ROSS, C. J.
The controlling facts found by the county court are : That the grain for the loss of which recovery is sought, came to the defendant from the Ogdensburg Transportation Co., shipped by wholesale dealers from Chicago, on bills of lading running to the order of the shipper; that the plaintiffs purchased the bills of lading, usually, after the grain had arrived at Ogdensburg, and had been received by the defendant into its elevator; that the bills of lading, among other things, provided that the Ogdensburg Transportation Co., and any other common carrier, in the line oí transportation, should not be liable for any loss by “fire, while afloat, in transit or in store, at any place of shipment, transhipment, station, delivery, or on board of boat or cars, * * * unless * * caused by the negligence of the person or party sought to be made liable” ; that the grain was destroyed while in the elevator of the defendant at Ogdensburg, by a fire, which occurred without the negligence of the defendant; but that, if the defendant had acted upon [294]*294the orders of the plaintiffs — when their orders were necessary — and removed the grain from its elevator, as soon as the county court has found it should have done, the grain would have been removed before the ñre. On these controlling facts it is apparent:
I. That, under our decisions, Farmers’ and Mechanics’ Bank v. Champlain Trans. Co., 23 Vt. 186; same case, 18 Vt. 131; Kimball v. Rut. & Burl. R. R. Co., 26 Vt. 247; Blumenthal v. Brainerd et als., 38 Vt. 402; Mann & Wheeler v. Birchard & Page, 40 Vt. 326; Hadd v. Express Co., 52 Vt. 335; Gillis v. Telegraph Co., 61 Vt. 461, and, as held generally by courts of last resort, a common carrier may, by contract, limit his common law liability for goods* entrusted to him, so far as in the eye of the law will be considered reasonable ; but that it is unreasonable to •allow such a servant of the public to contract for relief .against his own negligence. Usage may amount to such .limitation, 18 Vt. 131. Notice, unless brought distinctly to the knowlegdge of the consignor in such a manner that the law will imply his assent to the limitation contained in the notice, will not be considered as entering into and forming a part of the contract. Bills of lading are contracts, or receipts and contracts. The carrier thereby acknowledges the receipt of the property to be carried, states the conditions on which he is to carry the property, the person to whom and the place where delivery is to be made, and the rate or compensation for the carriage. This he delivers to the consignor as evidence of the contract between them. By receiving the bill of lading the consignor assents to the terms of the consignment contained in it, and becomes bound thereby, so far as the conditions named are reasonable in the eye of the law. In Farmers’ and Mechanics’ Bank v. Champlain Transportation Co., supra, 206, this court said, in speaking of a contract that would limit the common law liability of common carriers : “This express contract ought, [295]*295perhaps, to be very clearly proved, and, in water carriage, is usually required to appear in the bill of lading.” The entire scope of the decision in King v. Woodbridge, 34 Vt. 565, proceeds upon the theory that a bill of lading duly delivered and accepted forms a written contract between the consignor and carrier, which cannot be varied by parol evidence. So far as a bill of lading is a receipt it has been allowed sometimes to be explained by parol evidence. O’Brien v. Gilchrist, 34 Me. 534 (56 Am. Dec., 676 and note). But as a contract of carriage of the goods, so far as it is reasonable, it is held to be a special written contract, not open to explanation by parol evidence. Steele v. Townsend, 37 Ala. 24 (79 Am. Dec., 49 and note); Baltimore and Ohio R. R. v. Rathbone, 1 W. Va. 87 (88 Am. Dec. 664 and note); McMillan v. Mich. Southern and Northern Ind. R. R., 16 Mich. 79 (93 Am. Dec., 208 and note); Chandler v. Sprague, 5 Met. 306 (38 Am. Dec. 404 and note); Grace v. Adams, 100 Mass. 505 (97 Am. Dec., 117 and note); McFadden v. Mo. Pa. R. R. Co., 92 Mo. 343 (1 Am. St. R.. 721 and note); Graves v. Lake Shore and Mich. Southern R. R. Co., 137 Mass. 33 (50 Am. Rep., 282).
Where the bill of lading is received by the consignor without objection, and nothing is shown to the contrary, the law presumes he accepts it and becomes bound by its terms, as the contract for the carriage of the goods receipted for, and if limitations are imposed upon the common law liability of the carrier, that he consents to them and is bound by them, so far as they are, in the eye of the law, reasonable. Nothing is found why the consignors named in the bills of lading, receipting for the grain lost, did not consent to the conditions set forth in them. The plaintiffs came into the rights of the consignors by an assignment of the bills of lading. Thereby they became the consignees of the grain. As such they took the rights of the consignors, to whose [296]*296order the goods were consigned. Thereby they obtained no greater rights than the consignors had, under the bills of lading. The counsel for the plaintiffs criticise the conditions contained in the bills of lading. Whatever may be justly said in regard to others of them, this case brings for consideration only the one already quoted in regard to loss by fire. That exempts the carrier from liability only for such fires as occur without the carrier’s negligence. Leaving the carrier responsible for losses which came from fires caused by the carrier’s negligence, the limitation was reasonable under the decisions already cited. It is clearly expressed and capable of ready comprehension. It is no excuse if the plaintiffs did not read and consider it. Courts are established neither to make contracts for the parties, nor to relieve them from such contracts as they negligently and carelessly enter into. They are to construe and give effect to contracts, as made, so far as they are lawful. This eliminates the liability of the defendant for the loss so far as it was occasioned by the fire, for that has been found to have occurred without the negligence of the defendant.
II. But it is contended that the delay or negligence of the defendant in not removing the grain as speedily as the county court has found that it ought to have done renders the defendant liable. It is evident that the fire was the immediate, proximate cause of the destruction and loss of the grain. If the fire had not occurred, or if that cause is eliminated, the grain would not have been lost. The causa causans was the fire. The concomitant incident was the delay by the defendant in removing it from the elevator. But that delay would not have destroyed the grain and caused its loss if the fire had not intervened. It is generally held that a common carrier is liable on the ground of negligence only when that negligence is the proximate cause of the loss. On this subject, and on what is the proximate and what the remote cause, these authortities are helpful. Bohen v. City of [297]*297Waseca, 32 Minn, 176 (50 Am. R., 564 and note); West v. Ward, 77 Ia. 323 (14 Am. St. R., 284 and note); White v. Conley, 14 Lea 51 (52 Am. R., 154 and note); Haverly v. State Line and S. R. R. Co., 135 Pa. 50 (20 Am. St. R., 848 and note); Perley v.
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ROSS, C. J.
The controlling facts found by the county court are : That the grain for the loss of which recovery is sought, came to the defendant from the Ogdensburg Transportation Co., shipped by wholesale dealers from Chicago, on bills of lading running to the order of the shipper; that the plaintiffs purchased the bills of lading, usually, after the grain had arrived at Ogdensburg, and had been received by the defendant into its elevator; that the bills of lading, among other things, provided that the Ogdensburg Transportation Co., and any other common carrier, in the line oí transportation, should not be liable for any loss by “fire, while afloat, in transit or in store, at any place of shipment, transhipment, station, delivery, or on board of boat or cars, * * * unless * * caused by the negligence of the person or party sought to be made liable” ; that the grain was destroyed while in the elevator of the defendant at Ogdensburg, by a fire, which occurred without the negligence of the defendant; but that, if the defendant had acted upon [294]*294the orders of the plaintiffs — when their orders were necessary — and removed the grain from its elevator, as soon as the county court has found it should have done, the grain would have been removed before the ñre. On these controlling facts it is apparent:
I. That, under our decisions, Farmers’ and Mechanics’ Bank v. Champlain Trans. Co., 23 Vt. 186; same case, 18 Vt. 131; Kimball v. Rut. & Burl. R. R. Co., 26 Vt. 247; Blumenthal v. Brainerd et als., 38 Vt. 402; Mann & Wheeler v. Birchard & Page, 40 Vt. 326; Hadd v. Express Co., 52 Vt. 335; Gillis v. Telegraph Co., 61 Vt. 461, and, as held generally by courts of last resort, a common carrier may, by contract, limit his common law liability for goods* entrusted to him, so far as in the eye of the law will be considered reasonable ; but that it is unreasonable to •allow such a servant of the public to contract for relief .against his own negligence. Usage may amount to such .limitation, 18 Vt. 131. Notice, unless brought distinctly to the knowlegdge of the consignor in such a manner that the law will imply his assent to the limitation contained in the notice, will not be considered as entering into and forming a part of the contract. Bills of lading are contracts, or receipts and contracts. The carrier thereby acknowledges the receipt of the property to be carried, states the conditions on which he is to carry the property, the person to whom and the place where delivery is to be made, and the rate or compensation for the carriage. This he delivers to the consignor as evidence of the contract between them. By receiving the bill of lading the consignor assents to the terms of the consignment contained in it, and becomes bound thereby, so far as the conditions named are reasonable in the eye of the law. In Farmers’ and Mechanics’ Bank v. Champlain Transportation Co., supra, 206, this court said, in speaking of a contract that would limit the common law liability of common carriers : “This express contract ought, [295]*295perhaps, to be very clearly proved, and, in water carriage, is usually required to appear in the bill of lading.” The entire scope of the decision in King v. Woodbridge, 34 Vt. 565, proceeds upon the theory that a bill of lading duly delivered and accepted forms a written contract between the consignor and carrier, which cannot be varied by parol evidence. So far as a bill of lading is a receipt it has been allowed sometimes to be explained by parol evidence. O’Brien v. Gilchrist, 34 Me. 534 (56 Am. Dec., 676 and note). But as a contract of carriage of the goods, so far as it is reasonable, it is held to be a special written contract, not open to explanation by parol evidence. Steele v. Townsend, 37 Ala. 24 (79 Am. Dec., 49 and note); Baltimore and Ohio R. R. v. Rathbone, 1 W. Va. 87 (88 Am. Dec. 664 and note); McMillan v. Mich. Southern and Northern Ind. R. R., 16 Mich. 79 (93 Am. Dec., 208 and note); Chandler v. Sprague, 5 Met. 306 (38 Am. Dec. 404 and note); Grace v. Adams, 100 Mass. 505 (97 Am. Dec., 117 and note); McFadden v. Mo. Pa. R. R. Co., 92 Mo. 343 (1 Am. St. R.. 721 and note); Graves v. Lake Shore and Mich. Southern R. R. Co., 137 Mass. 33 (50 Am. Rep., 282).
Where the bill of lading is received by the consignor without objection, and nothing is shown to the contrary, the law presumes he accepts it and becomes bound by its terms, as the contract for the carriage of the goods receipted for, and if limitations are imposed upon the common law liability of the carrier, that he consents to them and is bound by them, so far as they are, in the eye of the law, reasonable. Nothing is found why the consignors named in the bills of lading, receipting for the grain lost, did not consent to the conditions set forth in them. The plaintiffs came into the rights of the consignors by an assignment of the bills of lading. Thereby they became the consignees of the grain. As such they took the rights of the consignors, to whose [296]*296order the goods were consigned. Thereby they obtained no greater rights than the consignors had, under the bills of lading. The counsel for the plaintiffs criticise the conditions contained in the bills of lading. Whatever may be justly said in regard to others of them, this case brings for consideration only the one already quoted in regard to loss by fire. That exempts the carrier from liability only for such fires as occur without the carrier’s negligence. Leaving the carrier responsible for losses which came from fires caused by the carrier’s negligence, the limitation was reasonable under the decisions already cited. It is clearly expressed and capable of ready comprehension. It is no excuse if the plaintiffs did not read and consider it. Courts are established neither to make contracts for the parties, nor to relieve them from such contracts as they negligently and carelessly enter into. They are to construe and give effect to contracts, as made, so far as they are lawful. This eliminates the liability of the defendant for the loss so far as it was occasioned by the fire, for that has been found to have occurred without the negligence of the defendant.
II. But it is contended that the delay or negligence of the defendant in not removing the grain as speedily as the county court has found that it ought to have done renders the defendant liable. It is evident that the fire was the immediate, proximate cause of the destruction and loss of the grain. If the fire had not occurred, or if that cause is eliminated, the grain would not have been lost. The causa causans was the fire. The concomitant incident was the delay by the defendant in removing it from the elevator. But that delay would not have destroyed the grain and caused its loss if the fire had not intervened. It is generally held that a common carrier is liable on the ground of negligence only when that negligence is the proximate cause of the loss. On this subject, and on what is the proximate and what the remote cause, these authortities are helpful. Bohen v. City of [297]*297Waseca, 32 Minn, 176 (50 Am. R., 564 and note); West v. Ward, 77 Ia. 323 (14 Am. St. R., 284 and note); White v. Conley, 14 Lea 51 (52 Am. R., 154 and note); Haverly v. State Line and S. R. R. Co., 135 Pa. 50 (20 Am. St. R., 848 and note); Perley v. Eastern R. R. Co., 98 Mass. 414 (96 Am. Dec., 645 and note).
But courts differ in holding the carrier liable, when his delay is the remote cause of the loss, and a proximate cause exists therefor, for which he is not liable. Courts of last resort holding the carrier liable in such cases, are those of New York, followed by those of Missouri and Illinois. Holding that the carrier is not liable for such remote cause are the courts of United States, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan, "West Virginia and Iowa. The cases of these states, fro and con, can be found collected in a note to Norris v. Savannah, etc., Ry. Co., 23 Fla. 182 (11 Am. St. R., 355). To the last named class, apparently, should be added, the courts of Nebraska and of Maine. McLary v. Sioux City and Pa. R. R. Co., 3 Neb. 44 (19 Am. R., 631); O’Brien v. McGlinchy, 68 Me. 557.
In some of the cases cited holding the carrier liable another element existed in addition to the delay of the carrier in moving the goods to their destination, to wit. : the exposure of the property to the action of the elements which was observable to the carrier, like freezing, or the want of food and care when the property consisted of live animals. When the property is of a kind liable to injury or destruction by such exposure, whether moving the property with due despatch or delaying so to move it, the carrier is under a duty to use common prudence to protect the property from dangers which are known to him to exist, and which have come expectedly or unexpectedly, and if the danger came without his fault he may charge for the extra care. Beckwith v. Frisbe, 32 Vt. 559.
Some of the cases holding the carrier for delay might [298]*298have been properly decided against him, because, knowing the danger to which the property was exposed, he did not exercise the diligence and care of a prudent bailee to protect it. In- the case at bar, if the defendant could have protected the property from the fire, after it knew the fire existed, by the exercise of reasonable prudence and diligence, and did not, the defendant would have been liable from its failure to use this measure of prudence and diligence, but not on the ground of its delay to move the grain earlier. I am not aware that any case exists where this court has held a party liable for the remote cause of an injury of this nature. The question has not often come before it.
In Templeton v. Montpelier, 56 Vt. 328, the proximate cause of the plaintiff’s injury was the failure of the town to erect a proper guard rail on the side of its highway; the remote cause, the fright of the plaintiff’s horse, at that point, by a train of cars on the railroad running near the highway. The plaintiff knew that, by going that road, he was liable to encounter a train of cars, and that there was another highway to his place of destination, equally feasible, which would not bring him near a moving train of cars. The referee found that the plaintiff was negligent in using the highway on which he was injured. This court held that the plaintiff’s negligence was only remotely connected with his injury, and that it did not contribute to its proximate cause, and for that reason did not. defeat his right of recovery.
This conclusion, in principle, is the same as that reached by the courts which hold that the earner is not liable where his only fault is that of delay to move the consigned goods with such rapidity as the trier might consider reasonable. We think it is the better conclusion that, in such cases, if the proximate cause of the loss arises in such a manner that it will not support an action, neither will the remote cause, though incidental to the proximate cause. If the proximate [299]*299cause occurs without the fault of the carrier, in other words, as to him is accidental, he cannot forecast when or where it may fall upon the goods entrusted to him to carry, or whether it will fall upon them at all. It is as likely to fall upon them when being moved with despatch as when delay occurs. Being unconnected with it he cannot forefend the property entrusted to him against it by the exercise of the utmost prudence and diligence. If he could forecast when and where it would occur, at times, it might be his duty to delay the movement of the property. In that way only could he protect the goods. But inasmuch as he cannot forecast that it will occur, nor when nor where it will occur, and is himself in no respect responsible for its occurrence, he is under no duty to the consignor or owner of the goods in regard to its occurrence.
Judgment reversed and judgment for the defendant to recover its costs.