This opinion will be unpublished and may not be cited except as provided by Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2012).
STATE OF MINNESOTA IN COURT OF APPEALS A13-1878
David P. Cook, Appellant,
vs.
Wendi C. Wicktor-Heinks, Respondent.
Filed August 18, 2014 Affirmed Reyes, Judge
Isanti County District Court File No. 30CV11223
Michael J. Froelich, Froelich Law Office, Ltd., St. Paul, Minnesota (for appellant)
Rhonda J. Magnussen, Black, Moore, Magnussen, Ltd., Elk River, Minnesota (for respondent)
Considered and decided by Reyes, Presiding Judge; Hooten, Judge; and
Kirk, Judge.
UNPUBLISHED OPINION
REYES, Judge
This appeal arises from a district court order awarding damages to appellant/cross-
respondent for expenses he incurred from 2006 to 2009 for the benefit of
respondent/cross-appellant. Appellant/cross-respondent appeals the district court’s
failure to impose a constructive trust on two properties owned by respondent/cross- appellant individually. Respondent/cross-appellant appeals the district court’s award of
damages, claiming that the action is barred by anti-palimony statutes, and alternatively
argues that the district court should have considered all property owned by the parties and
each party’s expenses and profits in calculating the damages award. We affirm.
FACTS
After having been in a personal relationship for a couple of years, appellant/cross-
respondent David Cook and respondent/cross-appellant Wendi Wicktor-Heinks began
cohabitating. At the time that they began their relationship, Cook owned and operated a
floor-covering business and owned several parcels of real estate, including farmland and
houses. Wicktor-Heinks was a licensed real-estate broker and a certified real-estate
appraiser who owned her own home.
Cook and Wicktor-Heinks opened joint bank accounts at three banks, and all of
the deposits they made between August 1999 and December 2004 went into their joint
accounts. They used combined resources to purchase and pay the expenses, repairs, debt,
taxes, insurance, and other costs associated with several parcels of real property owned
by either party, and they expended joint funds, time, skill, and labor to renovate and
enhance their home. Proceeds from the sale of properties were deposited into their joint
accounts. Additionally, the parties used combined resources, including time, skill, and
labor, to grow crops, purchase farm equipment, service debt, and maintain a farming
operation, which involved raising buffalo and horses.
Cook and Wicktor-Heinks ended their personal relationship in early 2006, and
Cook moved out of their shared home. Each party retained title to the real property that
2 they owned in his or her individual name. They held a public auction to sell their joint
personal property and divided the proceeds. Cook continued to pay expenses related to
the parties’ buffalo-farming operation, and they shared in the proceeds received from the
sale of real estate in his name after their relationship ended. Cook and Wicktor-Heinks
jointly maintained the buffalo and horses until September 2009, when Cook stopped
contributing time, money, labor, or skill in caring for the animals because Wicktor-
Heinks no longer allowed him onto the property.
Thereafter, Cook commenced this action against Wicktor-Heinks, seeking the
imposition of a constructive trust against real property located near Princeton and held in
Wicktor-Heinks’s name individually, claiming that Wicktor-Heinks would be unjustly
enriched if she were to keep the entire net value of the properties as well as the buffalo.
The two parcels in dispute are referred to as the buffalo property, which is where the
parties lived when they cohabitated and the buffalo-farming operation is maintained, and
the Hjelm property. Cook alleged that the parties had an agreement, amounting to a joint
venture, to increase their individual net worth by commingling assets and incomes, and
he sought to recover the expenses he incurred in furtherance of this agreement. Wicktor-
Heinks denied the claims, citing anti-palimony statutes, and alternatively counterclaimed,
arguing that if there was a joint venture between the parties, the court should factor in all
income and expenses related to the property of both parties from the beginning of their
relationship to prevent unjust enrichment of Cook.
A three-day bench trial was held, and the district court heard extensive testimony
from both parties who testified about their joint accounts, acquisition of the disputed
3 properties and other real estate, their contributions toward the raising of buffalo and
horses, and their motivations for all of these actions. The district court determined that
Cook and Wicktor-Heinks had a personal cohabitating relationship until 2005 and
thereafter engaged in a joint venture. The court awarded Cook damages in the amount of
$135,704.31, based on the expenses he incurred to benefit the buffalo and Hjelm
properties between 2006 and 2009, denied his request to impose a constructive trust, and
dismissed all other claims of the parties. Both parties moved for amended findings, but
the district court denied all substantive changes, and judgment was entered. This appeal
and cross-appeal followed.
DECISION
Cook argues that the district court erred by failing to find that a joint venture
between the parties commenced in 1999 and by refusing to impose a constructive trust on
the buffalo and Hjelm properties, contending that the anti-palimony statutes are
inapplicable. Wicktor-Heinks argues that there was no joint venture between the parties
at any time because no agreement existed between the parties. She also argues that the
anti-palimony statutes continued to apply after the parties stopped cohabitating because
their continued dealings were their attempt “to unwind their commingled affairs.” We
disagree with both parties.
On thorough review of the district court order, we believe that the district court
based its award of damages to Cook on equitable principles. “Equitable relief is meant
to remedy inequity, unjust enrichment, and bad-faith conduct.” Minneapolis Grand, LLC
v. Galt Funding LLC, 791 N.W.2d 549, 558 (Minn. App. 2010). “In equity the kinds and
4 forms of specific remedies are as unlimited as the powers of such courts to shape relief
awarded in accordance with the circumstances of the particular case.” Prince v.
Sonnesyn, 222 Minn. 528, 538, 25 N.W.2d 468, 473 (1946). A district court has broad
discretion when fashioning an equitable remedy, Nadeau v. County of Ramsey, 277
N.W.2d 520, 524 (Minn. 1979), and we review these equitable determinations for an
abuse of that discretion, Wilson v. Skogerboe, 379 N.W.2d 696, 698-99 (Minn. App.
1986).
The record supports the district court’s finding that the parties commingled assets
and shared responsibilities from 1999 through 2005 because they considered themselves
to be family and lived as though they were married. When the relationship ended, they
took steps to divide property, both real and personal, and split the proceeds of property
that they sold.
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This opinion will be unpublished and may not be cited except as provided by Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2012).
STATE OF MINNESOTA IN COURT OF APPEALS A13-1878
David P. Cook, Appellant,
vs.
Wendi C. Wicktor-Heinks, Respondent.
Filed August 18, 2014 Affirmed Reyes, Judge
Isanti County District Court File No. 30CV11223
Michael J. Froelich, Froelich Law Office, Ltd., St. Paul, Minnesota (for appellant)
Rhonda J. Magnussen, Black, Moore, Magnussen, Ltd., Elk River, Minnesota (for respondent)
Considered and decided by Reyes, Presiding Judge; Hooten, Judge; and
Kirk, Judge.
UNPUBLISHED OPINION
REYES, Judge
This appeal arises from a district court order awarding damages to appellant/cross-
respondent for expenses he incurred from 2006 to 2009 for the benefit of
respondent/cross-appellant. Appellant/cross-respondent appeals the district court’s
failure to impose a constructive trust on two properties owned by respondent/cross- appellant individually. Respondent/cross-appellant appeals the district court’s award of
damages, claiming that the action is barred by anti-palimony statutes, and alternatively
argues that the district court should have considered all property owned by the parties and
each party’s expenses and profits in calculating the damages award. We affirm.
FACTS
After having been in a personal relationship for a couple of years, appellant/cross-
respondent David Cook and respondent/cross-appellant Wendi Wicktor-Heinks began
cohabitating. At the time that they began their relationship, Cook owned and operated a
floor-covering business and owned several parcels of real estate, including farmland and
houses. Wicktor-Heinks was a licensed real-estate broker and a certified real-estate
appraiser who owned her own home.
Cook and Wicktor-Heinks opened joint bank accounts at three banks, and all of
the deposits they made between August 1999 and December 2004 went into their joint
accounts. They used combined resources to purchase and pay the expenses, repairs, debt,
taxes, insurance, and other costs associated with several parcels of real property owned
by either party, and they expended joint funds, time, skill, and labor to renovate and
enhance their home. Proceeds from the sale of properties were deposited into their joint
accounts. Additionally, the parties used combined resources, including time, skill, and
labor, to grow crops, purchase farm equipment, service debt, and maintain a farming
operation, which involved raising buffalo and horses.
Cook and Wicktor-Heinks ended their personal relationship in early 2006, and
Cook moved out of their shared home. Each party retained title to the real property that
2 they owned in his or her individual name. They held a public auction to sell their joint
personal property and divided the proceeds. Cook continued to pay expenses related to
the parties’ buffalo-farming operation, and they shared in the proceeds received from the
sale of real estate in his name after their relationship ended. Cook and Wicktor-Heinks
jointly maintained the buffalo and horses until September 2009, when Cook stopped
contributing time, money, labor, or skill in caring for the animals because Wicktor-
Heinks no longer allowed him onto the property.
Thereafter, Cook commenced this action against Wicktor-Heinks, seeking the
imposition of a constructive trust against real property located near Princeton and held in
Wicktor-Heinks’s name individually, claiming that Wicktor-Heinks would be unjustly
enriched if she were to keep the entire net value of the properties as well as the buffalo.
The two parcels in dispute are referred to as the buffalo property, which is where the
parties lived when they cohabitated and the buffalo-farming operation is maintained, and
the Hjelm property. Cook alleged that the parties had an agreement, amounting to a joint
venture, to increase their individual net worth by commingling assets and incomes, and
he sought to recover the expenses he incurred in furtherance of this agreement. Wicktor-
Heinks denied the claims, citing anti-palimony statutes, and alternatively counterclaimed,
arguing that if there was a joint venture between the parties, the court should factor in all
income and expenses related to the property of both parties from the beginning of their
relationship to prevent unjust enrichment of Cook.
A three-day bench trial was held, and the district court heard extensive testimony
from both parties who testified about their joint accounts, acquisition of the disputed
3 properties and other real estate, their contributions toward the raising of buffalo and
horses, and their motivations for all of these actions. The district court determined that
Cook and Wicktor-Heinks had a personal cohabitating relationship until 2005 and
thereafter engaged in a joint venture. The court awarded Cook damages in the amount of
$135,704.31, based on the expenses he incurred to benefit the buffalo and Hjelm
properties between 2006 and 2009, denied his request to impose a constructive trust, and
dismissed all other claims of the parties. Both parties moved for amended findings, but
the district court denied all substantive changes, and judgment was entered. This appeal
and cross-appeal followed.
DECISION
Cook argues that the district court erred by failing to find that a joint venture
between the parties commenced in 1999 and by refusing to impose a constructive trust on
the buffalo and Hjelm properties, contending that the anti-palimony statutes are
inapplicable. Wicktor-Heinks argues that there was no joint venture between the parties
at any time because no agreement existed between the parties. She also argues that the
anti-palimony statutes continued to apply after the parties stopped cohabitating because
their continued dealings were their attempt “to unwind their commingled affairs.” We
disagree with both parties.
On thorough review of the district court order, we believe that the district court
based its award of damages to Cook on equitable principles. “Equitable relief is meant
to remedy inequity, unjust enrichment, and bad-faith conduct.” Minneapolis Grand, LLC
v. Galt Funding LLC, 791 N.W.2d 549, 558 (Minn. App. 2010). “In equity the kinds and
4 forms of specific remedies are as unlimited as the powers of such courts to shape relief
awarded in accordance with the circumstances of the particular case.” Prince v.
Sonnesyn, 222 Minn. 528, 538, 25 N.W.2d 468, 473 (1946). A district court has broad
discretion when fashioning an equitable remedy, Nadeau v. County of Ramsey, 277
N.W.2d 520, 524 (Minn. 1979), and we review these equitable determinations for an
abuse of that discretion, Wilson v. Skogerboe, 379 N.W.2d 696, 698-99 (Minn. App.
1986).
The record supports the district court’s finding that the parties commingled assets
and shared responsibilities from 1999 through 2005 because they considered themselves
to be family and lived as though they were married. When the relationship ended, they
took steps to divide property, both real and personal, and split the proceeds of property
that they sold. In addition, they both continued to care for the livestock. The behavior of
the parties after they ended their cohabitation provided sufficient grounds for the district
court to find a quasi-contract between Cook and Wicktor-Heinks and award equitable
relief.
Unjust enrichment, also known as a quasi-contract, is an equitable doctrine used to
establish a right of recovery when there is no contract between the parties, but where one
party confers a benefit on the other and retention of that benefit is not legally justifiable.
Caldas v. Affordable Granite & Stone, Inc., 820 N.W.2d 826, 838 (Minn. 2012). This
doctrine is based in equity, not on the intentions or promises of the parties, and the
remedy is created and imposed by law “to prevent unjust enrichment at the expense of
another.” Lundstrom Const. Co v. Dygert, 254 Minn. 224, 231, 94 N.W.2d 527, 533
5 (1959). Equitable relief for unjust enrichment requires that: “(1) a benefit be conferred
by the plaintiff on the defendant; (2) the defendant accept the benefit; [and] (3) the
defendant retain the benefit although retaining it without payment is inequitable.” Zinter
v. Univ. of Minn., 799 N.W.2d 243, 247 (Minn. App. 2011), review denied (Minn. Aug.
16, 2011). Such claims “do not lie simply because one party benefits from the efforts or
obligations of others,” but instead because a party is illegally, unlawfully, or immorally
enriched at the expense of another. Mon-Ray, Inc. v. Granite Re, Inc., 677 N.W.2d 434,
440 (Minn. App. 2004) (quotations and citations omitted), review denied (Minn. June 29,
2004).
While Cook maintains that Wicktor-Heinks was also unjustly enriched during their
cohabitation, the district court found, and the record supports its finding, that both parties
contributed assets and resources, essentially conferring benefits back and forth. The
district court did not abuse its discretion by determining that Wicktor-Heinks was not
unjustly enriched prior to 2006. The record supports the finding that Cook conveyed
benefits to her because of their personal relationship and that he received benefits from
Wicktor-Heinks for the same reason, so retention of any surplus benefits by Wicktor-
Heinks is not inequitable or immoral. Further, it was not an abuse of discretion for the
district court to find that Wicktor-Heinks’s retention of benefits after the end of the
relationship, without conveying any return benefits, was inequitable.
The facts of this case show that Cook conveyed a benefit to Wicktor-Heinks after
the conclusion of their relationship by sharing real estate proceeds from property titled in
his name only and by caring for the buffalo and horses, in part through growing and
6 harvesting feed for the animals. Wicktor-Heinks retained these benefits by asserting a
sole-ownership right to the animals, alleging Cook’s abandonment, and by accepting
money given to her by Cook, but refusing his claimed interest in the value of property
solely owned by her. Though Cook’s actions seem to reflect the behavior of the parties
during their relationship, as he continued to share the proceeds from the sale of his
properties with Wicktor-Heinks, the district court could reasonably conclude that his
actions were not gratuitous, but in anticipation that the property of the parties would
continue to be divided following the end of the relationship. And it would be inequitable
or immoral for Wicktor-Heinks to retain the benefits she received from Cook, which
stemmed from a long relationship between the parties with at least some mutual
understanding that the property they owned during the relationship would be divided.
Wicktor-Heinks contends that the district court’s calculation of damages does not
fairly reflect the debt and assets of the parties, considering only Cook’s expenses, without
taking into account the benefits Cook obtained from the buffalo business or her
contributions. But while Wicktor-Heinks claims that Cook benefitted by selling the meat
from the buffalo, she did not present any evidence in support of this claim nor did she
quantify this benefit. Wicktor-Heinks also failed to present evidence quantifying her
contributions. See Eisenschenk v. Eisenschenk, 668 N.W.2d 235, 243 (Minn. App. 2003)
(“[A] party cannot complain about a district court’s failure to rule in her favor when one
of the reasons it did not do so is because that party failed to provide the district court with
the evidence that would allow the district court to fully address the question.”), review
7 denied (Minn. Nov. 25, 2003). Accordingly, the district court did not abuse its
discretion by failing to account for all of the benefits to and contributions of the parties.
Moreover, the district court has the power and discretion to shape equitable relief
appropriate under the particular facts of the case. Prince, 222 Minn. at 538, 25 N.W.2d at
473. The record supports the district court’s finding of Cook’s expenses from 2006 to
2009 and there is no evidence supporting a finding of Cook’s benefit or Wicktor-
Heinks’s contribution. We will not substitute our judgment for that of the district court,
which was in a superior position to assess the evidence and determine the appropriate
Affirmed.