ACCEPTED 06-15-00122-CR SIXTH COURT OF APPEALS TEXARKANA, TEXAS 10/19/2015 12:39:13 PM DEBBIE AUTREY CLERK
No. 06-15-00122-CR
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FILED IN 6th COURT OF APPEALS SIXTH DISTRICT TEXARKANA, TEXAS AT TEXARKANA, TEXAS 10/19/2015 12:39:13 PM DEBBIE AUTREY Clerk __________________________________________________________________
DAVID SYLVESTER CHAMBERS, Appellant
v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS
ON APPEAL FROM THE 272nd DISTRICT COURT OF BRAZOS COUNTY TRIAL COURT CAUSE NUMBER 13-02053-CRF-272
__________________________________________________________________
BRIEF FOR APPELLANT
__________________________________________________________________
Richard E. Wetzel State Bar No. 21236300
1411 West Ave., Suite 100 Austin, Texas 78701
(512) 469-7943 – Telephone (512) 474-5594 - Fax wetzel_law@1411west.com
Attorney for Appellant David Sylvester Chambers Identity of Parties and Counsel
Appellant: David Sylvester Chamber
Trial Counsel for Appellant: Shannon Flanigan Attorney at Law P.O. Box 482 Bryan, TX 77806
Appellate Counsel for Appellant: Richard Wetzel Attorney at Law 1411 West Ave., Ste. 100 Austin, TX 78701
Appellee: State of Texas
Trial Counsel for Appellee: James Rogers Jennifer Hebert Assistant District Attorneys 300 E. 26th St., Ste. 310 Bryan, TX 77803
Appellate Counsel for Appellee: Doug Howell Assistant District Attorney 300 E. 26th St., Ste. 310 Bryan, TX 77803
Trial Judge: Hon. Travis B. Bryan, III 272nd District Court Brazos County, Texas
ii Table of Contents Page
List of Parties and Counsel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ii
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii
Index of Authorities . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .iv
Statement of the Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
Issues Presented . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
Statement of Facts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
Summary of the Argument . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
Point of Error One . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
The trial court abused its discretion by allowing the State to amend the indictment after trial commenced (6 RR 214).
Point of Error Two . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
The trial court abused its discretion by denying Chambers’ motion to suppress evidence (6 RR 183).
Point of Error Three . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
The judgment should be reformed to properly reflect Chambers was convicted of a state jail felony rather than a second degree felony (CR 35).
Prayer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
Certificate of Compliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
Certificate of Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
iii Index of Authorities Page Cases
Amador v. State, 221 S.W.3d 666 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
Best v. State, 118 S.W.3d 857 (Tex. App.-Fort Worth 2003, no pet.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
Brother v. State, 166 S.W.3d 255 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
Campbell v. State, 49 S.W.3d 874 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
Derichsweiler v. State, 348 S.W.3d 906 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
Dixon v. State, 206 S.W.3d 613 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
Estrada v. State, 154 S.W.3d 604 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
Flores v. State, 139 S.W.3d 61 (Tex. App. - Texarkana 2004, pet. ref’d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Ford v. State, 334 S.W.3d 230 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
Gollihar v. State, 46 S.W.3d 243 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
Guzman v. State, 955 S.W.2d 85 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
Howell v. State, 563 S.W.2d 933 (Tex. Crim. App. 1978) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
iv Johnson v. State, 68 S.W.3d 644 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
Johnson v. State, 967 S.W.2d 410 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
King v. State, 953 S.W.2d 266 (Tex.Crim.App.1997) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Land v. State, 291 S.W.3d 23 (Tex. App. – Texarkana 2009, pet. ref’d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
Jackson v. State, 288 S.W.3d 60 (Tex. App. – Houston [1st Dist.] 2009, pet. ref’d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
Long v. State, 203 S.W.3d 352 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
Miles v. State, 204 S.W.3d 822 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
Montanez v. State, 195 S.W.3d 101 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
Romero v. State, 800 S.W.2d 539 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
Simpson v. State, 227 S.W.3d 855 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2007, no pet.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
Splawn v. State, 160 S.W.3d 103 (Tex. App. - Texarkana 2005, pet. ref’d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
State v. Cullen, 195 S.W.3d 696 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
State v. Kelly, 204 S.W.3d 808 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
v State v. Ross, 32 S.W.3d 853 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
State v. Webb, 12 S.W.3d 808 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
United States v. Sprick, 233 F.3d 845 (5th Cir. 2000) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
Valenti v. State, 49 S.W.3d 594 (Tex. App. - Fort Worth 2001, no pet.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Wiede v. State, 214 S.W.3d 17 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
Wilson v. State, 442 S.W.3d 779 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2014, pet. ref’d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
Wright v. State, 28 S.W.3d 526 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Statutes
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., ch. 1251 (H.B. 1396), § 10, eff. Sept. 1, 2015 . . . . . . . .17
TEX. CRIM. PROC. CODE art. 28.10(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
TEX. CRIM. PROC. CODE art. 42.01 § 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
TEX. PEN. CODE § 12.35(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
TEX. PEN. CODE § 12.35(c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10, 18
TEX. PEN. CODE § 12.425(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1, 10, 17
TEX. PEN. CODE § 31.03(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1, 17
TEX. PEN. CODE § 31.03(e)(4)(A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1, 17
vi Rules
TEX. R. APP. P. 9.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
TEX. R. APP. P. 43.2(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
TEX. R. APP. P. 44.2(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
TEX. R. APP. P. 44.2(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
vii Statement of the Case
This is an appeal from a criminal proceeding. David Sylvester Chambers
was indicted by a Brazos County grand jury for the state jail felony offense of theft
of property with a value over $1,500 and under $20,000 (CR 5). See TEX. PEN.
CODE §§ 31.03(a) and 31.03(e)(4)(A). Two prior felony convictions were alleged
to enhance punishment to that of a second degree felony (CR 5). See TEX. PEN.
CODE § 12.425(b). A jury was selected and sworn (6 RR 152, 184). Chambers
entered a plea of not guilty (6 RR 185). The jury found him guilty as charged in
the indictment (7 RR 88). Punishment was tried to the court (8 RR). Chambers
pled not true to the prior convictions alleged for enhancement of punishment (8 RR
7). The trial court found the prior convictions true and assessed punishment at 15
years in prison (8 RR 84). The trial court certified Chambers’ right to appeal (CR
43). Notice of appeal was timely filed (CR 51). Pursuant to an order of the
Supreme Court of Texas, the appeal was transferred to this Court from the Tenth
Court of Appeals.
1 Issues Present on Appeal
Point of Error One
The trial court abused its discretion by allowing the State to amend the indictment
after trial commenced (6 RR 214).
Point of Error Two
The trial court abused its discretion by denying Chambers’ motion to suppress
evidence (6 RR 183).
Point of Error Three
The judgment should be reformed to properly reflect Chambers was convicted of a
state jail felony rather than a second degree felony (CR 35).
Statement of Facts
Just after midnight on March 9, 2013, Mario Thompson was visiting a friend
in Bryan (7 RR 9). Thompson saw a black pickup truck pull near a trailer parked
across the street (7 RR 13). Thompson watched the driver of the truck try to attach
the trailer to the truck for 15 minutes (7 RR 15). As cars would approach near the
trailer, the driver would hide behind the trailer or between the truck and the trailer
(7 RR 14).
2 Once the trailer was attached and the truck drove away, Thompson followed
in his own car because he thought the trailer was being stolen by the truck driver (7
RR 18, 31). While following the truck and trailer, Thompson called 911 to report
what he thought to be a stolen trailer (7 RR 21). Thompson was unable to identify
Chambers as the driver of the truck who took the trailer (7 RR 43).
Shortly after midnight on March 9, 2013, Officer James Hauke, of the Bryan
Police Department, received a dispatch concerning a truck pulling a possible stolen
trailer (6 RR 190). Police had initially been alerted to the situation by the occupant
of an automobile who made a 911 call while following the truck (6 RR 191).
Hauke located the truck as it was being driven on a highway while pulling a trailer
(6 RR 192). He stopped the truck and determined Chambers was the driver of the
truck (6 RR 192). After stopping the truck, Hauke radioed in the license plate
number of the trailer, 013686H, and spoke with the occupants of the vehicle who
had followed the truck driven by Chambers (6 RR 198). At the time of the stop,
Chambers did not have keys to the various locks on the trailer (6 RR 198).
Duane Monteilh previously worked for Woodbolt Distributors in Bryan (7
RR 50). While so employed, he bought a trailer for the company in November of
2012 for the sum of $4651.03 (7 RR 52). Texas license plate number 013686H
was affixed to the trailer (7 RR 53). The trailer was generally stored in an alley
3 behind a building (7 RR 53). The trailer was secured with multiple locks on the
hitch and the doors (7 RR 56). Monteih does not know Chambers and did not give
him permission to use or take the trailer (7 RR 57).
Nathan Kleiman and Woodbolt Distributors are named as the owners of the
trailer in the indictment (CR 5). Kleiman is employed by Woodbolt Distributors (7
RR 62). Kleiman did not give Chambers permission to use or take the trailer (7
RR 62).
The State rested (7 RR 62). Chambers rested and both sides closed (7 RR
64). No objection was voiced to the trial court’s charge to the jury (7 RR 68).
Argument was presented (7 RR 71, 75, and 84). The jury found Chambers guilty
as charged in the indictment (7 RR 88). The jury was discharged (7 RR 90).
Punishment was tried to the court (8 RR). Chambers pled not true to the
prior convictions alleged for enhancement of punishment (8 RR 7). However, he
stipulated he was the same person alleged in the prior convictions and there would
be no need for a fingerprint expert to connect his fingerprints with those on the
prior judgments (8 RR 8). Evidence of Chambers prior felony and misdemeanor
convictions was introduced without objection (8 RR 11, 9 RR SX 25-38).
4 Betty Meier is a community supervision officer with Brazos County (8 RR
14). She prepared the presentence investigation report in this case (8 RR 15).
Based on Chambers’ criminal history, she could not recommend community
supervision in this case (8 RR 15). At the time of trial, Chambers was 58 years of
age and had been in trouble with the law since 1977 (8 RR 30). In her discussions
with Chambers, he denied committing the instant offense and said the trailer had
been taken by someone he allowed to use his truck (8 RR 19). The State rested on
punishment (8 RR 36).
Daidra Powell is Chambers’ daughter (8 RR 37). He lives with her in
Houston (8 RR 38). Chambers has a variety of illnesses including asthma,
seizures, back problems, bipolar disorder, and colon cancer (8 RR 39, 41).
Chambers testified he suffers from numerous medical ailments including
seizures, asthma, back problems, and an irregular heartbeat (8 RR 50-54). He
assured the court he would comply with the terms and conditions of community
supervision if the court saw fit to place him on community supervision (8 RR 57).
He maintained his innocence of taking the trailer (8 RR 64). He admitted he was
the same person alleged to have been previously convicted in the enhancement
paragraphs of the indictment (8 RR 66).
5 The defense rested on punishment and both sides closed (8 RR 78).
Argument was presented (8 RR 78, 82). The trial court found the prior convictions
alleged for enhancement true and assessed punishment at 15 years in prison (8 RR
84). Chambers was sentenced in open court (8 RR 84).
Summary of the Argument
The first point of error complains of an improper amendment of the
indictment on the day trial commenced over objection by Chambers’ counsel.
Chambers maintains he has a substantial right in the State and trial court following
the applicable law with regard to amending indictments on the day of trial. The
unlawful amendment concerns an enhancement of punishment allegation which
elevated the range of punishment from a third degree felony to a second degree
felony range of punishment. But for the unlawful amendment, Chambers could
have successfully urged a variance between the indictment and proof with regard
to one of the prior convictions alleged for enhancement of punishment. His ability
to mount a successful defense to the enhancement of punishment should not have
been sidetracked by the State’s unlawful amendment of the indictment. The Court
should find his substantial rights were adversely impacted by the unlawful
amendment and remand the cause for a new punishment hearing for punishment to
be assessed within the range of a felony of the third degree.
6 The second point of error urges the trial court abused its discretion by
denying Chamber’s motion to suppress. Evidence was recovered and observations
made by the arresting officer when the stop of Chambers’ truck was not supported
by reasonable suspicion. The trial court’s conclusion to the contrary is subject to
de novo review by this Court. The Court will be unable to find the error harmless
beyond a reasonable doubt.
By his final point of error, Chambers seeks reformation of the judgment.
The indictment alleges Chambers committed the state jail felony offense of theft.
The jury found him guilty of the offense alleged in the indictment. Punishment,
enhanced by proof of two prior felony convictions, other than state jail felony
convictions, was subject to punishment for a second degree felony offense. The
judgment erroneously recites he was convicted of a state jail felony enhanced to a
second degree felony. The record contains the necessary data and information for
modification of the judgment. This Court should modify the judgment to properly
reflect the degree of felony for which Chambers was convicted was that of a state
jail felony rather than a second degree felony offense.
7 Point of Error One
The trial court abused its discretion by allowing the State to amend the
indictment after trial commenced (6 RR 214).
The indictment alleges two prior felony convictions, other than state jail
felonies, for purposes of enhancement of punishment (CR 5). The first such prior
conviction is alleged as an August 4, 1978, burglary of a habitation conviction
from Galveston County (CR 5).
After the voir dire examination of the prospective jurors, the State
mentioned it intended to amend the indictment regarding the date of the first prior
conviction from August 4 to August 14, 1978 (6 RR 121). After the jury was
sworn, Chambers entered a plea, and the first witness testified, the State revisited
the issue of amending the indictment (6 RR 212). Counsel for Chambers objected
the attempted amendment was untimely (6 RR 212). The trial court overruled the
objection upon observing Chambers was 12 minutes late coming back from lunch
and the jury was sworn before the amendment could take place (6 RR 214). In
spite of the trial court’s observation, the record does not show Chambers was late
or absent for any of the proceedings (6 RR 6, 9, 155, and 183).
Evidence of Chambers prior felony and misdemeanor convictions was
introduced without objection during the punishment proceeding (8 RR 11, 9 RR 8 SX 25-38). State’s Exhibit 25 concerns the first prior conviction alleged for
enhancement and shows a conviction date of August 14, 1978 (9 RR SX 25).
According to the Code of Criminal Procedure, a motion to amend the
indictment made on the day of trial, as here, can only be granted “if the defendant
does not object.” See TEX. CRIM. PROC. CODE art. 28.10(b). Because Chambers
objected to the State’s motion to amend the indictment on the day of trial, it was
error for the trial court to grant the amendment. See id.
This Court must determine whether the trial court’s erroneous ruling under
article 28.10 of the Code of Criminal Procedure is harmless error under Rule
44.2(b) of the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure. See Wright v. State, 28
S.W.3d 526, 531–32 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000); Flores v. State, 139 S.W.3d 61, 65–
66 (Tex. App. - Texarkana 2004, pet. ref’d); Valenti v. State, 49 S.W.3d 594, 598
(Tex. App. - Fort Worth 2001, no pet.). Under Rule 44.2(b), this Court is required
to disregard errors, defects, irregularities, or variances that do not affect the
accused’s substantial rights. TEX. R. APP. P. 44.2(b). An error affects a
substantial right “when the error had a substantial and injurious effect or influence
in determining the jury’s verdict.” King v. State, 953 S.W.2d 266, 271
(Tex.Crim.App.1997).
If looking at the record as a whole, it appears the error “did not influence the
9 jury, or had but a slight effect,” an appellate court must consider the error harmless
and allow the conviction to stand. Johnson v. State, 967 S.W.2d 410, 417 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1998). To determine whether the trial court’s error affected a
substantial right, an appellate court should examine the possible outcomes had the
indictment not been erroneously amended. The critical inquiry requires
consideration of whether the indictment, as written, informed the defendant of the
charge against him sufficiently to allow him to prepare an adequate defense at
trial, and whether prosecution under the original indictment would subject the
defendant to the risk of being prosecuted later for the same crime. Gollihar v.
State, 46 S.W.3d 243, 248 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001) (quoting United States v.
Sprick, 233 F.3d 845, 853 (5th Cir.2000)).
Chambers maintains he has a substantial right in the State and trial court
following the applicable law with regard to amending indictments on the day of
trial. The unlawful amendment concerns an enhancement of punishment
allegation which changed the range of punishment from a third degree felony to a
second degree felony. See TEX. PEN. CODE §§ 12.35(c)(2) and 12.425(b).
Finally, but for the unlawful amendment, Chambers could have successfully urged
a variance between the indictment and proof with regard to the first prior
conviction alleged for enhancement of punishment. His ability to mount a
successful defense to a variance in the first enhancement allegation should not 10 have been sidetracked by the State’s unlawful amendment of the indictment.
Chambers substantial rights were adversely impacted by the error and he is
entitled to a new punishment hearing before the trial court for punishment to
assessed within the range of a third degree felony.
The trial court abused its discretion by denying Chambers’ motion to
suppress evidence (6 RR 183).
Chambers filed a motion to suppress evidence from his warrantless stop on
the basis the officer did not have reasonable suspicion to conduct the stop (CR 22).
A hearing on the motion to suppress was conducted outside the presence of the
jury (6 RR 155 – 183). During the hearing, counsel for Chambers argued that
before conducting the stop, the officer did not have sufficient articulable facts
which would have supported a determination of reasonable suspicion and allowed
the stop without a warrant (6 RR 178).
At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court denied the motion to
suppress (6 RR 183). Chambers reurged his objection during trial to any testimony
from the officer following the stop of Chambers’ truck (6 RR 195). The objection
was overruled (6 RR 195). As directed by this Court, the trial court subsequently
11 entered findings of fact and conclusions of law relative to the denied motion to
suppress (Supp. CR 4 - 10).
During the suppression hearing, Officer James Hauke, of the Bryan Police
Department, testified he was on patrol on March 9, 2013 (6 RR 156). He received
a report of a vehicle being driven in a reckless manner and pulling a possible stolen
trailer (6 RR 156). Hauke identified a recording from his patrol unit, the computer
aided dispatch notes, and a 911 call which was placed by concerned citizens (6 RR
157). The 911 call was placed by the occupants of a vehicle following a truck with
what was believed to be a stolen trailer (6 RR 160).
Hauke located the truck and followed it in his patrol vehicle (6 RR 161).
With the assistance of a fellow officer, the truck was stopped, Chambers was
removed from the truck, and Chambers was placed in a patrol vehicle (6 RR 162).
Chambers was the driver of the truck stopped by Hauke (6 RR 162). After the
stop, Hauke learned the identity of the trailer owner and spoke to the occupants of
the vehicle which had followed the truck (6 RR 163).
Hauke admitted he did not hear the 911 call before conducting the stop (6
RR 166). He did not have the license plate number of the stolen trailer before
conducting the stop (6 RR 167). Only after detaining Chambers was Hauke able to
see the license plate number of the trailer and determine ownership of the trailer (6
12 RR 168). Hauke’s decision to stop Chambers was based solely on the information
he had received from dispatch (6 RR 169). No reckless driving was demonstrated
by Chambers before the stop (6 RR 174). The only thing Hauke knew for sure was
that an automobile was following a truck pulling a trailer and the occupant of the
automobile claimed the trailer was stolen (6 RR 175).
The trial court concluded the stop of Chambers’ truck was permissible as
supported by reasonable suspicion (Supp. CR 9). Chambers disagrees.
A trial court's ruling on a motion to suppress evidence is reviewed on appeal
under a bifurcated standard of review. Amador v. State, 221 S.W.3d 666, 673
(Tex. Crim. App. 2007); Guzman v. State, 955 S.W.2d 85, 89 (Tex. Crim. App.
1997). In reviewing the trial court's decision, an appellate court does not engage in
its own factual review. Romero v. State, 800 S.W.2d 539, 543 (Tex. Crim. App.
1990); Best v. State, 118 S.W.3d 857, 861 (Tex. App.-Fort Worth 2003, no pet.).
The trial judge is the sole trier of fact and judge of the credibility of the witnesses
and the weight to be given their testimony. Wiede v. State, 214 S.W.3d 17, 24–25
(Tex. Crim. App. 2007); State v. Ross, 32 S.W.3d 853, 855 (Tex. Crim. App.
2000), modified on other grounds by State v. Cullen, 195 S.W.3d 696 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2006).
13 Almost total deference to the trial court's rulings is given on (1) questions of
historical fact, even if the trial court's determination of those facts was not based on
an evaluation of credibility and demeanor, and (2) application-of-law-to-fact
questions that turn on an evaluation of credibility and demeanor. Amador, 221
S.W.3d at 673; Montanez v. State, 195 S.W.3d 101, 108–09 (Tex. Crim. App.
2006); Johnson v. State, 68 S.W.3d 644, 652–53 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). But
when application-of-law-to-fact questions do not turn on the credibility and
demeanor of the witnesses, the trial court's rulings on those questions is reviewed
de novo. Amador, 221 S.W.3d at 673; Estrada v. State, 154 S.W.3d 604, 607 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2005); Johnson, 68 S.W.3d at 652–53.
Stated another way, when reviewing the trial court's ruling on a motion to
suppress, an appellate court must view the evidence in the light most favorable to
the trial court's ruling. Wiede, 214 S.W.3d at 24; State v. Kelly, 204 S.W.3d 808,
818 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). When the trial court makes explicit fact findings, an
appellate court must determine whether the evidence, when viewed in the light
most favorable to the trial court's ruling, supports those fact findings. Kelly, 204
S.W.3d at 818–19. The trial court's legal rulings are reviewed de novo unless its
explicit fact findings that are supported by the record are also dispositive of the
legal ruling. Id. at 818; Wilson v. State, 442 S.W.3d 779, 783-84 (Tex. App.—Fort
Worth 2014, pet. ref’d). 14 Here, Chambers’ challenge to the propriety of the stop is legal in nature and
do not turn on credibility or demeanor choices made by the trial court upon
denying the motion to suppress. Accordingly, de novo review is appropriate
standard of review for this Court upon reviewing the trial court’s conclusions of
law.
The issue is whether the totality of the information provided Hauke specific,
articulable facts that, combined with reasonable inferences to be derived from
those facts, would lead to the reasonable conclusion that Chambers was
committing some type of criminal activity. See Derichsweiler v. State, 348 S.W.3d
906, 915–16 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). Before detaining a suspect, an officer must
corroborate the facts supplied by a citizen-eyewitness. Brother v. State, 166
S.W.3d 255, 258–59, 259 n. 5 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). However, corroboration
does not require the officer to personally observe criminal conduct; “[r]ather,
corroboration refers to whether the police officer, in light of the circumstances,
confirms enough facts to reasonably conclude that the information given to him is
reliable and a temporary detention is thus justified.” Id. at 259 n. 5; see also Dixon
v. State, 206 S.W.3d 613, 616 n. 13, 617 n. 17, 618–19 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006).
Chambers argues Hauke did not have sufficient articulable facts to support
the stop of Chambers’ truck. His only information was that a truck was pulling a
15 possible stolen trailer. He did nothing to corroborate that report before stopping
Chambers. The corroboration only occurred following the unlawful stop. The trial
court should have granted the motion to suppress and excluded any evidence
gathered or observations by Hauke following the improper stop.
Because the trial court committed a constitutional error in admitting the
evidence recovered by Hauke, this Court is called on to determine whether such
error was harmful to Crayton. Long v. State, 203 S.W.3d 352, 353 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2006). If the appellate record in a criminal case reveals constitutional error in
the proceedings below, the appellate court must reverse the judgment under review
unless the appellate court determines beyond a reasonable doubt that the error
made no contribution to the conviction or to the punishment. Id. (citing TEX. R.
APP. P. 44.2(a)). In calculating the probable impact of the error on the jury, the
court is to look at the totality of the circumstances and the record as a whole.
Simpson v. State, 227 S.W.3d 855, 858-59 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2007,
no pet.); Miles v. State, 204 S.W.3d 822, 828 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006).
Here, Hauke was the State’s star professional witness before the jury. The
conviction could not have been secured without Hauke’s testimony before the jury.
The State made prominent mention of Hauke’s anticipated testimony in open
statements (6 RR 187). The State once again relied on his testimony and
16 observations following the unconstitutional stop in closing statement (7 RR 71,
73).
After considering the appropriate 44.2(a) factors, this Court will be unable to
find beyond a reasonable doubt that the error made no contribution to the
conviction or to the punishment. Chambers should be awarded a new trial in
which the fact finder will receive only admissible evidence.
The judgment should be reformed to properly reflect Chambers was
convicted of a state jail felony rather than a second degree felony (CR 35).
Chambers was indicted by a Brazos County grand jury for the state jail
felony offense of theft of property with a value over $1,500 and under $20,000
(CR 5). See TEX. PEN. CODE §§ 31.03(a) and 31.03(e)(4)(A).1 Two prior felony
conviction were alleged to enhance punishment to that of a second degree felony
(CR 5). See TEX. PEN. CODE § 12.425(b). The jury found Chambers guilty as
charged in the indictment (7 RR 88).
1 The theft statute has been amended since Chambers allegedly committed the offense alleged in the indictment. See Acts 2015, 84th Leg., ch. 1251 (H.B. 1396), § 10, eff. Sept. 1, 2015. The amendments do not affect Chambers’ conviction.
17 Punishment was tried to the court (8 RR). Chambers pled not true to the
prior convictions alleged for enhancement of punishment (8 RR 7). The trial court
found the prior convictions true and assessed punishment at 15 years in prison (8
RR 84).
This point of error is directed at the erroneous recitation in the judgment
concerning the degree of offense for which Chambers was convicted. Specifically,
the judgment erroneously states the degree of offense as: “State Jail Felony
Enhanced to 2nd Degree Felony” (CR 35).
Both Campbell v. State, 49 S.W.3d 874 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001) and State v.
Webb, 12 S.W.3d 808 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000) acknowledge state jail felony
offenses are classified as either “aggravated” or “unaggravated/non-aggravated”.
See Campbell, 49 S.W.3d at 877; Webb, 12 S.W.3d at 811. Whether or not a state
jail felony offense is aggravated or unaggravated depends upon whether the
offense is punishable under § 12.35(a), reserved for unaggravated state jail
offenses, or punishable under § 12.35(c), reserved for aggravated state jail
offenses. See Webb, 12 S.W.3d at 811.
As explained in Ford v. State, 334 S.W.3d 230 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011),
while the punishment range for an offense may be enhanced, the enhancement has
no bearing on the character of the underlying offense. Ford, 334 S.W.3d at 234.
18 When applicable, § 12.35(c) increases the punishment level for a § 12.35(a) state
jail felony to a third-degree felony, but the primary offense itself remains a state
jail felony. Id.
Even if a defendant is not being harmed by a deficiency in a judgment, he
nevertheless has an interest in having the judgment correctly reflect the findings of
the trial court and the jury. Howell v. State, 563 S.W.2d 933, 936 (Tex. Crim. App.
1978). A judgment should properly recite the degree of the offense for which the
defendant was convicted. TEX. CRIM. PROC. CODE art. 42.01 § 14.
The general rule is that if an appellate court has the necessary data and
evidence before it, the judgment may be modified or reformed on appeal. Splawn
v. State, 160 S.W.3d 103, 107 (Tex. App. - Texarkana 2005, pet. ref’d). This Court
has the authority to modify the judgment of a trial court. TEX. R. APP. P. 43.2(b).
The authority to modify a judgment includes reformation of a judgment which fails
to correctly reflect the degree of the offense for which the defendant was
convicted. Land v. State, 291 S.W.3d 23, 31 (Tex. App. – Texarkana 2009, pet.
ref’d); Jackson v. State, 288 S.W.3d 60, 64 (Tex. App. – Houston [1st Dist.] 2009,
pet. ref’d).
The record contains the necessary data and information for modification of
the judgment. This Court should modify the judgment to properly reflect the
19 degree of felony for which Chambers was convicted was that of a state jail felony
rather than a second degree felony offense.
Prayer
Wherefore, premises considered, David Sylvester Chambers prays this
Honorable Court will reverse the judgment of conviction and remand to the trial
court for a new trial, remand to the trial court for a new punishment hearing,
reform the judgment, or enter any other relief appropriate under the facts and the
Respectfully submitted,
/s/ Richard E. Wetzel Richard E. Wetzel State Bar No. 21236300
1411 West Avenue Suite 100 Austin, TX 78701
(512) 469-7943 (512) 474-5594 – facsimile wetzel_law@1411west.com
Attorney for Appellant David Sylvester Chambers
20 Certificate of Compliance
This pleading complies with TEX. R. APP. P. 9.4. According to the word count function of the computer program used to prepare the document, the pleading contains 4,065 words excluding the items not to be included within the word count limit.
/s/ Richard E. Wetzel Richard E. Wetzel State Bar No. 21236300
Certificate of Service
This is to certify that a true and correct copy of the foregoing pleading was emailed to counsel for the State, Doug Howell, Assistant District Attorney, at his email address of dhowell@co.brazos.tx.us on this the 19th day of October, 2015.
/s/ Richard E. Wetzel Richard E. Wetzel State Bar No. 21236300