Case: 16-16612 Date Filed: 08/08/2018 Page: 1 of 7
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 16-16612 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 5:12-cv-00191-WTH-PRL
DAVID CURTIS SMITH,
Petitioner - Appellant, Versus
SECRETARY, FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS, FLORIDA ATTORNEY GENERAL,
Respondents - Appellees.
__________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida _________________________
(August 8, 2018)
Before MARTIN, JILL PRYOR, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM: Case: 16-16612 Date Filed: 08/08/2018 Page: 2 of 7
David Curtis Smith, a Florida prisoner, appeals the district court’s dismissal
of his 28 U.S.C. § 2254 petition for writ of habeas corpus. Smith argues that the
district court erred in rejecting his claim that the admission of a 911 recording at
trial rendered his trial fundamentally unfair. He also argues that the district court
erred in rejecting his claim that his counsel was ineffective for failing to object to
an erroneous jury instruction that included an alternative theory of liability.
I.
We review a district court’s denial of a § 2254 petition de novo. Bester v.
Warden, 836 F.3d 1331, 1336 (11th Cir. 2016), cert. denied, 137 S. Ct. 819 (2017).
In an appeal brought by an unsuccessful habeas petitioner, the scope of our review
is limited to the issues specified in the certificate of appealability (“COA”).
Murray v. United States, 145 F.3d 1249, 1251 (11th Cir. 1998).
The Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (“AEDPA”)
provides that, after a state court has adjudicated a claim on the merits, a federal
court may grant habeas relief only if the state court’s decision was (1) contrary to,
or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established federal law, as
determined by the Supreme Court, or (2) based on an unreasonable determination
of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the state court proceeding. 28
U.S.C. § 2254(d). Thus, while review of the district court’s decision is de novo,
the review of the state habeas court’s decision is with deference. Reed v. Sec’y,
2 Case: 16-16612 Date Filed: 08/08/2018 Page: 3 of 7
Fla. Dep’t of Corr., 593 F.3d 1217, 1239 (11th Cir. 2010). The AEDPA imposes a
highly deferential standard for evaluating state-court rulings, and demands that
state-court decisions be given the benefit of the doubt. Renico v. Lett, 559 U.S.
766, 773 (2010). This standard is difficult for a habeas petitioner to meet. White v.
Woodall, 134 S. Ct. 1697, 1702 (2014).
“Clearly established federal law” consists of the governing legal principles,
rather than the dicta, set forth in the decisions of the Supreme Court at the time the
state court issues its decision. Ward v. Hall, 592 F.3d 1144, 1155 (11th Cir. 2010).
A decision is “contrary to” clearly established federal law if the state court either
(1) applied a rule that contradicts the governing law set forth by the Supreme Court
case law or (2) reached a different result from the Supreme Court when faced with
materially indistinguishable facts. Id.
A state court decision involves an “unreasonable application” of the
Supreme Court’s precedents if the state court correctly identifies the governing
legal principle but applies it to the facts of the petitioner’s case in an objectively
unreasonable manner. Brown v. Payton, 544 U.S. 133, 141 (2005). The
“unreasonable application” inquiry requires that the state court decision be more
than incorrect or erroneous – it must be “objectively unreasonable.” Lockyer v.
Andrade, 538 U.S. 63, 75 (2003). Even if the federal court concludes that the state
court applied federal law incorrectly, relief is appropriate only if that application is
3 Case: 16-16612 Date Filed: 08/08/2018 Page: 4 of 7
also objectively unreasonable. Bell v. Cone, 535 U.S. 685, 694 (2002). Petitioner
must show that the state court’s ruling was so lacking justification that there was
an error well understood and comprehended in existing law beyond any possibility
for fairminded disagreement. White, 134 S. Ct. at 1702.
Florida law permits the admission of relevant evidence unless the law
provides otherwise. Fla. Stat. Ann. § 90.402. Relevant evidence is inadmissible if
its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice,
confusion of the issues, misleading the jury, or needless presentation of cumulative
evidence. Id. § 90.403. The unfair prejudice that section 90.403 attempts to
eliminate relates to evidence that inflames the jury or appeals improperly to the
jury's emotions. State v. McClain, 525 So. 2d 420, 422 (Fla. 1988). Only where
the unfair prejudice substantially outweighs the probative value of the evidence
should it be excluded. Amoros v. State, 531 So. 2d 1256, 1260 (Fla. 1988). The
burden is on the party attempting to exclude the evidence to make that showing.
State v. Gerry, 855 So. 2d 157, 159 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2003).
Federal courts generally do not review a state court’s admission of evidence
in habeas corpus proceedings. McCoy v. Newsome, 953 F.2d 1252, 1265 (11th Cir.
1992). However, where a state court’s ruling is claimed to have deprived a
defendant of his right to due process, a federal court should inquire whether the
error was of such magnitude that it denied fundamental fairness to the trial. Baxter
4 Case: 16-16612 Date Filed: 08/08/2018 Page: 5 of 7
v. Thomas, 45 F.3d 1501, 1509 (11th Cir. 1995). A denial of fundamental fairness
occurs whenever the improper evidence is material in the sense of a crucial,
critical, highly significant factor. Id. Evidence is not crucial, critical, or highly
significant when other evidence of guilt is overwhelming. McCoy, 953 F.2d at
1265. Moreover, the court must defer to a state court’s interpretation of its own
rules of evidence and procedure. Machin v. Wainwright, 758 F.2d 1431, 1433
(11th Cir. 1985).
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Case: 16-16612 Date Filed: 08/08/2018 Page: 1 of 7
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 16-16612 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 5:12-cv-00191-WTH-PRL
DAVID CURTIS SMITH,
Petitioner - Appellant, Versus
SECRETARY, FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS, FLORIDA ATTORNEY GENERAL,
Respondents - Appellees.
__________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida _________________________
(August 8, 2018)
Before MARTIN, JILL PRYOR, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM: Case: 16-16612 Date Filed: 08/08/2018 Page: 2 of 7
David Curtis Smith, a Florida prisoner, appeals the district court’s dismissal
of his 28 U.S.C. § 2254 petition for writ of habeas corpus. Smith argues that the
district court erred in rejecting his claim that the admission of a 911 recording at
trial rendered his trial fundamentally unfair. He also argues that the district court
erred in rejecting his claim that his counsel was ineffective for failing to object to
an erroneous jury instruction that included an alternative theory of liability.
I.
We review a district court’s denial of a § 2254 petition de novo. Bester v.
Warden, 836 F.3d 1331, 1336 (11th Cir. 2016), cert. denied, 137 S. Ct. 819 (2017).
In an appeal brought by an unsuccessful habeas petitioner, the scope of our review
is limited to the issues specified in the certificate of appealability (“COA”).
Murray v. United States, 145 F.3d 1249, 1251 (11th Cir. 1998).
The Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (“AEDPA”)
provides that, after a state court has adjudicated a claim on the merits, a federal
court may grant habeas relief only if the state court’s decision was (1) contrary to,
or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established federal law, as
determined by the Supreme Court, or (2) based on an unreasonable determination
of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the state court proceeding. 28
U.S.C. § 2254(d). Thus, while review of the district court’s decision is de novo,
the review of the state habeas court’s decision is with deference. Reed v. Sec’y,
2 Case: 16-16612 Date Filed: 08/08/2018 Page: 3 of 7
Fla. Dep’t of Corr., 593 F.3d 1217, 1239 (11th Cir. 2010). The AEDPA imposes a
highly deferential standard for evaluating state-court rulings, and demands that
state-court decisions be given the benefit of the doubt. Renico v. Lett, 559 U.S.
766, 773 (2010). This standard is difficult for a habeas petitioner to meet. White v.
Woodall, 134 S. Ct. 1697, 1702 (2014).
“Clearly established federal law” consists of the governing legal principles,
rather than the dicta, set forth in the decisions of the Supreme Court at the time the
state court issues its decision. Ward v. Hall, 592 F.3d 1144, 1155 (11th Cir. 2010).
A decision is “contrary to” clearly established federal law if the state court either
(1) applied a rule that contradicts the governing law set forth by the Supreme Court
case law or (2) reached a different result from the Supreme Court when faced with
materially indistinguishable facts. Id.
A state court decision involves an “unreasonable application” of the
Supreme Court’s precedents if the state court correctly identifies the governing
legal principle but applies it to the facts of the petitioner’s case in an objectively
unreasonable manner. Brown v. Payton, 544 U.S. 133, 141 (2005). The
“unreasonable application” inquiry requires that the state court decision be more
than incorrect or erroneous – it must be “objectively unreasonable.” Lockyer v.
Andrade, 538 U.S. 63, 75 (2003). Even if the federal court concludes that the state
court applied federal law incorrectly, relief is appropriate only if that application is
3 Case: 16-16612 Date Filed: 08/08/2018 Page: 4 of 7
also objectively unreasonable. Bell v. Cone, 535 U.S. 685, 694 (2002). Petitioner
must show that the state court’s ruling was so lacking justification that there was
an error well understood and comprehended in existing law beyond any possibility
for fairminded disagreement. White, 134 S. Ct. at 1702.
Florida law permits the admission of relevant evidence unless the law
provides otherwise. Fla. Stat. Ann. § 90.402. Relevant evidence is inadmissible if
its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice,
confusion of the issues, misleading the jury, or needless presentation of cumulative
evidence. Id. § 90.403. The unfair prejudice that section 90.403 attempts to
eliminate relates to evidence that inflames the jury or appeals improperly to the
jury's emotions. State v. McClain, 525 So. 2d 420, 422 (Fla. 1988). Only where
the unfair prejudice substantially outweighs the probative value of the evidence
should it be excluded. Amoros v. State, 531 So. 2d 1256, 1260 (Fla. 1988). The
burden is on the party attempting to exclude the evidence to make that showing.
State v. Gerry, 855 So. 2d 157, 159 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2003).
Federal courts generally do not review a state court’s admission of evidence
in habeas corpus proceedings. McCoy v. Newsome, 953 F.2d 1252, 1265 (11th Cir.
1992). However, where a state court’s ruling is claimed to have deprived a
defendant of his right to due process, a federal court should inquire whether the
error was of such magnitude that it denied fundamental fairness to the trial. Baxter
4 Case: 16-16612 Date Filed: 08/08/2018 Page: 5 of 7
v. Thomas, 45 F.3d 1501, 1509 (11th Cir. 1995). A denial of fundamental fairness
occurs whenever the improper evidence is material in the sense of a crucial,
critical, highly significant factor. Id. Evidence is not crucial, critical, or highly
significant when other evidence of guilt is overwhelming. McCoy, 953 F.2d at
1265. Moreover, the court must defer to a state court’s interpretation of its own
rules of evidence and procedure. Machin v. Wainwright, 758 F.2d 1431, 1433
(11th Cir. 1985).
If a federal court determines that there has been a constitutional error, habeas
relief still may not be warranted if the error was “harmless.” Brecht v.
Abrahamson, 507 U.S. 619, 630 (1993). An error is harmless on collateral review
if it did not have a substantial or injurious effect or influence on the jury’s verdict.
Id. at 637.
Because the 911 tape provided probative evidence tending to rebut Smith’s
argument that the family was fabricating the claim that he sexually assaulted the
child, it is not at all clear that it was error for the state court to admit it into
evidence. Because the error, if there was one, is not clear, Smith cannot carry his
burden of showing that the state court’s decision was objectively unreasonable.
Fla. Stat. Ann. § 90.403; Amoros, 531 So. 2d at 1260; Gerry, 855 So. 2d at 159.
Moreover, even if the admission of the 911 recording was error, Smith did not
show that the error had a substantial effect on the jury’s verdict, or that it was of
5 Case: 16-16612 Date Filed: 08/08/2018 Page: 6 of 7
such magnitude that it denied fundamental unfairness to his trial. Brecht, 507 U.S.
at 637; Baxter, 45 F.3d at 1509. Given the weight of evidence against Smith 1, the
inclusion of the 911 tape was not material in the sense of a “crucial, critical, highly
significant factor.” Baxter, 45 F.3d at 1509.
II.
In Strickland v. Washington, the Supreme Court established a two-part test
for determining whether a convicted person is entitled to relief on the ground that
his counsel rendered ineffective assistance. 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984). A
petitioner must establish that counsel’s performance was deficient, and that the
deficient performance prejudiced the defense. Id.
Under the prejudice prong, petitioner’s burden to demonstrate prejudice is
high. Wellington v. Moore, 314 F.3d 1256, 1260 (11th Cir. 2002). Prejudice
requires showing that counsel’s errors were so serious as to deprive the defendant
of a fair trial. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687. That is, the defendant must show that
there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the
result of the proceeding would have been different. Id. at 694. A reasonable
probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome. Id.
The petitioner must show more than that the errors had some conceivable effect on
1 Indeed, the evidence was overwhelming. Smith was found holding the naked and bleeding victim; a sexual assault examination concluded that the victim had been penetrated, and the victims DNA was found on Smith’s shorts and underwear.
6 Case: 16-16612 Date Filed: 08/08/2018 Page: 7 of 7
the outcome of the proceeding. Id. at 693. The petitioner must affirmatively prove
prejudice by demonstrating that the unprofessional errors were so egregious as to
render the trial unfair and the verdict suspect. Johnson v. Alabama, 256 F.3d 1156,
1177 (11th Cir. 2001). However, the petitioner need not show that counsel’s
conduct more likely than not altered the outcome in the case. Brownlee v. Haley,
306 F.3d 1043, 1059-60 (11th Cir. 2002).
For an ineffective-assistance claim raised in a § 2254 petition, the inquiry
turns upon whether the relevant state court decision was contrary to, or an
unreasonable application of, Strickland. See Cullen v. Pinholster, 563 U.S. 170,
189 (2011). Because judicial review of a Strickland claim already must be “highly
deferential,” a federal habeas court’s review of a state court decision denying a
Strickland claim is “doubly deferential.” Id. at 190. The question is whether the
state court’s determination under Strickland was reasonable. Knowles v.
Mirzayance, 556 U.S. 111, 123 (2009).
Here, the district court properly determined that the state post-conviction
court’s application of Strickland was reasonable, as Smith failed to meet his high
burden to show that he was prejudiced by his counsel’s failure to object to the
erroneous jury instruction.
AFFIRMED.