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The court erred in holding that it had jurisdiction to enter any judgment in this action other than a judgment of dismissal. As a basis for recovery it was necessary for the plaintiff to prove by substantial evidence a residence in Washoe County for three months prior to the commencement of this action. That residence must consist of two elements, namely, physical presence and intent to remain indefinitely, both coexisting for the whole period of three months. N.C.L. sec. 460, subdivision 8. Under the authorities the expression "three months" as used in the statute must be taken to mean calendar months. 3 Words and Phrases, 2d series, p. 440, col. 2; 5 Words and Phrases, 3d series, p. 207, col. 2.
We submit that a reading of the testimony leads irresistibly to the conclusion that the plaintiff came to the State of Nevada for the purpose of obtaining a divorce and for no other purpose.
The court erred in entering judgment of divorce upon a general verdict without any findings.
The court erred in giving to the jury upon its own motion instruction No. 11. Said instruction was indefinite as to the time when the intention to become a resident became essential, or as to how long such intent should continue.
The court erred in refusing to give defendant's requested instruction relative to the bona fides of plaintiff's residence. The giving of this instruction was rendered necessary and important because of misleading instructions given as to residence.
The court erred in refusing to give defendant's requested instruction relating to laches and the statute of limitations of California. Sec. 124, subd. 3, Cal. Civil Code; 37 C.J., pp. 732, 733, secs. 50, 51; Wing v. Wiltsee, 47 Nev. 350, 223 P. 334; Lewis v. Hyams, 26 Nev. 68, 64 P. 817.
The court erred in admitting the deposition of Nora Silva over the objection of the defendant, for the reason that it is incompetent and not admissible in the courts of this state, and especially for the reason that it had never been published or admitted in evidence in the California proceeding, was not of record in any court and had not received any judicial sanction of the foreign court, and was not, therefore, a record of any court which could be exemplified. 28 U.S.C.A., sec. 687; 22 C.J., p. 799, sec. 910, also, n. 86, subd. b.
The court erred in overruling the defendant's objection to the following question: "Did you ever observe whether Colonel Davis was or was not of a quarrelsome disposition?" It is well-established rule that character cannot be proved by evidence of specific cases. 22 C.J. pp. 479, 481, secs. 574, 579.
The court erred in giving to the jury upon his own motion instructions No. 13 and No. 14, for the reason that there is no evidence in the record that the husband ever provided or offered to provide a home for the defendant.
According to respondent's very definite testimony, he was present in Washoe County ninety-six days, with intent to make that county his residence. Since appellant admits that ninety-two days' physical residence, with intent to reside, is sufficient, it is clear that respondent more than complied with the residential requirements of our statute.
The supreme court of Nevada has held that residence is a question of fact to be determined by the jury or trial court. Confer v. District Court, 49 Nev. 26, 236 P. 1097; Blakeslee v. Blakeslee, 41 Nev. 235, 168 P. 950; Miller v. Miller, 37 Nev. 257,142 P. 218; Goldershaw v. Goldershaw, 92 A. 484.
It has also been held, times without number, that the supreme court will not reverse the trial court on a question of fact, where the evidence is conflicting, or where there is substantial evidence to support the decision of the trial court.
The great weight of authority is to the effect that where in an action at law, or in any action where either party is, as a matter of law, entitled to a trial by jury, the verdict of the jury is conclusive on the facts, and it is not error on the part of the lower court to fail or to refuse to prepare or file findings of facts. Driscoll v. Morriss, 275 S.W. 196; Froescher v. Tabbert, 187 N.W. 962; Abilene St. Ry. Co. v. Stevens,185 S.W. 390; Padgett v. Hines, 192 S.W. 1122. Moreover, the supreme court of Nevada has already decided this particular point, in Effinger v. Effinger, 48 Nev. 205, 239 P. 801.
We submit that appellant's objection that the court erred in instruction No. 11 in stating certain dates as representing the dates fixing the respondent's physical residence is without merit, since such dates were uncontroverted facts which could have been entirely taken from the consideration of the jury; and that that part relative to the necessity for the duration of respondent's intent was fully and completely covered.
The court did not err in refusing to give defendant's
requested instruction as to the bona fides of plaintiff's residence, since the same was fully covered in instructions given. Thompson v. Thompson, 49 Nev. 375, 247 P. 545; Conig v. N.C.O.R.R., 36 Nev. 181, 135 P. 141.
The great weight of authority clearly upholds the right of a Nevada court to grant a decree of divorce regardless of legislation in other states, providing proper grounds for divorce under Nevada laws be shown. Blakeslee v. Blakeslee, 41 Nev. 236,168 P. 950, cited with approval in Walker v. Walker, 198 P. 434, and in In Re Confer, 234 P. 689 and 236 P. 1098.
There is nothing in the Nevada statutes prohibiting the introduction of the deposition of Nora Silva. In fact, the decisions of the supreme court of Nevada and the statutes in principle authorize its introduction. Sec. 9019 N.C.L.; State v. Johnson, 12 Nev. 121.
The law is well settled that a witness may give his opinion or conclusions based on his own observations as to a person's disposition or normal or abnormal mental condition. Jones on Evidence, vol. 2, pp. 864, 870, 889; 22 C.J., secs. 572, 594, 601, 605, 657, 696; State v. Salgado, 38 Nev. 64, at 75,150 P. 764.
We submit that the finding of the jury that the respondent had provided or designated a home suitable to the parties, and that the home designated by him was the home which had for many years been the actual matrimonial domicile of the parties, is supported by substantial evidence, and justifies the giving of instructions 13 and 14.
OPINION
This is a suit for divorce tried to a jury. The case is before us on an appeal from a judgment in favor of the plaintiff and from an order denying a motion for a new trial.
The plaintiff alleges in his complaint that he is a bona fide resident of Washoe County, Nevada; that
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[EDITORS' NOTE: THIS PAGE CONTAINS HEADNOTES. HEADNOTES ARE NOT AN OFFICIAL PRODUCT OF THE COURT, THEREFORE THEY ARE NOT DISPLAYED.]
The court erred in holding that it had jurisdiction to enter any judgment in this action other than a judgment of dismissal. As a basis for recovery it was necessary for the plaintiff to prove by substantial evidence a residence in Washoe County for three months prior to the commencement of this action. That residence must consist of two elements, namely, physical presence and intent to remain indefinitely, both coexisting for the whole period of three months. N.C.L. sec. 460, subdivision 8. Under the authorities the expression "three months" as used in the statute must be taken to mean calendar months. 3 Words and Phrases, 2d series, p. 440, col. 2; 5 Words and Phrases, 3d series, p. 207, col. 2.
We submit that a reading of the testimony leads irresistibly to the conclusion that the plaintiff came to the State of Nevada for the purpose of obtaining a divorce and for no other purpose.
The court erred in entering judgment of divorce upon a general verdict without any findings.
The court erred in giving to the jury upon its own motion instruction No. 11. Said instruction was indefinite as to the time when the intention to become a resident became essential, or as to how long such intent should continue.
The court erred in refusing to give defendant's requested instruction relative to the bona fides of plaintiff's residence. The giving of this instruction was rendered necessary and important because of misleading instructions given as to residence.
The court erred in refusing to give defendant's requested instruction relating to laches and the statute of limitations of California. Sec. 124, subd. 3, Cal. Civil Code; 37 C.J., pp. 732, 733, secs. 50, 51; Wing v. Wiltsee, 47 Nev. 350, 223 P. 334; Lewis v. Hyams, 26 Nev. 68, 64 P. 817.
The court erred in admitting the deposition of Nora Silva over the objection of the defendant, for the reason that it is incompetent and not admissible in the courts of this state, and especially for the reason that it had never been published or admitted in evidence in the California proceeding, was not of record in any court and had not received any judicial sanction of the foreign court, and was not, therefore, a record of any court which could be exemplified. 28 U.S.C.A., sec. 687; 22 C.J., p. 799, sec. 910, also, n. 86, subd. b.
The court erred in overruling the defendant's objection to the following question: "Did you ever observe whether Colonel Davis was or was not of a quarrelsome disposition?" It is well-established rule that character cannot be proved by evidence of specific cases. 22 C.J. pp. 479, 481, secs. 574, 579.
The court erred in giving to the jury upon his own motion instructions No. 13 and No. 14, for the reason that there is no evidence in the record that the husband ever provided or offered to provide a home for the defendant.
According to respondent's very definite testimony, he was present in Washoe County ninety-six days, with intent to make that county his residence. Since appellant admits that ninety-two days' physical residence, with intent to reside, is sufficient, it is clear that respondent more than complied with the residential requirements of our statute.
The supreme court of Nevada has held that residence is a question of fact to be determined by the jury or trial court. Confer v. District Court, 49 Nev. 26, 236 P. 1097; Blakeslee v. Blakeslee, 41 Nev. 235, 168 P. 950; Miller v. Miller, 37 Nev. 257,142 P. 218; Goldershaw v. Goldershaw, 92 A. 484.
It has also been held, times without number, that the supreme court will not reverse the trial court on a question of fact, where the evidence is conflicting, or where there is substantial evidence to support the decision of the trial court.
The great weight of authority is to the effect that where in an action at law, or in any action where either party is, as a matter of law, entitled to a trial by jury, the verdict of the jury is conclusive on the facts, and it is not error on the part of the lower court to fail or to refuse to prepare or file findings of facts. Driscoll v. Morriss, 275 S.W. 196; Froescher v. Tabbert, 187 N.W. 962; Abilene St. Ry. Co. v. Stevens,185 S.W. 390; Padgett v. Hines, 192 S.W. 1122. Moreover, the supreme court of Nevada has already decided this particular point, in Effinger v. Effinger, 48 Nev. 205, 239 P. 801.
We submit that appellant's objection that the court erred in instruction No. 11 in stating certain dates as representing the dates fixing the respondent's physical residence is without merit, since such dates were uncontroverted facts which could have been entirely taken from the consideration of the jury; and that that part relative to the necessity for the duration of respondent's intent was fully and completely covered.
The court did not err in refusing to give defendant's
requested instruction as to the bona fides of plaintiff's residence, since the same was fully covered in instructions given. Thompson v. Thompson, 49 Nev. 375, 247 P. 545; Conig v. N.C.O.R.R., 36 Nev. 181, 135 P. 141.
The great weight of authority clearly upholds the right of a Nevada court to grant a decree of divorce regardless of legislation in other states, providing proper grounds for divorce under Nevada laws be shown. Blakeslee v. Blakeslee, 41 Nev. 236,168 P. 950, cited with approval in Walker v. Walker, 198 P. 434, and in In Re Confer, 234 P. 689 and 236 P. 1098.
There is nothing in the Nevada statutes prohibiting the introduction of the deposition of Nora Silva. In fact, the decisions of the supreme court of Nevada and the statutes in principle authorize its introduction. Sec. 9019 N.C.L.; State v. Johnson, 12 Nev. 121.
The law is well settled that a witness may give his opinion or conclusions based on his own observations as to a person's disposition or normal or abnormal mental condition. Jones on Evidence, vol. 2, pp. 864, 870, 889; 22 C.J., secs. 572, 594, 601, 605, 657, 696; State v. Salgado, 38 Nev. 64, at 75,150 P. 764.
We submit that the finding of the jury that the respondent had provided or designated a home suitable to the parties, and that the home designated by him was the home which had for many years been the actual matrimonial domicile of the parties, is supported by substantial evidence, and justifies the giving of instructions 13 and 14.
OPINION
This is a suit for divorce tried to a jury. The case is before us on an appeal from a judgment in favor of the plaintiff and from an order denying a motion for a new trial.
The plaintiff alleges in his complaint that he is a bona fide resident of Washoe County, Nevada; that
the plaintiff and defendant are husband and wife. He pleads two causes of action, desertion and extreme cruelty.
The defendant admits the marriage, but denies that the plaintiff is a bona fide resident of Washoe County. She also denies the allegations of desertion and extreme cruelty. She pleads affirmatively that plaintiff's alleged cause of action is barred by the statute of limitation of California (Civ. Code, sec. 124), in which state both parties resided until some time over three months prior to the institution of this suit. She further alleges affirmatively that the plaintiff deserted and abandoned her; that the plaintiff was guilty of extreme cruelty toward her. By the prayer to her cross-complaint the defendant does not ask for a divorce, but does ask for separate maintenance.
The jury brought in a general verdict in favor of the plaintiff, upon which the court entered a general judgment without specific findings of facts.
The parties will be referred to herein as plaintiff and defendant.
The first alleged error urged upon our consideration is that the trial court never acquired jurisdiction to enter a judgment or decree in favor of the plaintiff. This contention is based upon two propositions, namely: (1) That the law of Nevada at the time plaintiff alleges he became a resident of the state, and when this suit was instituted, provided that the plaintiff must have resided in the state not less than three months, where the grounds for divorce do not accrue within this state, prior to the filing of the suit, and that since the plaintiff had not resided in Nevada three calendar months prior to the filing of the suit, he could not maintain the same; (2) that the plaintiff was not a bona fide resident at the time the suit was filed even if the first contention is without merit.
Counsel for defendant cite several authorities to the effect that the statute contemplates a residence of three calendar months.
1-3. The courts of this state have construed our divorce statutes contrary to the contention made for nearly seventy years. To take any other view at this time would upset property rights of long standing, bastardize hundreds of children, and entail disastrous consequences too numerous to mention. These considerations justify us in rejecting the contention without considering it upon its merits. State v. Glenn, 18 Nev. 34,1 P. 186; Worthington v. Second Jud. Dist. Ct., 37 Nev. 212,142 P. 230, L.R.A. 1916A, 696, Ann. Cas. 1916E, 1097; Smith v. S.P. Co.,50 Nev. 377, 262 P. 935. As to the second contention, we may say that although the evidence is conflicting, there is substantial evidence to support the verdict of the jury, hence we are precluded from weighing it. Thompson v. Thompson, 49 Nev. 375,247 P. 545, 47 A.L.R. 569.
4. It is next contended that the court erred in entering a general judgment, without making findings and conclusions of law, in favor of the plaintiff. In view of the fact that the judgment must be reversed, we do not deem it necessary to determine this point. However, we think it the better practice and safer course for the court in divorce suits to make special findings as a basis for a decree, for while a divorce suit is statutory (Effinger v. Effinger, 48 Nev. 209 and 217, 228 P. 615,239 P. 801), it nevertheless partakes of the nature of an equitable proceeding (Thompson v. Thompson, supra), and we feel safe in saying that it has been the general practice in such suits to make findings of facts.
We are of the opinion that the court did not err in giving instruction No. 3. The second paragraph of this instruction, of which complaint is made, was intended to and does instruct the jury correctly as to the law embraced in the proviso of the statute relating to residence.
As to instruction No. 10, we need only to say that we have never before known such an instruction to be given, and as it is not likely to be given upon a retrial of the case, we need not comment upon it, except to
say that we think such an instruction is likely to be confusing to a jury.
5. Instruction No. 11 is a correct statement of the law based upon the assumption that the jury finds the facts in accordance with the theory of the plaintiff. No error was thus committed. Zelavin v. Tonopah Belmont Dev. Co., 39 Nev. 1,149 P. 188.
6. The court did not err in refusing to give defendant's requested instruction relative to the bona fide residence of plaintiff, as contended, since that question is covered by an instruction given by the court.
7. We do not think the court erred in refusing to give defendant's requested instruction relative to laches and the statute of limitations of California.
The causes of action sued upon arose under the statute of Nevada as to which no statute or law of California would apply, nor has the rule declared in Wing v. Wiltsee, 47 Nev. 350,223 P. 334, any application.
8-10. We are of the opinion that the court erred in admitting in evidence the deposition of Nora Silva. The deposition in question was taken in an alleged previous suit pending between the parties in California. The deposition was objected to upon several grounds, among them that there is no evidence showing that there is a superior court in California in which the deposition purports to have been taken; that there is no proof that the deposition is a part of any record in any court in California; and that the trial court could not take judicial notice of the existence of a superior court in California.
The courts of this state cannot take judicial notice of the existence of a superior court in California. For this reason alone we must conclude that the court erred in admitting the deposition. Furthermore, there is no showing that the deposition was made a part of the record in a California suit, and until that is done it could not be certified to pursuant to the requirement of the act of Congress (see 28 U.S.C.A., sec. 687).
11. We think, too, that the court erred in overruling
an objection to the following question proposed to one of defendant's witnesses by her counsel: "Did you ever observe whether Colonel Davis was or was not of a quarrelsome disposition?" It is the well-established rule that traits of character can only be established by showing one's general reputation as to such traits, and not by showing a specific act, or the failure to observe a specific act. State v. Pearce,15 Nev. 188; 22 C.J. p. 479, sec. 574.
12. We think the court erred in giving instruction No. 13. This instruction pertains to the question of desertion and advises the jury that if the wife refuses to live in a suitable home provided by the husband it constitutes desertion. There is no evidence upon which this instruction could be based, since there is no testimony that the plaintiff provided such home. The court erred in giving instruction No. 14 for the same reason.
Some other points are made by defendant, but as they are not likely to arise on a retrial, we do not find it necessary to pass upon them.
The judgment and order appealed from are reversed, and a new trial is ordered.
ON PETITION FOR REHEARING
December 21, 1932.