TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN
NO. 03-03-00255-CR
David Clifton Spurk, Appellant
v.
The State of Texas, Appellee
FROM THE COUNTY COURT AT LAW NO. 2 OF HAYS COUNTY NO. 64649, HONORABLE LINDA A. RODRIGUEZ, JUDGE PRESIDING
MEMORANDUM OPINION
David Clifton Spurk appeals his conviction for the offense of resisting arrest. See
Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 38.03 (West 2003). After a jury trial, the court imposed a sentence of one-
year imprisonment, probated, and a fine of $750. On appeal, Spurk challenges the legal and factual
sufficiency of the evidence to support the finding that he used force against the officer. We affirm
the trial court’s judgment of conviction.
BACKGROUND
San Marcos police officer Kelly Earnest was driving back to the police department
from a private contract job at approximately 2:30 a.m. when she noticed a pickup truck with no
headlights on, tailgating another car. When the truck passed Earnest, she noticed that a passenger in the bed of the truck ducked down. Earnest called the dispatcher to report her observations and
intent to stop the truck. She then turned around and activated her lights to initiate the traffic stop.
The truck did not initially stop but eventually pulled over into the parking lot of an apartment
complex.
Earnest, in full uniform, approached Spurk in the driver’s seat and asked for
identification. She discovered that Spurk was only eighteen years old. During this exchange,
Earnest detected the smell of alcohol on Spurk and decided to perform field sobriety tests. After the
tests, Earnest determined that Spurk was not legally intoxicated. However, because Spurk was a
minor, he could be charged with driving under the influence (DUI), and Earnest decided to arrest him
for that offense. See Tex. Alco. Bev. Code Ann. § 106.041 (West Supp. 2004) (minor commits
offense when he operates motor vehicle in public place while having any detectable amount of
alcohol in system).
Earnest told Spurk to turn around and place his hands behind his back for a DUI
arrest. Instead of complying, Spurk argued with Earnest and continued to ignore her as she repeated
the order several more times. Spurk then began to walk away, and Earnest grabbed his right wrist
and handcuffed it. Spurk started to twist and pull his hand out of the handcuff, pulling Earnest with
him. At this point, Officer Spriegel, who had arrived at the scene in response to the radio report,
assisted Earnest by bringing Spurk’s left arm around behind him. Spurk continued to twist and
struggle, pulling both officers towards the truck. Hoping to gain control of Spurk, Earnest struck
him twice with her knee, but when that was unsuccessful, Spriegel tripped Spurk and forced him to
the ground.
2 A jury found Spurk guilty of resisting arrest and sentenced him to a one-year probated
imprisonment and a fine of $750. Spurk’s motion for new trial was denied, and he now appeals the
conviction.
DISCUSSION
A person commits the offense of resisting arrest if he “intentionally prevents or
obstructs a person he knows is a peace officer . . . from effecting an arrest . . . by using force against
the peace officer or another.” Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 38.03(a). Spurk argues that the State failed
to present sufficient legal or factual evidence to prove that he used force against the officers.
When reviewing the legal sufficiency of the evidence, we look at all the evidence in
the light most favorable to the verdict to determine whether a rational finder of fact could have found
the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307,
319 (1979); Johnson v. State, 23 S.W.3d 1, 7 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). The jury as trier of fact is
entitled to resolve any conflicts in the evidence, to evaluate the credibility of the witnesses, and to
determine the weight to be given any particular evidence. See Jones v. State, 944 S.W.2d 642, 647
(Tex. Crim. App. 1996).
Spurk relies on the testimony of an eyewitness and the officers, who stated at trial that
Spurk pulled away but was not aggressive toward Earnest. Spurk contends that merely pulling away
from an officer’s grasp is insufficient to support a conviction of resisting arrest; instead, force must
be directed at or applied to the officer. See Raymond v. State, 640 S.W.2d 678, 679 (Tex. App.—El
Paso 1982, pet. ref’d) (defendant’s jerking of hand away from officer’s grip, absent any additional
force exerted upon officer, was insufficient to show force under section 38.03). Spurk also argues
3 that an attempt to flee, without some force directed at the officer, is insufficient to support a
conviction. See Leos v. State, 880 S.W.2d 180, 184 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1994, no pet.)
(defendant’s running away from officer, holding hands to stomach, and trying to crawl away in
attempt to escape did not involve sufficient force directed at officer to sustain conviction for resisting
arrest).
Other courts, however, have refused to follow Raymond and Leos, instead finding that
pulling one’s arm in an attempt to shake off an officer’s detaining grip could amount to force against
that officer, depending on the circumstances. Torres v. State, 103 S.W.3d 623, 627 (Tex. App.—San
Antonio 2003, no pet.); Bryant v. State, 923 S.W.2d 199, 207 (Tex. App.—Waco 1996), pet. ref’d,
940 S.W.2d 663 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). The defendant in Bryant swung his body around in an
attempt to resist the officer’s grip, causing them both to fall to the ground. 923 S.W.2d at 208. In
Torres, the defendant swung his arm up in a similar attempt to resist being handcuffed, hitting the
officer’s arm away in the process. 103 S.W.3d at 626. Both the Bryant and Torres courts held that
such actions amounted to force against the officer, noting that a “pulling” action exerted by a
defendant could be as forceful as a “pushing” action. See Torres, 103 S.W.3d at 626-27; Bryant, 923
S.W.2d at 208.
Spurk’s case bears a closer resemblance to Bryant and Torres than it does to Raymond
and Leos. Earnest testified that Spurk, in the process of pulling and twisting away, also pulled her
along with him for approximately two feet. The force that Spurk exerted in trying to pull away from
the handcuff, although arguably not directed against Earnest, was strong enough to drag her against
her will. Like the force used by Bryant that had the additional impact of making the officer fall to
4 the ground and the force used by Torres that knocked the officer’s arm away, the force used by Spurk
had the additional impact of dragging Earnest.
Moreover, in a case with similar facts, the court of criminal appeals sustained the
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TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN
NO. 03-03-00255-CR
David Clifton Spurk, Appellant
v.
The State of Texas, Appellee
FROM THE COUNTY COURT AT LAW NO. 2 OF HAYS COUNTY NO. 64649, HONORABLE LINDA A. RODRIGUEZ, JUDGE PRESIDING
MEMORANDUM OPINION
David Clifton Spurk appeals his conviction for the offense of resisting arrest. See
Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 38.03 (West 2003). After a jury trial, the court imposed a sentence of one-
year imprisonment, probated, and a fine of $750. On appeal, Spurk challenges the legal and factual
sufficiency of the evidence to support the finding that he used force against the officer. We affirm
the trial court’s judgment of conviction.
BACKGROUND
San Marcos police officer Kelly Earnest was driving back to the police department
from a private contract job at approximately 2:30 a.m. when she noticed a pickup truck with no
headlights on, tailgating another car. When the truck passed Earnest, she noticed that a passenger in the bed of the truck ducked down. Earnest called the dispatcher to report her observations and
intent to stop the truck. She then turned around and activated her lights to initiate the traffic stop.
The truck did not initially stop but eventually pulled over into the parking lot of an apartment
complex.
Earnest, in full uniform, approached Spurk in the driver’s seat and asked for
identification. She discovered that Spurk was only eighteen years old. During this exchange,
Earnest detected the smell of alcohol on Spurk and decided to perform field sobriety tests. After the
tests, Earnest determined that Spurk was not legally intoxicated. However, because Spurk was a
minor, he could be charged with driving under the influence (DUI), and Earnest decided to arrest him
for that offense. See Tex. Alco. Bev. Code Ann. § 106.041 (West Supp. 2004) (minor commits
offense when he operates motor vehicle in public place while having any detectable amount of
alcohol in system).
Earnest told Spurk to turn around and place his hands behind his back for a DUI
arrest. Instead of complying, Spurk argued with Earnest and continued to ignore her as she repeated
the order several more times. Spurk then began to walk away, and Earnest grabbed his right wrist
and handcuffed it. Spurk started to twist and pull his hand out of the handcuff, pulling Earnest with
him. At this point, Officer Spriegel, who had arrived at the scene in response to the radio report,
assisted Earnest by bringing Spurk’s left arm around behind him. Spurk continued to twist and
struggle, pulling both officers towards the truck. Hoping to gain control of Spurk, Earnest struck
him twice with her knee, but when that was unsuccessful, Spriegel tripped Spurk and forced him to
the ground.
2 A jury found Spurk guilty of resisting arrest and sentenced him to a one-year probated
imprisonment and a fine of $750. Spurk’s motion for new trial was denied, and he now appeals the
conviction.
DISCUSSION
A person commits the offense of resisting arrest if he “intentionally prevents or
obstructs a person he knows is a peace officer . . . from effecting an arrest . . . by using force against
the peace officer or another.” Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 38.03(a). Spurk argues that the State failed
to present sufficient legal or factual evidence to prove that he used force against the officers.
When reviewing the legal sufficiency of the evidence, we look at all the evidence in
the light most favorable to the verdict to determine whether a rational finder of fact could have found
the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307,
319 (1979); Johnson v. State, 23 S.W.3d 1, 7 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). The jury as trier of fact is
entitled to resolve any conflicts in the evidence, to evaluate the credibility of the witnesses, and to
determine the weight to be given any particular evidence. See Jones v. State, 944 S.W.2d 642, 647
(Tex. Crim. App. 1996).
Spurk relies on the testimony of an eyewitness and the officers, who stated at trial that
Spurk pulled away but was not aggressive toward Earnest. Spurk contends that merely pulling away
from an officer’s grasp is insufficient to support a conviction of resisting arrest; instead, force must
be directed at or applied to the officer. See Raymond v. State, 640 S.W.2d 678, 679 (Tex. App.—El
Paso 1982, pet. ref’d) (defendant’s jerking of hand away from officer’s grip, absent any additional
force exerted upon officer, was insufficient to show force under section 38.03). Spurk also argues
3 that an attempt to flee, without some force directed at the officer, is insufficient to support a
conviction. See Leos v. State, 880 S.W.2d 180, 184 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1994, no pet.)
(defendant’s running away from officer, holding hands to stomach, and trying to crawl away in
attempt to escape did not involve sufficient force directed at officer to sustain conviction for resisting
arrest).
Other courts, however, have refused to follow Raymond and Leos, instead finding that
pulling one’s arm in an attempt to shake off an officer’s detaining grip could amount to force against
that officer, depending on the circumstances. Torres v. State, 103 S.W.3d 623, 627 (Tex. App.—San
Antonio 2003, no pet.); Bryant v. State, 923 S.W.2d 199, 207 (Tex. App.—Waco 1996), pet. ref’d,
940 S.W.2d 663 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). The defendant in Bryant swung his body around in an
attempt to resist the officer’s grip, causing them both to fall to the ground. 923 S.W.2d at 208. In
Torres, the defendant swung his arm up in a similar attempt to resist being handcuffed, hitting the
officer’s arm away in the process. 103 S.W.3d at 626. Both the Bryant and Torres courts held that
such actions amounted to force against the officer, noting that a “pulling” action exerted by a
defendant could be as forceful as a “pushing” action. See Torres, 103 S.W.3d at 626-27; Bryant, 923
S.W.2d at 208.
Spurk’s case bears a closer resemblance to Bryant and Torres than it does to Raymond
and Leos. Earnest testified that Spurk, in the process of pulling and twisting away, also pulled her
along with him for approximately two feet. The force that Spurk exerted in trying to pull away from
the handcuff, although arguably not directed against Earnest, was strong enough to drag her against
her will. Like the force used by Bryant that had the additional impact of making the officer fall to
4 the ground and the force used by Torres that knocked the officer’s arm away, the force used by Spurk
had the additional impact of dragging Earnest.
Moreover, in a case with similar facts, the court of criminal appeals sustained the
conviction of resisting arrest based on the testimony of two officers stating that after one handcuff
had been placed on the defendant, the officers were dragged eight to ten feet by the resisting
defendant. Washington v. State, 525 S.W.2d 189, 190 (Tex. Crim. App. 1975). In the present case,
Earnest was dragged only two feet as opposed to eight; however, the critical issue is not how far the
officer was dragged but that the defendant exerted a force that was not limited to the attempt to pull
away. The force additionally made an impact on the officer and rendered the officer unable to resist.
Thus, both here and in Washington, the force was exerted against the officers, regardless of its
original purpose. Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, it is legally
sufficient to support the verdict beyond a reasonable doubt.
In a factual-sufficiency review, the reviewing court “views all the evidence without
the prism of ‘in the light most favorable to the prosecution,’” and sets aside the verdict only if it is
“so contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence as to be clearly wrong and unjust.” Clewis
v. State, 922 S.W.2d 126, 129 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996). In such a review, the court asks whether a
neutral review of all the evidence, both for and against the finding, demonstrates that the proof of
guilt is too weak or that the contrary evidence is too strong to rationally support a finding of guilt
beyond a reasonable doubt. Zuniga v. State, No. 539-02, 2004 Tex. Crim. App. LEXIS 668, at *20
(Apr. 21, 2004). In other words, considering all the evidence in a neutral light, we determine
whether the jury was rationally justified in finding guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. Appellate
5 courts are not free to reweigh the evidence and set aside a jury verdict merely because the reviewing
judges feel that a different result is more reasonable. Clewis, 922 S.W.2d at 135. A factual-
sufficiency review must employ appropriate deference to the fact-finder’s role as the sole judge of
the weight and credibility to be given to witness testimony. Johnson, 23 S.W.3d at 7.
Spurk points to his own testimony, which was corroborated by the testimony of
eyewitness Charles Bolden, who remained in the bed of the truck throughout the incident. As
Bolden recounted the incident, Spurk responded with much less resistance and aggression. Bolden
suggested that the officers’ behavior was inappropriate and that “[Earnest] put one cuff on and then
the male officer was all up on [Spurk] throwing him down,” making no reference to any resistance
from Spurk up to that point. However, Bolden was a good friend of Spurk. Furthermore, Bolden
admitted that it was dark and he could not see everything, and the State noted that Bolden had
previously admitted to Spurk’s squirming and struggling throughout the arrest. Therefore, a
reasonable jury could have found Bolden’s conflicting testimony at trial not credible. See id.
In direct opposition, both officers testified that Spurk twisted, pulled, and ultimately
dragged them in his struggle to free himself of the handcuff and ensuing arrest. At one point, the
second officer had to come to Earnest’s aid in order to contain Spurk and regain control. Viewing
all the evidence in a neutral light, the officers’ testimony is strong enough to rationally support a
finding of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt and is not so outweighed by the contrary evidence as to
be clearly wrong and unjust. We overrule Spurk’s two points of error.
6 CONCLUSION
Finding the evidence legally and factually sufficient to support Spurk’s conviction
for resisting arrest, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
Bea Ann Smith, Justice
Before Chief Justice Law, Justices B. A. Smith and Patterson
Affirmed
Filed: June 24, 2004
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