in working the mine, their cooking utensils, and such nonperishable articles as they found useful and necessary in developing the mine. They also erected a cabin on the trail as a way house, in which to lodge while they were going to and returning from the property.
In October, 1903, after the respondents had left the property for that season, the appellants entered, taking possession of the respondents’ cabin and works, and the land surrounding the same, and refused to deliver up such possession on demand made therefor. This action was thereupon brought to recover such possession. In their complaint the respondents alleged their location, entry upon, and improvement of the property; the entry of the defendants, that the same, was wrongful, a demand for the possession; and prayed that they have judgment for possession and for the costs of the action. The appellants demurred to the complaint, which demurrer the trial court overruled. The appellants thereupon answered [57]*57separately, each denying the allegations of the complaint, and pleading affirmatively that he held a certain portion of the land described as coal lands for entry under the laws of the United States when the same should become subject to entry; denying, however, that the appellants held the same collectively or in common, but alleging that the tract each held and had improved was separate and distinct from that claimed by either of the others. A reply was interposed to these defenses, and a trial had before the court and jury, resulting ini a judgment of ouster against the appellants as to all that portion of the land claimed by the respondents on which their improvements had been made, “consisting of cabin or cabins and of tunnels, coal mine or mines situate on both sides of the creek running through the lands described in the complaint, and the lands adjacent and near the cabin or cabins and tunnels and mines, necessary for the development and working of the same.” It is from this judgment that this appeal is taken.
The appellants first contend that the complaint fails to state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action, for the reason that it does not appear on the face thereof that the respondents are qualified under the laws of the United States to enter coal lands’, the precise objection being that it is not alleged that respondents or any of them are of the age of twenty-one years. We are unable, however, to concur in this contention. It may be true that, when this land becomes subject to entry as coal land and the respondents apply to the government for leave to enter it as such, their qualifications as to age and citizenship to enter coal lands will be a material inquiry, and they will have to allege and prove that they are citizens of lawful age before they will be permitted to make such an entry. But this is not a material question as between them and the respondents, where nothing but the question of prior possession is involved. In the absence of positive law forbidding it, any person whether minor or adult, citizen or alien, may lawfully locate upon, and take [58]*58possession, of, a part of the unsurveyed public domain and rest secure iu that possession until the government calls it in question. ISTo individual or person may lawfully interfere, and the courts may he invoked to restrain unlawful' interferences.
This right to maintain possession as against individuals who can acquire no higher right owes its present authority, if not its origin, to the necessity of preserving the peace of society, and of protecting the individual from arbitrary aggressions; and this being its purpose, the argument in its favor is just as potent when applied to an alien or minor as it is when applied to a citizen of lawful age. The rule has its foundation in the necessities of the state, its duty, for the sake of peace, to protect all within its borders iu all lawful avocations. In this case, therefore, since the land was not subject to entry, and prior peaceable possession was the only inquiry, the respondents did not have to allege that they had the necessary qualifications to enter government lands in order to state a cause of action against the appellants. Hor is the rule changed by the fact that the appellants are in possession of the property and the respondents are seeking to oust them from such possession. The respondents allege that they were in possession, and had been in possession for a number of years, when the appellants came along, during their temporary absence, and took possession themselves. The gist of the action, therefore, is the wrongful entry of the apipellants on the possession of the respondents, and it is the determination of that question that determines the right to the property; it is of no importance to inquire who may he technically plaintiff or defendant.
It is next contended that the evidence fails to show that the respondents had such a possession as would preclude the appellants from entering thereon. But we think the appellants are mistaken in this contention also. It is trae that no one representing the respondents was actually ou the property at the time the appellants entered, hut this was not necessary [59]*59to constitute possession) as against a stranger entering without right. The respondents had not abandoned the property.
Abandonment of a mining claim is where the locator goes away and leaves it without any intention of returning, having no regard for what becomes of the claim or who may appror priate it. But to leave a claim with the intent to return later is not toi abandon it. Here the respondents had located the property nearly ten years prior to the appellants’ entry. They had returned to it year after year, and had spent a large sum of money in the work of development. Indeed, they had gone so far in that direction as to' demonstrate that the property was of great value and would become profitable as soon as title from the government could be obtained, and transportation facilities, which are promised, became available. They had caused lines to be run to- it from the nearest government surveys, and thereby ascertained its exact location; and one of their number made a trip to Washington City, and there made such representations as to its location and worth as to have it exempted from a contemplated forest reserve. Under these circumstances it is idle to say that there was an abandonment, or anything more than a mere temporary absence from the -property on the part of the respondents, and we think the jury rightfully found, and that the trial court rightfully adjudged, that the appellants’ entry was wrongful. It must he remembered that this particular spot has no more attractions as a place on which to locate a mountain home, or abiding place, than thousands of other’s that could be found in the immediate vicinity which are vacant and open to the occupation of any one. Its particular attraction lies in the fact that the respondents have demonstrated that it contains a valuable coal mine, and it is for this reason that the appellants have entered upon it. They are seeking to take advantage of the respondents’ labor and expenditures’, and are ber yond the pale of consideration in so far as there is any equity or justice in their claims’. Their right must rest on the naked fact that the property was unoccupied when they entered upon [60]*60it, and inasmuch as they failed to show this fact, the judgment of ouster against them was rightfully entered.
They complain, however, that if they are ousted from their possession, they will not he permitted to contest the respondents’ right to enter when the question arises before the land department, which alone has the right to finally decide who has the preference right of entry. It would seem that, if they were wrongfully in possession, this question ought not greatly to concern the court, but the judgment entered by the court below does not deprive them of the right. That court allowed the respondents to recover only such of the property as they had been in the actual possession of — the cabin, tunnels and other improvements, together with a convenient space surrounding them — not the whole section of land claimed, leaving the appellants free to enter upon the vein at another place, although within the boundaries of the respondents’ actual claim. This was as favorable to them as the facts warranted.
It is claimed, lastly, that there is a misjoinder of parties. This is based on the contention that the evidence1 showed there was mo joint possession by the appellants ; that one of them was in •possession of one portion of the property, and another in possession of another, as alleged in their answers. Doubtless, this is the way the appellants claimed the property and intended to divide it among themselves, but the evidence showed that they were living in one cabin on the immediate improvements of the respondents, and this being so the jury were warranted in finding a joint possession.
The judgment is affirmed.
Mount, O. J., Hadley, Oeow, and Dunbak, IJ., concur.
Hoot, J., concurs in the result.