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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 17-13145 ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 1:15-cv-01900-TWT
DAVID L. BOYSEN,
Plaintiff-Appellant Cross Appellee,
versus
ILLINOIS TOOL WORKS INC. SEPARATION PAY PLAN, ILLINOIS TOOL WORKS, INC.,
Defendants-Appellees Cross Appellants.
________________________
Appeals from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia ________________________
(April 3, 2019) Case: 17-13145 Date Filed: 04/03/2019 Page: 2 of 29
Before TJOFLAT and JORDAN, Circuit Judges, and HUCK, * District Judge.
PER CURIAM:
David Boysen appeals an order granting summary judgment to his former
employer, Illinois Tool Works, Inc. (“ITW”), and the Illinois Tool Works Inc.
Separation Pay Plan (“the Plan”), on his claim for separation pay benefits under the
Plan, as well as an order denying his motion for reconsideration. Mr. Boysen argues
that the district court erred in granting summary judgment because the plan
administrator failed to provide him with a full and fair review, as required by the
Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, 29 U.S.C. §§ 1001–1461
(“ERISA”), its applicable regulations, and the terms of the Plan. He further argues
the plan administrator’s decision was not supported by “reasonable grounds.” Mr.
Boysen also appeals two other rulings: the denial of his motion to compel discovery,
and the denial of his emergency motion to extend time to respond to the summary
judgment motion under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(d).
ITW and the Plan, for their part, cross-appeal. They seek reversal of the
district court’s order denying them attorney’s fees.
Following a review of the record, and with the benefit of oral argument, we
agree with Mr. Boysen that the plan administrator did not engage in a full and fair
* Honorable Paul C. Huck, United States District Judge for the Southern District of Florida, sitting by designation. 2 Case: 17-13145 Date Filed: 04/03/2019 Page: 3 of 29
review of his claim, and vacate the district court’s order. Given that ruling, we do
not address the discovery or attorney’s fee orders.
I
Mr. Boysen is a beneficiary of a separation pay benefits plan issued and
administered by ITW, his former employer. Both ITW and the Plan, as noted, are
parties to this action.
ITW’s administration of the Plan is governed by the terms of ERISA. ITW
has designated one of its employees, Elliot Goldman, as the plan administrator.
A
Under the terms of the Plan, an employee is eligible to receive severance
payments if the circumstances of his termination meet four threshold conditions—
among them, that the employee was terminated “due to a permanent job
elimination.” Separation Pay Plan (“SPP”) ¶ 2.1(a)(ii). Notwithstanding any
position elimination, an employee may be ineligible for severance benefits if he was
terminated “for cause.” Id. ¶ 2.1(b)(i). Termination for “unsatisfactory job
performance” is considered termination for cause. Id. ¶ 2.2(b).
The Plan sets out the procedures for filing and deciding benefits claims. An
employee may file a claim if he believes the terms of the Plan have been applied
incorrectly to his termination. If the plan administrator denies the claim, the notice
of decision must include (1) the specific reasons for the adverse determination; (2)
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reference to the specific provisions of the Plan relied upon to reach the decision; (3)
a description of additional information necessary to perfect the claim and an
explanation of why such information is necessary; and (4) a description of the Plan’s
review procedures and the applicable time limits. See id. ¶ 5.1. These requirements
comport with the claims procedure requirements under ERISA. See 29 U.S.C. §
1133.
Following an adverse determination, an employee has 60 days to appeal the
decision in writing. See id. ¶ 5.2. He may submit documents or arguments in support
of his position and may also examine the Plan and other documents upon which the
determination was based. The plan administrator must issue a decision within 60 to
120 days.
Under both the terms of the Plan and the applicable ERISA regulations, the
plan administrator must undertake a “full and fair review” of the claim denial. See
id. ¶ 5.3; 29 U.S.C. § 1133(2). According to the Plan, this “full and fair review”
requires the plan administrator to take into account “all comments, documents, and
other information submitted by the claimant . . . relating to the claim, without regard
to whether such information was submitted or considered in the initial benefit
determination.” Id. The notice of final decision must include the specific reasons
and provisions upon which the determination is based, and inform the claimant of
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his right to receive access to and copies of all documents relevant to his claim and
of his right to bring a civil action pursuant to ERISA within six months. See id.
B
Mr. Boysen began working as an at-will employee for ITW in 2001. In 2006,
he was promoted to General Manager of ITW’s Techspray business. In 2010, ITW
began consolidating several of its businesses. One such consolidation saw ITW’s
Techspray, Prolex, and Chemtronics businesses brought into a single “business unit”
known as the ITW Contamination Control Electronics Group (“ITWCC”). Mr.
Boysen was promoted to General Manager of ITWCC on May 1, 2012.
The parties differ in their assessments of Mr. Boysen’s performance in that
role. ITW asserts that financial performance under Mr. Boysen’s leadership was
subpar beginning in early 2013. Mr. Boysen, for his part, maintains that ITW had
unreasonable expectations for his performance, that his negative evaluations were
pretextual and part of a retaliatory effort to terminate him, and that ITWCC
outperformed other divisions in the electronics group.
C
The parties’ pre-suit correspondence is central to our analysis, so we recount
it in some detail.
In its termination letter dated March 17, 2014, ITW stated that Mr. Boysen
was being terminated for overall poor performance. A month later, Mr. Boysen’s
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counsel, Lawrence Ashe, sent a letter declining ITW’s severance offer and
contesting ITW’s assertion that Mr. Boysen was terminated for poor performance.
The letter offered detailed support for Mr. Boysen’s satisfactory performance.
On May 27, 2014, ITW’s counsel, John P. Scruggs, sent a response letter
explaining that Mr. Boysen was not eligible for severance benefits under the Plan
because (1) his termination was not due to a position elimination and (2) he was
terminated for cause. The letter also offered support for ITW’s claims of poor
performance and instructed Mr. Boysen to make a claim to the plan administrator if
he disagreed with the decision. The letter explained the following as to Mr. Boysen’s
former position:
General Manager of Chemtronics/Techspray/Prolex[ ] was, and continues to be, critical to the overall success of the ITW Contamination Control Electronics Group. Upon Mr. Boysen’s termination, the Company immediately commenced a search for a successor. As of this writing, candidates have been interviewed and are being vetted. Although no offer has yet been made, the job held by Mr. Boysen has most definitely not been eliminated and will be filled in the immediate future.
ITW 00049 (emphasis in original). Mr. Ashe replied, again contesting ITW’s
assessment of Mr. Boysen’s performance.
In June of 2014, Mr. Goldman, the plan administrator, responded to an earlier
letter from Mr. Ashe regarding severance benefits. Mr. Goldman explained that he
was denying the claim because, “the basic fact is that you were terminated for
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reasons other than the elimination of your job. That being the case, you are not
entitled to Separation Benefits . . . .” ITW 00084 (“Initial Decision”). The letter did
not mention “for cause” termination or Mr. Boysen’s job performance, though it did
reserve the Plan’s right to “review, assess[,] and/or rely upon, any other eligibility
prerequisites should it later be determined to be proper to do so.” Id.
Correspondence between Mr. Ashe and Mr. Scruggs continued over the
summer of 2014, and Mr. Ashe replied to Mr. Scruggs’ May 2014 letter on July 25,
2014. Mr. Ashe reiterated his contention that Mr. Boysen’s performance was
superior, and requested documents related to hiring for Mr. Boysen’s previous
position. Specifically, Mr. Ashe asked for job postings, a copy of the offer letter,
and payroll information for any new hire. He requested details about the position,
including “title, classification, compensation, product brands, geographic territory,
and other relevant information . . . includ[ing], for example, whether the successor’s
position—if he or she was already an ITW employee—was eliminated, and the
person’s age and length of service.” ITW 00102 & n.2. He also stated that he had
learned there was no longer a General Manager I position at ITW.
In response to this letter, Mr. Scruggs explained in an August 5, 2014, email
that the General Manager job was not eliminated. “To the contrary,” he wrote, the
position had already been filled. See ITW 00104. In support, he attached an internal
memorandum from July 22, 2014, with the following announcement:
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Ken Caskey, who most recently led the sales team for the Chemtronics/Techspray/Plato brands, has assumed the position of Business Unit Manager for the CC Electronics Group. In his new role, Ken reports directly to me and is responsible for the group’s full p&l and global growth. Ken’s intense focus on delivering value to customers and inspiring a winning team are important assets in his new role.
ITW 00106. To explain the change in title, Mr. Scruggs offered the following:
While the title of ‘General Manager’ was changed across all ITW businesses to ‘Business Unit Manager,’ the duties . . . did not change. The newly appointed ‘Business Unit Manager’ has the same responsibility for the full P&L for the same businesses . . . . His position was neither eliminated, nor did its scope of responsibilities change.
ITW 00104 (emphasis in original). Mr. Scruggs clarified: “For this reason alone,
Mr. Boysen is not entitled to Separation Pay Plan benefits, notwithstanding your
contention that he was discharged without good cause.” Id. He denied Mr. Ashe’s
July 25th information requests without explanation.
On August 8, 2014, Mr. Ashe wrote to Mr. Scruggs contesting ITW’s refusal
to provide more information because he could not assess ITW’s position or offer
without the requested information. See ITW 00107. He raised the title change and
asked for additional related documentation. Mr. Ashe noted that it should be
“relatively easy” for ITW to produce “a restructuring document or communication
regarding this systemic, company-wide change.” Id. He also requested the job
descriptions for the General Manager and Business Unit Manager positions to be
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able to compare them and renewed his requests for the offer letter provided to Mr.
Boysen’s replacement, as well as basic payroll information for both positions,
including grade level, classification, eligibility for stock, and compensation range.
Mr. Ashe explained that Mr. Boysen would be forced to litigate to obtain the
documents in discovery if ITW again refused to provide them.
On August 11, 2014, Mr. Ashe formally appealed the plan administrator’s
decision. See ITW 00109. He again emphasized his evidence in support of Mr.
Boysen’s purported satisfactory job performance. Mr. Ashe pointed to the company-
wide title change as evidence of a position elimination and asked for additional
related information. He requested (1) documentation discussing the company-wide
title change; (2) the identities of all current general managers at ITW; (3) job
descriptions for both general managers and business unit managers; (4) updated
financial information for Mr. Boysen’s business unit and the electronics division;
and (5) the offer letter provided to Mr. Boysen’s replacement, along with basic
payroll information for both positions, to include grade level, classification,
responsibilities, stock eligibility, and compensation range. See id. He noted that
Mr. Caskey (the new Business Unit Manager) had previously worked as a Business
Unit Manager and had reported to Mr. Boysen, his General Manager, in that position.
See id.
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On September 10, 2014, Mr. Goldman responded, clarifying the basis for his
initial decision and responding to the document requests. In unambiguous terms,
Mr. Goldman stated:
[J]ob elimination is a prerequisite to benefits under the Plan and other issues or disputes are irrelevant to Plan benefit entitlement absent a job elimination. That Mr. Boysen was found to have not lost his job due to a “job elimination” was and is the sole basis for the prior denial of benefits. No other issues are relevant or relied upon by the Plan and only data relevant to whether his job was eliminated is relevant to the appeal under the relevant ERISA standard.
ITW 00115 (emphasis in original). Turning to the information requests, Mr.
Goldman explained that “company-wide title issues . . . are not relevant to the
question of job elimination under the Plan.” He similarly deemed the identities of
general managers irrelevant to whether Mr. Boysen lost his job due to job
elimination. As for the request for General Manager I and Business Unit Manager
descriptions, he explained that there was no unified description and concluded that,
in any event, it was irrelevant. He did not produce a description for Mr. Boysen’s
prior position because one did not exist, but he attached a copy of the applicable job
description for the ITWCC business manager. He denied Mr. Boysen’s request for
updated financial information as irrelevant.
Mr. Goldman attached a copy of Mr. Caskey’s offer letter, though he redacted
the financial information “as it has no bearing on whether Mr. Boysen’s job was
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eliminated.” Noting that the letter “refers to Chemtronics” alone, he explained that
“Mr. Caskey also assumed the managerial responsibilities upon hire for Prolex . . .
and TechSpray . . . . It is my understanding that Mr. Boysen’s managerial scope . . .
was the same as that of Mr. Caskey[.]” Mr. Goldman also denied the request for
comparative payroll information as irrelevant. Mr. Boysen did not provide any
additional documents or materials in support of his position to Mr. Goldman, despite
Mr. Goldman’s offering an additional 60 days for him to do so.
On December 3, 2014, Mr. Goldman issued his final decision upholding the
initial determination. According to Mr. Goldman, the Plan found that “Mr. Boysen’s
job was not permanently eliminated but rather he was replaced by Mr. Caskey and
. . . the change in title of the position does not equate to a permanent job elimination
under the plan.” ITW 00152.
D
On May 27, 2015, Mr. Boysen filed suit in federal court. From the outset, the
parties disagreed over the appropriate scope of discovery. ITW and the Plan were
unwilling to voluntarily produce anything outside of the existing administrative
record but Mr. Boysen identified a number of potential areas for discovery in the
joint discovery plan. See D.E. 10. Mr. Boysen sought copies of his own personnel
file and most recent job description; information about the scope of responsibilities
and compensation of general managers and business unit managers; Mr. Caskey’s
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personnel file and all job descriptions applicable to his employment at ITW;
communications related to Mr. Boysen’s job performance and termination;
documents and communications related to ITW’s restructuring; and documents and
communications related to the selection of his replacement. In a summary order
entered November 18, 2015, the district court ordered that discovery would “be as
requested by [Mr. Boysen] in the Joint Preliminary Report and Discovery Plan” and
gave the parties four months to complete discovery. D.E. 11.
According to Mr. Boysen’s March 3, 2016, motion to compel, in response to
his first formal discovery request ITW and the Plan had produced only the
administrative record; Mr. Boysen’s personnel file; selected portions of Mr.
Caskey’s personnel file; and 14 emails collected by Mr. Boysen’s former supervisor
and a human resources representative. See D.E. 19 at 1–2, 6. Mr. Boysen laid out
the reasons he required documents pertaining to his performance, as well as more
detailed personnel records.
In their response, ITW and the Plan argued, among other things, that
communications regarding Mr. Boysen’s performance going back six years were
irrelevant because “Plaintiff’s job performance is irrelevant to this case. This
case concerns only whether Plaintiff’s position was eliminated, as that is the only
way Plaintiff can qualify for severance benefits[.]” D.E. 21 at 18–19 (emphasis in
original). The district court granted in part Mr. Boysen’s motion to compel:
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To the extent not already produced, Defendants are ordered to promptly produce all records concerning the documented reasons for Plaintiff’s termination of employment from Illinois Tool Works Inc. Additionally, Defendants shall make the Plan Administrator, Elliot Goldman, available for deposition. Plaintiff’s Motion to Compel Discovery is otherwise denied.
D.E. 26 at 1–2.
ITW and the Plan thereafter conducted limited searches of their electronically
stored information and produced a few hundred pages of documents. Among the
documents produced were speaker notes from an undated presentation about
“Business Structure Simplification.” See ITW 00596. That document stated, in
relevant part, as follows:
As we move towards creating Divisions ($100mm+) with VP/GMs leading these divisions, the need for a General Manager is being eliminated. Rather, Business Units will become apart [sic] of these larger Divisions (consolidated), led by Business Unit Managers.
[T]he General Manager level and title is being phased out and current incumbents are being mapped to the new ITW Operating Structure . . . . In some cases, where the business LRP intends to get to $100m, the incumbent GM has been ‘grandfathered’ in grade and title. However, in most cases, current business GM’s [sic] have been mapped to a Business Unit Manager. This means that existing GMs at a grade 15 have been realigned to a BUM grade 14 or 13 depending on revenue size, scope and complexity of business. It’s expected that in the future, these stand alone [sic] businesses will consolidate administration and streamline functions (Finance, HR, Marketing, Sales, Operations) into the larger division ($100m) therefore not
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having the scope and complexity as in the past as a stand alone [sic] $30m business.
Id. (emphasis added). The notes went on to explain that this restructuring meant that
incumbent general managers were being realigned “to a lower job grade” which
would “have a negative impact on their position in salary range.” And it meant that
current general manager incumbents, who had been “realigned” to business unit
managers, would no longer be eligible for the company’s long-term incentive
program.
At his deposition, Mr. Goldman explained that he had not looked “to see if
[job grade and salary] were the same or different. [He] looked to see if the job was
the same, and it was.” Elliot Goldman Deposition Transcript, D.E. 52 at 96. He
conceded, however, that he had not reviewed the BSS presentation, and that there
were several things in the presentation that didn’t “coincide” with his “understanding
of things” when it came to the General Manager position. See id. at 125–26. After
Mr. Goldman’s deposition, Mr. Boysen filed a second motion to compel limited
discovery prior to a ruling on summary judgment. The district court denied that
motion.
The district court also denied Mr. Boysen’s later emergency Rule 56(d)
motion and granted summary judgment for ITW and the Plan. In its order granting
summary judgment, the district court explained: “Because the issue of job
elimination was the only one which the Administrator considered, the Administrator 14 Case: 17-13145 Date Filed: 04/03/2019 Page: 15 of 29
only needed to investigate arguments that were reasonably connected to that issue.
Whether [Mr.] Boysen was fired for cause is irrelevant.” D.E. 67 at 17. According
to the district court, “[t]he documentary record is absolutely clear that [he] was fired
for poor performance. There is no evidence that this was a pretext for eliminating
his position.” Id. at 18.
II
We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment in an ERISA case
de novo, applying the same standard the district court used in its review. See Melech
v. Life Ins. Co. of N. Am., 739 F.3d 663, 672 (11th Cir. 2014). “While ERISA and
the . . . regulations provide certain minimum procedural requirements, the statute
and regulations do not provide a judicial standard of review for courts reviewing
administrators’ benefit-eligibility decisions.” Id.
The Eleventh Circuit has established a six-part test for review of eligibility
determinations, see Blankenship v. Metro. Life Ins. Co., 644 F.3d 1350, 1355 (11th
Cir. 2011), but none of the relevant authorities expressly provides a governing
standard of review for determining whether a plan administrator has satisfied the
necessary “minimum procedural requirements” or provided a full and fair review.
At oral argument, counsel for ITW and the Plan stated that the appropriate standard
on this issue was de novo. We agree.
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Generally, when a plan gives a plan administrator discretionary authority to
make benefits determinations—as this one undisputedly does—benefits denials are
reviewed under an arbitrary and capricious standard. See id. Here, however, the
initial question is not whether the plan administrator erred in interpreting or applying
the Plan. We are instead reviewing whether the plan administrator adequately
complied with the procedural aspects of the applicable statutes and regulations, and
“[t]he interpretation of ERISA, a federal statute, is a question of law subject to de
novo review.” Wilkins v. Mason Tenders Dist. Council Pension Fund, 445 F.3d 572,
581 (2d Cir. 2006) (citation omitted). Cf. Draper v. Atl. Indep. Sch. Sys., 518 F.3d
1275, 1284 (11th Cir. 2008) (“To the extent that this issue involves the interpretation
of a federal statute, it is a question of law which we review de novo”) (emphasis in
original and citation omitted). Because such adherence to statutes and regulations
involves no discretionary call by the plan administrator, “we owe the plan
administrator[ ] no deference.” Wilkins, 445 F.3d at 581. See also Capone v. Aetna
Life Ins. Co., 592 F.3d 1189, 1199–1200 (11th Cir. 2010) (concluding, at step one
of the Williams test, that the plan administrator’s failure to adequately address
claimant’s arguments or properly investigate claim was de novo wrong).
Further, we are persuaded by our reading of Melech. We did not, in that case,
expressly state which standard should apply to review a plan administrator’s review
and compilation of the record. But we are nevertheless confident that the panel
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applied a de novo standard. The Melech panel explained that this question fell
outside the six-part test generally applied to ERISA benefits decisions, “as it is a
predicate to our ability to review the substantive decision we have been asked to
review.” Melech, 739 F.3d at 673. Here, as in Melech, we are not deciding whether
the plan administrator’s decision enjoys factual support in the record; rather, we are
reviewing whether the plan administrator satisfied his obligations in compiling that
record. We cannot see, and no party has explained, why such an inquiry requires
deference to the administrator.1
Under ERISA, a plan administrator is considered a fiduciary tasked with
“discharg[ing] his duties with respect to a plan solely in the interest of the
participants and beneficiaries and . . . for the exclusive purpose of[ ] providing
benefits to participants and their beneficiaries; and . . . defraying reasonable
expenses” of plan administration. 29 U.S.C. § 1104(a)(1)(A). He must use the
“skill, prudence, and diligence under the circumstances then prevailing that a
prudent man acting in a like capacity and familiar with such matters would use in
1 We are mindful that other circuits have taken different approaches to the issue. See, e.g., Atkins v. Bert Bell/Pete Rozelle NFL Player Ret. Plan, 694 F.3d 557, 567 (5th Cir. 2012) (“Absent potential wholesale or flagrant violations that evidence an ‘utter disregard of the underlying purpose of the plan,’ this court does not heighten the standard of review from abuse of discretion to de novo.”); Harrison v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 773 F.3d 15, 20 (4th Cir. 2014) (concluding plan administrator abused its discretion when it “chose to remain willfully blind to readily available information that may well have confirmed [claimant’s] theory of disability”); Gaither v. Aetna Life Ins. Co., 394 F.3d 792, 801, 807 (10th Cir. 2004) (concluding that denial of benefits was arbitrary and capricious because plan administrator failed to conduct a reasonable investigation into the claim). Here, we follow Melech’s well-reasoned approach. 17 Case: 17-13145 Date Filed: 04/03/2019 Page: 18 of 29
the conduct of an enterprise of a like character and with like aims.” Id. at §
1104(a)(1)(B). This standard of care places upon a plan administrator “the
responsibility to fully investigate [a] . . . claim[ ] before denying benefits.” Capone,
592 F.3d at 1199–1200.
III
We have previously held that “[a]s a matter of common sense, we cannot
evaluate [a plan administrator’s] ultimate decision to deny [a] claim without first
considering whether the record [the administrator] had before it was complete.”
Melech, 739 F.3d at 673 (citation omitted). As discussed above, we acknowledged
that the first step of the Williams test involves de novo review, and explained that
the full and fair review inquiry is antecedent to the Williams test. See id. We
conclude the plan administrator here did not compile or review a complete record.
Mr. Boysen argues that the plan administrator denied him a full and fair
review in a number of ways. First, he asserts that the plan administrator failed to
interview critical witnesses, including himself and Mr. Caskey, and failed to compile
numerous documents and evidence relating to ITW’s restructuring, system-wide title
changes, or Mr. Caskey’s personnel file. Second, he claims that the plan
administrator improperly failed to consider documents and evidence that Mr. Boysen
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submitted “by identification.” Third, he asserts that the plan administrator failed to
provide him with all documents relevant to his claim.
Underlying each of Mr. Boysen’s arguments is that the plan administrator
pointed exclusively to Section 2.1(a) of the Plan—the threshold requirement that
termination be based on job elimination—to deny Mr. Boysen’s separation benefits
claim. But to find that Mr. Boysen was not terminated due to elimination, the plan
administrator relied almost entirely on evidence showing that Mr. Boysen was
terminated for poor performance. This, Mr. Boysen argues, looks very much like a
denial under Section 2.1(b) due to “for-cause” termination.
According to Mr. Boysen, the Plan and ITW are not free to now rely on
Section 2.1(b) for the purposes of litigation when the sole reason offered during
administrative review was Section 2.1(a) (non-elimination). This, says Mr. Boysen,
constitutes an improper shift in the reason for the denial of his claim during litigation,
which violates both the Plan’s terms and applicable ERISA regulations.
The Plan and ITW respond by arguing that Mr. Boysen is precluded from
contesting the plan administrator’s review because he did not produce any
documents, even though it was his burden to prove his entitlement to benefits.
Moreover, they say, the plan administrator was not obligated to ferret out evidence
to prove or disprove every one of Mr. Boysen’s theories. The Plan and ITW also
argue that there is no evidence any restructuring information or materials exist, and
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that the record was complete. In support of their latter contention, they highlight the
extensive evidence in the record indicating that Mr. Boysen was terminated for poor
performance and that he failed to challenge the content of any documents related to
Mr. Caskey. They also make much of the relatively small volume of documents
their supposedly extensive ESI searches yielded.
In response to Mr. Boysen’s argument that they have improperly changed the
basis for the denial of benefits, ITW and the Plan assert that Mr. Boysen “misstates
the nature of the review conducted at the administrative level.” Appellees’ Br. at
45. They contend that “Mr. Goldman was called upon to determine whether the
precipitating cause of Mr. Boysen’s termination was a permanent job elimination
[and] Mr. Goldman discharged this obligation by reviewing . . . evidence . . . which
. . . confirmed that [Mr.] Boysen was terminated for poor performance[,]” and not
job elimination. Id.
As an initial matter, we are generally in agreement with ITW and the Plan that
they have not shifted their position on their reason for denying Mr. Boysen’s claim.
A finding that Mr. Boysen was terminated for any reason other than a job elimination
may theoretically provide a basis to conclude that he was not terminated because his
position was eliminated. ITW and the Plan are essentially arguing that, if Mr.
Boysen was terminated for any of reasons A through Y, then he necessarily was not
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fired for reason Z. In theory, the effect of a finding of poor performance at the
Section 2.1(a) threshold stage or the Section 2.1(b) disqualification stage is much
the same: it results in a denial of the claim. Nevertheless, the plan administrator’s
use of Section 2.1(a) alone has practical effects on the review process.
The difference is perhaps best understood in considering not what the plan
administrator did, but what avenues were open to Mr. Boysen to challenge the plan
administrator’s actions and ultimate decision. To have any hope of successfully
challenging the initial benefits decision on appeal, Mr. Boysen would have had to
argue and show either (1) that he was not terminated for poor performance or (2)
that his job was eliminated.2
A finding that Mr. Boysen was not fired for poor performance would have
obligated the plan administrator to restart his investigation into the reason for Mr.
Boysen’s termination (and, frankly, into whether “poor performance” was a pretext).
Success on the job elimination argument likely would have resulted in victory for
Mr. Boysen as, having already disclaimed Section 2.1(b), see Appellees’ Br. at 47,
the plan administrator may have had to end his analysis with a finding of job
elimination. At that point, even if the evidence of poor performance were
overwhelming, the Plan Administrator would not have been free to raise for-cause
2 As the plan administrator asserts: “[O]nly data relevant to whether his job was eliminated is relevant to the appeal under the relevant ERISA standard.” ITW 00115.
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termination and would have had to stick with the threshold question which he
exclusively analyzed.
Against this backdrop, we conclude that the plan administrator was not free
to refuse to investigate the restructuring that—as we now know—some ITW
employees had already conceded occurred, and to simultaneously refuse to consider
Mr. Boysen’s evidence of satisfactory performance. Cutting off even one avenue to
challenge the determination would have been problematic, but the process here
effectively made it impossible for Mr. Boysen to oppose the decision.3
We assume, for the sake of argument, that ITW and the Plan are correct that
the burden is generally on a claimant like Mr. Boysen to prove his entitlement.
Compare Horton v. Reliance Standard Life Ins. Co., 141 F.3d 1038, 1040 (11th Cir.
3 There is some dispute about whether the plan administrator actually considered Mr. Boysen’s proffered arguments and evidence related to performance. Neither of his decisions contains discussion or rebuttal of Mr. Ashe’s points. At his deposition, Mr. Goldman testified that he did not investigate Mr. Boysen’s assertions that he outperformed others in the electronics division, explaining: “It wasn’t relevant. The relevant issue for me was as follows: Was there job elimination, and then related to that, I did undertake . . . an investigation of that issue because that’s the issue . . . . I did, however, [in light of the allegations of ulterior motives] investigate his performance by speaking to Mr. Hammouri, . . . Ms. Goldstein, . . . [and] Ms. Lewis,” and by requesting documents and communications about Mr. Boysen’s performance, “and absolutely nothing in there suggested that there was any other rationale for [his termination].” Goldman Dep. Tr. 42:1–43:18. ITW and the Plan argued at summary judgment that this was enough to show that the plan administrator “undertook substantial effort to explore Plaintiff’s vaguely articulated theories that his termination was not proper.” D.E. 63 at 2. We cannot tell from the record before us whether or how the plan administrator investigated Mr. Boysen’s argument and evidence, and we do not think the deposition testimony establishes that he actually took Mr. Boysen’s points into consideration. Cf. Capone, 592 F.3d at 1199.
22 Case: 17-13145 Date Filed: 04/03/2019 Page: 23 of 29
1998) (“A plaintiff suing under [29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(1)(B)] bears the burden of
proving his entitlement to contractual benefits.”), with Melech, 739 F.3d at 673
(looking to a plan’s terms to determine who has the burden). And we acknowledge
that nothing in ERISA statutes or our precedent requires a plan administrator to
“ferret out evidence in [Mr. Boysen’s] . . . possession.” Id. But this does not mean
that the plan administrator is free to simply ignore evidence that has a direct bearing
on, or refutes, his findings. Nor can he refuse to conduct additional investigation
when it has been brought to his attention that relevant documents almost certainly
exist. Prior precedent supports our conclusion.
Our decision in Capone, 592 F.3d at 1189, is instructive here. Capone
involved a claimant seeking disability benefits after he was injured diving into
shallow water. In denying benefits, the plan administrator had failed to “investigate
the depth of the water at low . . . [or] high tide and the tidal conditions at the time of
the accident.” Id. at 1199. It had also “made no attempt to locate other guests who
might have been on the scene.” Id. And the record did “not reflect any additional
action taken” by the plan administrator to review its decision after the claimant had
shown certain of the administrator’s assumptions were erroneous. Id. at 1199. As a
result, we held that the administrator had not satisfied its obligation to fully
investigate the claim, as it had “failed to adequately address the issues raised in
23 Case: 17-13145 Date Filed: 04/03/2019 Page: 24 of 29
[claimant’s] appeal and the denial of benefits without a proper investigation” is de
novo wrong. Id. at 1199–1200.
In Melech, we held that the administrator’s refusal to consider the Social
Security Administration’s decision granting disability benefits, along with the
evidence generated in that administrative process, constituted procedural unfairness
which warranted a remand. Central to our decision was the fact that the plan
obligated claimants seeking disability benefits to simultaneously apply for social
security benefits, and actively participate in the SSA’s decisional process. We
concluded that the administrator’s treatment of the claimant’s SSA application was
“inconsistent with the fundamental requirement that an administrator’s decision to
deny benefits must be based on a complete administrative record that is the product
of a fair claim-evaluation process.” 739 F.3d at 676. We remanded to the plan
administrator to evaluate the claim using the evidence produced in the SSA process.
In Shannon v. Jack Eckerd Corp., 113 F.3d 208 (11th Cir. 1997), the
claimant’s request for coverage of an organ transplant surgery was denied under an
experimental or investigational medicine exclusion in the policy. Following a bench
trial, the district court found that the plan administrator had failed to consider all
relevant evidence available in denying benefits and remanded. On remand, the
administrator concluded the operation would have been covered under current
24 Case: 17-13145 Date Filed: 04/03/2019 Page: 25 of 29
standards but still denied benefits because, at the time the claim was first submitted,
the record indicated the procedure was experimental. The district court entered final
judgment for the claimant in accordance with the administrator’s conclusion that the
procedure was now covered.
At the time of the original determination in Shannon, the plan administrator
had relied entirely on a conclusory recommendation of denial from the plan’s
medical consultant; statements from insurance companies that the subject transplant
was experimental; and Medicare’s denial of coverage. We said that “[s]imply
accepting the bald assertions of [the plan’s medical consultant] and the denial of
other insurance companies without examining or evaluating their underlying bases
and failing to obtain additional relevant information was arbitrary and capricious.”
Id. at 211. We held that the district court’s remand for additional inquiry was
therefore not error, given the administrator’s failure to make a reasonably relevant
inquiry. “Nor can we say that the district court erred in directing the . . .
administrator to consider subsequently available evidence.” Id. Because the duty to
provide benefits is continuing, so too is a denial—“the propriety of which is
measured against the information available from time to time.” Id. (internal
quotation marks and citation omitted).
Here, the record indicates that the plan administrator repeatedly refused to
consider highly relevant evidence, or evidence which contradicted (or potentially
25 Case: 17-13145 Date Filed: 04/03/2019 Page: 26 of 29
conflicted with) his decision. For example, without suggesting that any one type or
piece of evidence is determinative in severance benefits cases, we find it highly
unusual that a plan administrator would deem compensation information, set forth
in an offer letter to a claimant’s purported replacement, irrelevant. Here, the position
being offered in the letter bore a different title and was offered to someone who once
reported to the Mr. Boysen in a similar “Business Unit Manager” capacity. The
ongoing discussions of system-wide title changes and “restructuring,” together with
Mr. Boysen’s direct request for related documentation, should have put the plan
administrator on notice. He was required to do more than to accept the verbal
representations of a few ITW employees about the details of Mr. Caskey’s position,
particularly without speaking to Mr. Caskey himself. 4
We are mindful of ITW’s and the Plan’s argument that the speaker notes
produced during discovery do not support Mr. Boysen’s claim. Indeed, ITW and the
Plan assert that the document “states the exact opposite—that GM incumbents would
be retained” and either “grandfathered” or be “realigned to a Business Unit
Manager.” Appellees’ Br. 34–35. ITW and the Plan may well be proven right after
additional investigation and review. But without such investigation, we cannot agree
that the document definitively supports any party’s position.
4 Suppose that Mr. Caskey’s salary was merely half of Mr. Boysen’s previous salary. Couldn’t one reasonably conclude that such a large reduction in pay constituted a position elimination when coupled with the other circumstances? 26 Case: 17-13145 Date Filed: 04/03/2019 Page: 27 of 29
The Plan and ITW also argue that Mr. Boysen bore the burden to produce
evidence in support of his arguments. But that argument is misplaced. This is not a
typical benefits case in which the claimant has the necessary medical or personal
records in his possession and simply fails to provide them. Here the plan
administrator was in a much better position to identify and review internal
information about any restructuring at ITW. It is antithetical to the plan
administrator’s fiduciary duty to refuse to seek documents that would be in the
exclusive control of the company and then blame Mr. Boysen for not producing
sufficient evidence.
The refusal to make a reasonable inquiry into the purported restructuring,
standing alone, might be sufficient to warrant our remanding for further review and
analysis. But that refusal was compounded by the plan administrator’s apparent
rejection of Mr. Boysen’s performance-related evidence and arguments and
unwillingness to dig deeper into that topic. Having made clear that a finding of poor
performance rendered a thorough investigation into job elimination unnecessary, the
plan administrator was not free to then decline to consider evidence challenging his
performance findings. The plan administrator could do an end-run around claims
procedures by relying on alleged poor performance to prove non-elimination of Mr.
Boysen’s job and then use those findings to deny his information requests and
discourage the submission of evidence.
27 Case: 17-13145 Date Filed: 04/03/2019 Page: 28 of 29
Nothing in ERISA, of course, requires plan administrators to independently
“scour the countryside in search of evidence to bolster a petitioner’s case.”
Harrison, 773 F.3d at 22. But, as the Fourth Circuit explained in Harrison, neither
does “ERISA . . . envision that the claims process will mirror an adversarial
proceeding where the claimant bears almost all of the responsibility for compiling
the record, and [where] the fiduciary bears little or no responsibility to seek
clarification when the evidence suggests the possibility of a legitimate claim.” Id.
at 21 (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Gaither, 394 F.3d at 807). “Rather,
the law anticipates, where necessary, some back and forth between administrator and
beneficiary.” Id. “A searching process does not permit a plan administrator to shut
his eyes to the most evident and accessible sources of information” that might
support the claim; indeed, “an ERISA fiduciary presented with a claim that a little
more evidence may prove valid should seek to get to the truth of the matter.” Id.
(internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Gaither, 394 F.3d at 808).
We do not hold that plan administrators are obliged to search for and consider
every document “submitted by identification.” We rule only that plan
administrators, constrained as they are by certain fiduciary obligations, cannot refuse
to consider key relevant information, or to investigate further when faced with
potentially conflicting evidence, or deny access to information that is potentially
beneficial to a claimant.
28 Case: 17-13145 Date Filed: 04/03/2019 Page: 29 of 29
IV
For the foregoing reasons, we vacate the district court’s judgment and remand
for further review of Mr. Boysen’s benefits claim. Before addressing Mr. Boysen’s
ERISA claim on the merits, and before deciding whether a remand to the plan
administrator is warranted, the district court should ensure that the plan administrator
has provided Mr. Boysen with all the discovery previously ordered.
VACATED AND REMANDED WITH INSTRUCTIONS.