Williams, J.
This is a suit in partition. Andrew J. Davidson, in the year 1866, was the owner in fee of the land, which is the subject-matter of the action. All of the parties claim under him. He and his wife Charlotte B. Davidson were not living together at that time, but they had not been divorced. The rights of the parties to the suit depend upon the effect to be ascribed to the following deed made by him to his said wife:
“Know all men by these presents that I, Andrew J. Davidson, of the county of Lawrence and State of Missouri, for and in consideration of the sum of five dollars, received to my full satisfaction, of Charlotte B. Davidson, of the county of Lawrence and State of Missouri, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, do give, grant, bargain, sell and convey unto the said Charlotte B. Davidson and her heirs and assigns, the following described lot, tract or parcel of land, viz.: The east half of the southeast quarter of section fifteen, in township twenty-seven, of range twenty-seven, containing eighty acres, more or less. To have and to hold the above granted and bargained premises, with the appurtenances thereof to the said Charlotte B. Davidson, her heirs and assigns, in fee simple, her natwal life to her own proper use and behoof, and further, I, the said A. J. Davidson, do covenant to and with the said Charlotte B. Davidson that at and until the ensealing of these presence, I was well seized of the above granted and bargained premises as a good and indefeasible estate in fee simple; that the same are free from all incumbrance, and that I will, during [613]*613her natural life, warrant and defend the title thereof to the said Charlotte B. Davidson, her heirs and assigns, against all claims and demands whatever.
“In testimony whereof we have hereunto set our hand and seal this the 19th day of September in the year of our Lord, one thousand, eight hundred and sixty-six.
“Andrew J. Davidson (Seal).”
This deed was acknowledged on the twenty-second of September, 1866, and filed for record on the thirty-first of December following. A printed form was used, and the only part in writing is the consideration, $5, the names of the parties, description of the property, name of the county and State and the expression “her natural life” where it appears therein.
Davidson and his wife had four children, three of whom are plaintiffs. The other, a daughter, is dead, and her heirs are made defendants, but there is no conflict between these defendants and the plaintiffs. Said children and grandchildren claim the equitable title to the land as tenants in common under the above mentioned deed and ask partition thereof.
Said deed was made in contemplation of a permanent separation between Davidson and his wife, and in 1867 they were divorced. He subsequently married again. Defendants Mary F. Bunnell and Martha Mayhew, who are appellants here, are children of his second marriage. His divorced wife, the mother of plaintiffs, was also married to one Vaughn, but no children were born of said marriage.
Davidson on the thirty-first of May, 1894, made a warranty deed purporting to convey the land to his daughters by the second marriage, Mary F. Bunnell and Martha Mayhew. They are made defendants in this suit, plaintiffs alleging that they claim some [614]*614interest in the property, the nature of which plaintiffs were unable to state.
These two defendants answered, charging that the deed to Charlotte B. Davidson, through which their co-defendants, as well as plaintiffs claim title, only conveyed to her an estate for her life, and that at the time this suit was brought, she being dead, said defendants Mary F. Bunnell and Martha Mayhew were the owners of the land under the deed to them of May 31, 1894. They prayed that the court declare them to be the owners of the land described in the deed, and that judgment be rendered in their favor for the possession thereof and for all proper relief.
Their answer also contained a second count, being a cross action in ejectment against plaintiffs, and having the usual averments to be found in a petition in an ejectment suit. Upon plaintiffs’ motion, this count of the answer was stricken out.
It is proper to state here that there is embraced in the present suit for partition other land than that included in the deed under discussion, and there seems to be no dispute that such other land belongs to the heirs of Charlotte B. Davidson, deceased, and that they are entitled to have the same partitioned.
The answer of the grandchildren of Charlotte B. who were made defendants, admitted plaintiffs’ title, and alleged that said defendants were the equitable owners of an undivided one fourth of the land, under the deed of September 19, supra, asked that the legal title be decreed 'to them and plaintiffs, and joined with plaintiffs in their prayer for partition.
Plaintiffs, upon the trial, introduced the deed from Andrew J. Davidson to Charlotte B., his wife, dated September 19,1866, hereinbefore copied; proved that she died in possession of the land in 1895, also the relationship of the parties as has been detailed; [615]*615and then called as a witness J. D. Allen, a brother of the wife. He testified that he wrote the deed. He was further permitted, over appellants’ objection, to state that, in addition to the deed, there was a written contract between the parties. After some evidence that this contract could not be found among the papers of Mrs. Davidson the witness stated his recollection of its contents, appellants still objecting thereto.
He said, “The contract was about this way- she was to have this eighty and to have possession of it and benefit her natural life, and, at her death, it was to go, then to her heirs, and in addition what he had on the west was to go to his heirs.”
The witness was asked: “You drew up the contract, and then you undertook to put the same thing in the deed?” A. “Not exactly; my notion was they would marry again and was afraid the children would be wronged out of their rights, and the reason why I drew up the contract different, I included in the contract, and not in the deed, that it was to go to the children after her death.”
One or more witnesses in addition to Allen testified to the same effect as he did about the contents of the contract.
Andrew J. Davidson had two hundred acres of land besides that conveyed to his wife. He made a deed for one hundred and twenty acres of this to his children by his first marriage within a short time after the deed of September 19,1866, to her. He attempted to convey four forties to them but misdescribed one tract.
The defendants Mary F. Bunnell and Martha May-hew offered in evidence the deed from A. J. Davidson to them for the land in dispute dated May 81, 1894.
The court rejected an offer by them to prove that Charlotte B. Davidson, while in possession of said tract [616]*616of land, declared that she only claimed a life estate therein.
The circuit court ruled that plaintiff and defendants except Mary F. Bunnell and Martha Mayhew were in equity joint owners of the land, divested the legal title out of the two defendants named and entered a decree for partition as prayed.
We are called upon by appellants Mary F.
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Williams, J.
This is a suit in partition. Andrew J. Davidson, in the year 1866, was the owner in fee of the land, which is the subject-matter of the action. All of the parties claim under him. He and his wife Charlotte B. Davidson were not living together at that time, but they had not been divorced. The rights of the parties to the suit depend upon the effect to be ascribed to the following deed made by him to his said wife:
“Know all men by these presents that I, Andrew J. Davidson, of the county of Lawrence and State of Missouri, for and in consideration of the sum of five dollars, received to my full satisfaction, of Charlotte B. Davidson, of the county of Lawrence and State of Missouri, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, do give, grant, bargain, sell and convey unto the said Charlotte B. Davidson and her heirs and assigns, the following described lot, tract or parcel of land, viz.: The east half of the southeast quarter of section fifteen, in township twenty-seven, of range twenty-seven, containing eighty acres, more or less. To have and to hold the above granted and bargained premises, with the appurtenances thereof to the said Charlotte B. Davidson, her heirs and assigns, in fee simple, her natwal life to her own proper use and behoof, and further, I, the said A. J. Davidson, do covenant to and with the said Charlotte B. Davidson that at and until the ensealing of these presence, I was well seized of the above granted and bargained premises as a good and indefeasible estate in fee simple; that the same are free from all incumbrance, and that I will, during [613]*613her natural life, warrant and defend the title thereof to the said Charlotte B. Davidson, her heirs and assigns, against all claims and demands whatever.
“In testimony whereof we have hereunto set our hand and seal this the 19th day of September in the year of our Lord, one thousand, eight hundred and sixty-six.
“Andrew J. Davidson (Seal).”
This deed was acknowledged on the twenty-second of September, 1866, and filed for record on the thirty-first of December following. A printed form was used, and the only part in writing is the consideration, $5, the names of the parties, description of the property, name of the county and State and the expression “her natural life” where it appears therein.
Davidson and his wife had four children, three of whom are plaintiffs. The other, a daughter, is dead, and her heirs are made defendants, but there is no conflict between these defendants and the plaintiffs. Said children and grandchildren claim the equitable title to the land as tenants in common under the above mentioned deed and ask partition thereof.
Said deed was made in contemplation of a permanent separation between Davidson and his wife, and in 1867 they were divorced. He subsequently married again. Defendants Mary F. Bunnell and Martha Mayhew, who are appellants here, are children of his second marriage. His divorced wife, the mother of plaintiffs, was also married to one Vaughn, but no children were born of said marriage.
Davidson on the thirty-first of May, 1894, made a warranty deed purporting to convey the land to his daughters by the second marriage, Mary F. Bunnell and Martha Mayhew. They are made defendants in this suit, plaintiffs alleging that they claim some [614]*614interest in the property, the nature of which plaintiffs were unable to state.
These two defendants answered, charging that the deed to Charlotte B. Davidson, through which their co-defendants, as well as plaintiffs claim title, only conveyed to her an estate for her life, and that at the time this suit was brought, she being dead, said defendants Mary F. Bunnell and Martha Mayhew were the owners of the land under the deed to them of May 31, 1894. They prayed that the court declare them to be the owners of the land described in the deed, and that judgment be rendered in their favor for the possession thereof and for all proper relief.
Their answer also contained a second count, being a cross action in ejectment against plaintiffs, and having the usual averments to be found in a petition in an ejectment suit. Upon plaintiffs’ motion, this count of the answer was stricken out.
It is proper to state here that there is embraced in the present suit for partition other land than that included in the deed under discussion, and there seems to be no dispute that such other land belongs to the heirs of Charlotte B. Davidson, deceased, and that they are entitled to have the same partitioned.
The answer of the grandchildren of Charlotte B. who were made defendants, admitted plaintiffs’ title, and alleged that said defendants were the equitable owners of an undivided one fourth of the land, under the deed of September 19, supra, asked that the legal title be decreed 'to them and plaintiffs, and joined with plaintiffs in their prayer for partition.
Plaintiffs, upon the trial, introduced the deed from Andrew J. Davidson to Charlotte B., his wife, dated September 19,1866, hereinbefore copied; proved that she died in possession of the land in 1895, also the relationship of the parties as has been detailed; [615]*615and then called as a witness J. D. Allen, a brother of the wife. He testified that he wrote the deed. He was further permitted, over appellants’ objection, to state that, in addition to the deed, there was a written contract between the parties. After some evidence that this contract could not be found among the papers of Mrs. Davidson the witness stated his recollection of its contents, appellants still objecting thereto.
He said, “The contract was about this way- she was to have this eighty and to have possession of it and benefit her natural life, and, at her death, it was to go, then to her heirs, and in addition what he had on the west was to go to his heirs.”
The witness was asked: “You drew up the contract, and then you undertook to put the same thing in the deed?” A. “Not exactly; my notion was they would marry again and was afraid the children would be wronged out of their rights, and the reason why I drew up the contract different, I included in the contract, and not in the deed, that it was to go to the children after her death.”
One or more witnesses in addition to Allen testified to the same effect as he did about the contents of the contract.
Andrew J. Davidson had two hundred acres of land besides that conveyed to his wife. He made a deed for one hundred and twenty acres of this to his children by his first marriage within a short time after the deed of September 19,1866, to her. He attempted to convey four forties to them but misdescribed one tract.
The defendants Mary F. Bunnell and Martha May-hew offered in evidence the deed from A. J. Davidson to them for the land in dispute dated May 81, 1894.
The court rejected an offer by them to prove that Charlotte B. Davidson, while in possession of said tract [616]*616of land, declared that she only claimed a life estate therein.
The circuit court ruled that plaintiff and defendants except Mary F. Bunnell and Martha Mayhew were in equity joint owners of the land, divested the legal title out of the two defendants named and entered a decree for partition as prayed.
We are called upon by appellants Mary F. Bunnell and Martha Mayhew to review that decree.
Rulings of the trial judge on the admission and exclusion of evidence, as well as in “striking out part of the separate answer of appellants” are assigned as error. It will be seen, however, at a glance that the real and only material question for solution is the construction of the deed of September 19, 1866, to Mrs. Davidson from her husband. When that is settled the rights of the parties will be determined, and there will be no difficulty under the pleadings as they stand to frame a proper judgment enforcing such rights. We shah come, therefore, directly to the question lying at the foundation of the case.
It is contended by appellants that the deed under consideration only conveyed to Charlotte-B. Davidson an equitable estate for life, the grantor retaining the fee, subject to said life estate, and that they succeeded to his title by the deed to them of May 31, 1894.
The position of the other side is, that, while Andrew J. Davidson could not by his deed to his wife, convey to her the legal title, yet “he did pass a title cognizable in equity to her in fee, or to her for life with remainder to her children.” In either event her children and the heirs of her deceased daughter would be entitled to the land and the judgment should be upheld.
Brace, P. J., in Fanning v. Doan, 128 Mo. 323, expressed very clearly the purpose which courts should have in view in construing deeds as well as other [617]*617instruments of writing. He said: “The main purpose in the construction of deeds, as of other contracts, is to effectuate the intention of the parties, and little aid can be derived from precedents or technical rules. Each deed must be construed for itself in the light of that general and paramount rule which requires ‘that the intention of the parties is to be ascertained by considering all the provisions of the deed, as well as the situation of the parties, and then to give effect to such intention if practicable when not contrary to law.’ 2 Devlin on Deeds, sec. 836.”
The granting clause in the deed before us is to “Charlotte B. Davidson her heirs and assigns.” The habendum is, “To have and to hold the above granted and bargained premises with the appurtenances thereof to the said Charlotte B. Davidson, her heirs and assigns, in fee simple her natural life to her own proper use and behoof.” The words “her natural life” are written, the others are parts of a printed form. If “her heirs and assigns in fee simple” were not in the deed, no doubt could exist that only a life estate passed to the grantee. The conveyance would then be to the grantee, “to have and to hold the above granted and bargained premises, etc., her natural life.” The instrument in this form would plainly show an intent to limit the interest conveyed to a mere life estate. The question then is whether the other words as used in this deed add anything to its effect. We think not. They were wholly unnecessary in order to convey the fee. In the absence of something showing an intention to vest a less estate, the use of the words “heirs, etc.,” was not essential to pass the entire title. McCullouck v. Holmes, 111 Mo. 445. If such an intention to limit the estate to one for life does appear, the use of said words alone can no more enlarge it into a fee than their omission, in the absence of such limitation, can reduce the estate [618]*618granted to one for life. This court speaking through Ray, J., in Bean v. Kenmuir, 86 Mo. loc cit. 671, used this language upon that subject. “The words, heirs or assigns, are not entitled to the weight counsel give them. They were not then, and are not now, necessary to create a fee, and their presence in the deed is without legal meaning or significance. They could' detract nothing from being absent, and they could add nothing by being present. They mean, when thus superfluously used, what the law would imply without them and nothing more.”
It must be further noted that the words indicating the grantor’s purpose to convey to his wife a life estate only, were written in the deed by the draughtman thereof, while those which are alleged to show an intention to convey a greater interest are simply parts of a printed form used by him in preparing the conveyance. If there is any conflict between them, the written must prevail. 2 Devlin on Deeds [2 Ed.], sec. 837; McNear v. McComber, 18 Iowa, 17; Hill v. Miller, 76 N. Y. 32.
While the estate conveyed can not be lessened by the extent of the covenants of warranty, yet it is significant as indicating the real meaning of the parties that the grantor covenanted that he would 11 during her natural life warrant and defend the title thereof to said Oharlotte B. Davidson, her heirs and assigns.”
The husband and wife when this deed was made, had become enstranged and had determined that they could no longer live together. A divorce was in contemplation, so it seems from the evidence. They then had four children. If it had been intended to convey a life estate to the wife with remainder to these children, it would reasonably be expected that thej7' would be named as remaindermen in the deed. Yet we find nothing of the kind. Their names could easily have [619]*619been inserted, if such had been the design, and it seems probable, in view of the situation of the parties, that this would have been done. Rines v. Mansfield, 96 Mo. loc. cit. 399.
But it is argued that there was a written contract between Davidson and his wife and that it provided that Mrs. Davidson should have and enjoy the land during her life and at her death the title should vest in their children in fee. Evidence of the contents, or rather of the construction placed by the witnesses upon the contents of this contract, was admitted over the objection of appellants, there being some proof that the writing itself could not be found. This evidence, if it had been competent, did not help the plaintiffs or tend to support their construction of the deed. Upon the contrary, it established just the converse of that for which they contend. The party who drew the contract and also the deed stated that he included in the former, but not in the latter, that the land should go to her children after her death.
But the provisons of the deed can not be controlled by the terms of the contract, and the evidence of the contents of the latter was incompetent. This testimony had no tendency to throw any light upon the meaning of the deed or to aid the court in its proper construction. The contract may have required a deed containing certain stipulations, or conveying a certain estate, and yet the deed may be entirely different. This is not a suit to reform the instrument. The parties are standing upon the deed as written. The pleadings tendered no issue of fraud or mistake in its preparation. Hence the fact that it does not conform to the contract is immaterial. The courts can not, in this proceeding and upon the issues presented here, read into the deed provisions not found therein simply because they may be included in the contract between [620]*620the parties. In Frederick v. Youngblood, 19 Ala. 680, it was held as follows: “The deed of conveyance in this case must be taken as conclusive evidence of the terms of the sale. There is no allegation of fraud or that any language not truly expressive of the contract had been inserted in the deed, or that any mistake whatever had been made in writing the same.”
“When a deed is delivered and accepted as a performance of a contract to convey, the contract is merged in the deed. Though the terms of the deed may vary from those contained in the contract, still the deed must be looked to alone to determine the rights of the parties.” 2 Devlin on Deeds [2 Ed.], sec. 850a.
Our conclusion is that the deed of September 19, 1866, only purported to convey to Charlotte B. Davidson, now deceased, an estate for her life, and that the appellants Mary E. Bunnell and Martha Mayhew are the owners in fee of the land by virtue of the deed to them of May 31, 1894, supra. It follows that the judgment will" be reversed and the cause remanded.
All concur.