Darren Keith James v. State

• Court: Court of Appeals of Texas
• Decided: September 29, 2005
• Docket: 06-05-00039-CR
• Status: Published

Opinion

In The

Court of Appeals

Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana

______________________________

No. 06-05-00039-CR

DARREN KEITH JAMES, Appellant

V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

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On Appeal from the 71st Judicial District Court

Harrison County, Texas

Trial Court No. 03-0355X

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Before Morriss, C.J., Ross and Carter, JJ.

Opinion by Justice Ross

O P I N I O N

          Darren Keith James appeals from his convictions on five counts of aggravated sexual assault of a child and two counts of prohibited sexual conduct. He was convicted by a jury, which assessed punishment at twenty years' imprisonment on each count for the aggravated sexual assault convictions and ten years' imprisonment on each count for the prohibited sexual conduct convictions. At the time of one of the alleged aggravated sexual assaults, the child, L.C., James' stepdaughter, was five years of age and James was thirty-one. L.C. was around twelve years of age and James around thirty-eight at the time of all the other alleged offenses.

          James first contends the act alleged in one of the counts for aggravated sexual assault—that, in 1996, he caused the penetration of the mouth of the child by his sexual organ—was not specifically criminalized by the Penal Code on that date, and that application of the current law to the act then committed is not appropriate. James' argument relies on the 1997 amendment of the statute. That amendment added a subsection stating that a person commits an offense if the person "causes the mouth of a child to contact the anus or sexual organ of another person . . . ." Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 22.021(a)(1)(B)(v) (Vernon Supp. 2004–2005) (Act of May 28, 1997, 75th Leg., R.S., ch. 1286, § 2, 1997 Tex. Gen. Laws 4911, 4912 (effective Sept. 1, 1997)). The prior law stated it was an offense if the person caused the penetration of the mouth of the child by the sexual organ of the actor. See Act of May 26, 1987, 70th Leg., R.S., ch. 573, § 1, 1987 Tex. Gen. Laws 2275.

          In this case, the allegation in the indictment that James penetrated the mouth of the child was pursuant to a provision in the Penal Code, Section 22.021(a)(1)(B)(ii), that was the same in 1996 as it was after the 1997 amendment. He was not charged under the 1997 amendment. The conviction was therefore for an act that was criminal at the time of its commission. The contention of error is overruled.

          James next contends the court erred by allowing him to be tried for two counts alleging that, on or about September 6, 2003, and on or about August 24, 2003, he caused the penetration of the female child's sexual organ by his own sexual organ, at the same time as he was tried for two additional counts alleging that, on the same dates, he engaged in sexual intercourse with a person (the same named child) he knew to be, without regard to legitimacy, his stepchild. James alleges this was error because to try him in this manner constituted a violation of the Double Jeopardy Clause of the United States and Texas Constitutions.

          James argues that this constitutes nothing more than being punished twice for the same act. The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has stated that double jeopardy in the context of a multiple punishment claim must be raised before the trial court to be preserved for review on direct appeal. Gonzalez v. State, 8 S.W.3d 640 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). The court recognized the difficulty in analyzing its prior opinions on the topic, but then attempted to create a moderately bright-line rule. In so doing, the court held that an appellant is required to timely bring an allegation of multiple punishments to the attention of the trial court in order to preserve that type of double jeopardy claim for appellate review. Id. at 645–46. A double jeopardy claim may, however, be raised for the first time on appeal (or for the first time on collateral attack) when (1) the undisputed facts show the double jeopardy violation is clearly apparent on the face of the record, and when (2) the enforcement of the usual rules of procedural default serves no legitimate state interests. King v. State, 161 S.W.3d 264, 268 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2005, pet. filed) (citing Gonzalez, 8 S.W.3d at 643).

          In this case, James' claim of double jeopardy was not presented to the trial court. Therefore, because such claim on appeal is one of multiple punishments, because the alleged double jeopardy violation is not clearly apparent on the face of the record, and because enforcement of the usual rules of procedural default do serve legitimate state interests in this context, James' claim of double jeopardy has not been preserved for our review. The contention of error is overruled.

          James next contends the trial court erred by excluding the testimony of his fourteen-year-old son, D.W., because of D.W.'s erroneous invocation of his Fifth Amendment privilege. The record shows that James sought to question D.W. about sexual activity between D.W. and L.C. during the time period when D.W. was living in Waskom with James and James' wife (D.W.'s stepmother), which D.W. defined as the time period including his fifth-grade year in school. D.W. stated that, at the time of trial, he was fourteen, and in the sixth grade, which would place him at twelve to thirteen years of age while he lived with James and James' wife in Waskom. The argument raised on appeal is that D.W. could not have legally claimed a Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination because, at the time of the alleged sexual activity, D.W. was, according to James' testimony, only nine years old, and thus not subject to prosecution under either the penal or juvenile codes. At the time the testimony was disallowed, the only information before the court was D.W.'s testimony that the allegations were of activity during a time frame which would have placed him in jeopardy of criminal prosecution as a juvenile. Under those facts, we cannot say D.W. (pursuant to his attorney's advice) was unable to afford himself of the right to avoid self-incrimination. No error has been shown.

          James next contends the court erred by excluding testimony about L.C.'s prior sexual activity. James complains because he was not permitted to testify that L.C. had told him she had sex with D.W. when they were eight and nine years old, respectively. The court excluded the testimony as hearsay.

          We review the trial court's decision to admit or exclude evidence under an abuse of discretion standard. Green v. State, 934 S.W.2d 92, 101–02 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996); Montgomery v. State, 810 S.W.2d 372, 379–80 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990). We will not reverse a ruling that is within the "zone of reasonable disagreement." Green, 934 S.W.2d at 102; Montgomery, 810 S.W.2d at 391 (op. on reh'g); Broderick v. State, 35 S.W.3d 67, 75 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2000, pet. ref'd).

          James contends on appeal the evidence was admissible because L.C. had informed the nurse that L.C. had been involved in no other sexual activity (and the nurse so testified) and the evidence of L.C.'s denial of other sexual partners had thus been placed before the jury, thus making impeachment evidence admissible. James also suggests the evidence should be admissible because it provides an alternative explanation for the medical evidence of healed tears to L.C.'s hymen.

          The State objected based on its position that the testimony was inadmissible because it was hearsay, because there was no confirmation, and because the evidence was of past sexual behavior and would be in violation of Tex. R. Evid. 412. The trial court concluded it was hearsay. The court went on to state that this case was unlike the cases the parties had previously provided for the court's review in which there was evidence before the jury that "she [the victim] had said it in the medical records." The court then excluded the testimony.

          We first recognize that, if the court was suggesting there was no evidence in the medical records about L.C.'s claim not to have engaged in other sexual behavior, that is incorrect. We also note that the State's suggestion to the trial court that independent confirmation is required has no support in the rules or in caselaw.

          The State argues we should overrule the contention of error because the reasons to admit the evidence that are raised in this appeal were not brought before the trial court for its consideration. That argument is based on the principle that, while a court of appeals can affirm a trial court's decision on a legal theory not presented to the trial court without violating "ordinary notions of procedural default" (see State v. Mercado, 972 S.W.2d 75, 77–78 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998)), it does violate those notions for a court of appeals to reverse a trial court's decision on a legal theory not presented to the trial court by the complaining party. Hailey, 87 S.W.3d at 121–22.

          As applied to this case, it is apparent that the question of whether the proposed testimony was hearsay was before the trial court, that the issue of whether it should be excluded under Rule 412 was generally before the court, and that the question of whether it was admissible because the issue had already been broached through medical records was before the court. There was virtually no discussion of any of those topics at the cited point in the record where the court heard the testimony outside the presence of the jury, and we have been directed to no other location in the record where any other discussion of those matters took place.

          It is clear that the evidence is hearsay and that it was offered as proof of the matter asserted. See Tex. R. Evid. 801. However, at trial, there was no argument made to the court that the evidence was admissible for impeachment purposes. To have evidence admitted under a hearsay exception, the proponent of the evidence must specify the exception on which the proponent is relying. Willover v. State, 70 S.W.3d 841, 845 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). No one at trial disputed that the videotapes were hearsay. Thus, it was up to James, not the trial court, to specify the exception to the hearsay rule on which he was relying or to specify how the evidence was not hearsay. See id. at 845–46.

          Similarly, Tex. R. Evid. 412 has multiple subdivisions that can be argued in different situations to provide an exception that allows admission of evidence of specific instances of an alleged victim's past sexual behavior. There is no specificity in connection with the discussion of this rule, and no argument that would serve to direct the trial court to anything other than the rule in general as a reason to admit the testimony. It is arguable that the court's acknowledgment of the medical testimony aspect suggests the court was focusing on this area in its review, but even if we likewise assume the focus was on that area, the court clearly stated it did not believe that the probative value of this hearsay, elicited from the accused, would outweigh the danger of unfair prejudice in this instance. Under the standard we are required to apply in reviewing the admission of evidence, we do not find this to be so far outside the zone of reasonable disagreement as to constitute error. The contention of error is overruled.

          James next contends the conviction should be reversed because he received ineffective assistance of counsel at trial. In this review, we use the standards as set out in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984). To prevail, James must prove by a preponderance of the evidence (1) that his counsel's representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness and (2) that the deficient performance prejudiced his defense. Id. at 688; Rosales v. State, 4 S.W.3d 228, 231 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). To meet this burden, James must prove that his attorney's representation fell below the standard of prevailing professional norms and that there is a reasonable probability that, but for his attorney's deficiency, the result of the trial would have been different. Tong v. State, 25 S.W.3d 707, 712 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). Under this standard, a claimant must prove that counsel's representation so undermined the proper functioning of the adversarial process that the trial cannot be relied on as having produced a just result. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 686.

          As far as strategic or tactical reasons for counsel's action or inaction, in the absence of direct evidence of counsel's reasons for the challenged conduct, we must assume a strategic motivation if any can be imagined. Garcia v. State, 57 S.W.3d 436, 440 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001).

          James contends counsel was ineffective in several respects. James first contends counsel was ineffective because he did not object to the admission of the videotaped interview of L.C. James also complains his counsel did not object to the admission of multiple "outcry" statements made to a number of other individuals.

          In the videotaped interview, L.C. explained what she claimed James had done and the time frame. She was questioned about the living arrangements and when various family members were present. She testified similarly at the trial and was cross-examined at some length about how—because she shared a bedroom and a bed with two brothers—it would be possible for the assaults to occur over a hundred times while her brothers were asleep next to her. At that point, L.C. shifted her story to state she was moved to the floor when the assaults happened at night. She also testified that the bedroom window opened to a breezeway, that her brothers had broken the blinds on that window, and that people walking by could see inside the bedroom. She also testified Child Protective Services (CPS) had been to their home at least twenty times during the previous six years and had questioned her each time. She admitted she never said anything to them about sexual activity with her stepfather.

          The complained-of witnesses all testified about variations of L.C.'s first statements to them about James' sexual assaults. Although categorized as outcry witnesses by counsel due to the nature of their testimony, the State did not offer their testimony as an outcry, but simply called them as witnesses. There was evidence at trial that L.C. told her mother, Kimberly James, first, and then told her great-grandmother Fannie Miles, both of whom testified at trial. Melita Haynes testified L.C. came to her and told her about James "messing with her."

          Rex Hawsey, the Waskom Chief of Police, testified that he had investigated the complaint and that L.C. had identified the perpetrator as James. He also testified L.C. told him the assaults had begun with oral sex and progressed to intercourse, always early in the morning and always in the bedroom. Hawsey also testified that, when he talked to Kimberly, she told him she believed that L.C. was not telling the truth because "she lies all the time."

          Kay Carroll, the nurse who conducted the rape examination on L.C., testified about the description of the assaults related to her by L.C.

          Margie Bell, the instructional coordinator for Waskom Independent School District, testified that L.C. had come to her, along with Melita Haynes, and told her that James had sexually abused her.

          Christy Green, a CPS representative, testified about the nine investigations preceding the one that began because of these allegations of sexual abuse.

          James also complains that trial counsel should have objected to the outcry statements recounted by L.C.'s mother, because he was not provided with notice of her testimony and a summary of that evidence as required by Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 38.072, § 2(b) (Vernon 2005).

          There was testimony from two other individuals that L.C. was a chronic liar and had stolen from homes and shoplifted from businesses, and that she was simply not to be believed. There was also a mismatch between some of the descriptions L.C. had provided to some of the witnesses and her testimony at trial, specifically whether the incidents occurred only in the mornings, or both in the evenings and mornings, and whether they all occurred on the bed or on the floor, and some doubt was thrown on the timing of the assaults based on the time she went to school in the morning for breakfast and then took a bus transfer to the middle school.

          It is possible that counsel chose to let a number of people testify about the stories they were told by L.C. in an attempt to strengthen James' defensive argument that L.C. was a liar and to show how her story altered as time passed. As a strategic choice by trial counsel, we are not permitted to second-guess that choice.

          We also recognize that the videotaped interview could not have been properly admitted under the statute had a proper objection been made. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 38.071 (Vernon 2005); Edwards v. State, 107 S.W.3d 107, 110–11 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2003, pet. ref'd). However, the same reasoning set out above could also apply to the decision to not object to the videotape in this case—to show on tape how the story had altered somewhat as time went on. Although we are not convinced it was necessarily the right choice, it is not apparent from this record that it was such an unreasonable choice as to allow us to determine that it constituted ineffective assistance of counsel.

          James next contends counsel was ineffective because he allowed the State to introduce evidence bolstering its unimpeached witness—L.C. James points to the testimony of the various witnesses discussed above and argues that to allow them to all testify that L.C. had told them about the sexual activities constituted bolstering and was thus objectionable. See Morales v. State, 2 S.W.3d 487, 488 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 1999, pet. ref'd) (discussing concept of bolstering and holding that prosecution cannot bolster its witnesses unless they have been impeached on cross-examination, and also recognizing that bolstering occurs when testimony's sole purpose is to enhance credibility of another witness, without adding anything to proof of a relevant fact); Cohn v. State, 849 S.W.2d 817 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993).

          L.C. was, however, impeached in this case. There was testimony she was a liar and a thief, and as pointed out above, her story was not entirely consistent as told to different people. Arguably, that provides both that the evidence was not objectionable on that basis and that there was a tactical purpose for allowing its admission.

          As pointed out by counsel, one of the witnesses, the child's mother, testified about the credibility of the child before the child testified and before any impeachment of the child. She was asked by the State if she believed the story her child had told her, and she said that she did. The State argues that no error is shown because defense counsel vigorously cross-examined her about her testimony. That will go to a harm analysis, but does not alter the fact that the mother's testimony was indeed nothing more than bolstering of her child's believability, without providing any additional facts for the jury.

          The question remains as to whether the failure to object was intentional. On cross-examination, counsel elicited testimony from the mother that L.C. lied more than her four other children, that L.C. had been caught shoplifting and was involved in other thefts, and that she (the mother) had told the police that L.C. lied "about all of this." There is, therefore, at least the possibility of a tactical reason for not objecting to the testimony. Ineffective assistance has not been shown.

          James also contends counsel was ineffective because he did not object to testimony about the nine prior CPS referrals and investigations. That same testimony, however, was used to show the many years L.C. was asked to tell the CPS workers about any sexual misconduct by anyone in the household, and that she had, each time, denied that any such assault had occurred.

          James also complains because his trial counsel did not object to proof that L.C.'s mother and James were both users of cocaine. L.C.'s mother was a witness for the State. She testified that neither she nor James was working, but drank a twelve-pack of beer each day and smoked crack cocaine. So far as drug use by the mother goes, this evidence would cast considerable doubt on her credibility as a witness. However, this would clearly be an objectionable extraneous bad act on the part of James. It is possible counsel did not object to this testimony because he thought the value of this evidence as an attack on the credibility of a witness for the State was greater than the harm it reflected on James. In the absence of direct evidence of counsel's reasons for not objecting, there is an "imagined strategic motivation."

          James also complains because counsel did not object to the admission of an exhibit consisting of a page from L.C.'s medical records entitled "Instructions for . . . [L.C.]." These instructions explain the type of examination L.C. received and the results that might be revealed by the examination, including a diagnosis of syphilis or AIDS. The exhibit also contains two paragraphs describing the psychological trauma of rape, explaining that it is not L.C.'s fault for being sexually assaulted, and suggesting what might be done to help her recover. We agree that the probative value of most of the content of this exhibit at the guilt/innocence phase of the trial is questionable. However, it is not specifically directed at James and, absent an explanation by counsel, we cannot say counsel's failure to object constituted ineffective assistance.

          James also contends counsel was ineffective because he did not recall L.C. to testify about performing oral sex on another child. L.C. had testified outside the presence of the jury that she performed oral sex on one of her stepbrothers. However, she also testified that "[h]e asked me to do the same thing my step dad [sic] did." It would be reasonable for counsel to decide not to recall her to provide this testimony, which could be heard by the jury as evidence that James did the same thing.

          James finally contends counsel was ineffective because he did not object to a statement in the court's charge that "penetration is complete however slight." There are cases holding that this language is a proper instruction that may be used in such a charge, so long as it does not advise the jury that penetration occurred or that the appellant had done so at any time. See Wilson v. State, 905 S.W.2d 46, 48 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1995, no pet.). Under these circumstances, we do not find that counsel was ineffective in failing to object.

          The contentions of ineffective assistance of counsel are overruled.

          We affirm the judgment.

                                                                           Donald R. Ross

                                                                           Justice

Date Submitted:      August 8, 2005

Date Decided:         September 29, 2005

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