MEMORANDUM DECISION May 27 2015, 9:48 am Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this Memorandum Decision shall not be regarded as precedent or cited before any court except for the purpose of establishing the defense of res judicata, collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE Suzy St. John Gregory F. Zoeller Marion County Public Defender Attorney General of Indiana Indianapolis, Indiana Jesse R. Drum Deputy Attorney General Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Darrel Warren, May 27, 2015
Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Cause No. 49A02-1409-CR-597 v. Appeal from the Marion Superior Court Cause No. 49F10-1310-CM-65273 State of Indiana, Appellee-Plaintiff. The Honorable Linda E. Brown, Judge The Honorable Steven Rubick, Magistrate
Barnes, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1409-CR-597 | May 27, 2015 Page 1 of 7 Case Summary [1] Darrel Warren appeals his conviction for Class A misdemeanor carrying a
handgun without a license. We reverse.
Issue [2] Warren raises one issue, which we restate as whether the trial court properly
admitted evidence obtained during his encounter with police officers.
Facts [3] On October 3, 2013, Officer Aaron Helton of the Indianapolis Metropolitan
Police Department was dispatched to a call about a person holding a gun on
porch on East 10th Street in Indianapolis. Officer Helton was given a
description of a person wearing a hat, jeans, and a black shirt. When Officer
Helton and another officer arrived at the scene, there were four intoxicated men
on the porch drinking from a bottle. Officer Helton did not know whose house
it was and did not see a person with a gun. Officer Helton walked up to the
porch steps and told the men to keep their hands where he could see them
because of the nature of the dispatch. At that point, Officer Helton noticed that
Warren’s clothing matched the description in the dispatch and saw him make
“a move toward his right pocket; not like an aggressive move like someone is
going to hurt you, but kind of like a, avoiding away . . . .” Tr. p. 13. Officer
Helton approached Warren and patted him down. Officer Helton found a
handgun in Warren’s pocket. Warren did not have a valid license for the gun.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1409-CR-597 | May 27, 2015 Page 2 of 7 [4] The State charged Warren with Class A misdemeanor carrying a handgun
without a license. Warren moved to suppress evidence obtained during the
encounter, and the trial court denied the motion. At the trial, the evidence was
admitted over Warren’s objection, and Warren was convicted. He now
appeals.
Analysis [5] Warren contends the trial court erroneously admitted evidence obtained during
his encounter with Officer Helton. We will reverse a trial court’s ruling on the
admissibility of evidence only when the trial court abused its discretion, which
occurs when a decision is clearly against the logic and effect of the facts and
circumstances before the trial court. Bentley v. State, 846 N.E.2d 300, 304 (Ind.
Ct. App. 2006).
[6] “Encounters between law enforcement officers and public citizens take a variety
of forms, some of which do not implicate the protections of the Fourth
Amendment and some of which do.” Clark v. State, 994 N.E.2d 252, 261 (Ind.
2013). Consensual encounters in which a citizen voluntarily interacts with a
police officer do not compel Fourth Amendment analysis. Id. Nonconsensual
encounters do and typically fall into two categories. Id. The first is a full arrest,
which requires probable cause. Id. The second is a brief investigative stop,
which requires a lower standard of reasonable suspicion. Id.
[7] At issue here is whether Officer Helton’s initial encounter with Warren was
consensual, as the State asserts, or an investigatory stop, as Warren claims.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1409-CR-597 | May 27, 2015 Page 3 of 7 “Determining whether this was a consensual encounter or some level of
detention turns on an evaluation, under all the circumstances, of whether a
reasonable person would feel free to disregard the police and go about his or her
business.” Id. (quotation omitted). The test is objective—whether the officer’s
words and actions would have conveyed to a reasonable person that he or she
was not free to leave. Id.
[8] Warren compares his case to Crabtree v. State, 762 N.E.2d 241, 244-46 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2002), in which the officer left his car, began walking toward Crabtree,
shined a flashlight on him, and shouted “get your hands up” and, when
Crabtree failed to comply, he was immediately apprehended and handcuffed.
We concluded that “a reasonable person in Crabtree’s position would not feel
that he was free to leave” and that Crabtree was subjected to an investigatory
stop. Crabtree, 762 N.E.2d at 246.
[9] On the other hand, the State directs us to Bentley, in which two police officers
responded to a dispatch about suspicious people in a car in a parking lot.
Bentley, 846 N.E.2d at 303. One officer approached the car and asked the four
occupants about their presence in the parking lot and asked for identification.
Id. at 306. The other officer approached the car and asked the occupants to
keep their hands where he could see them and, when one of the passengers did
not comply, the officers ordered all of the occupants out of the car. Id. at 307.
We concluded that, what began as a consensual encounter, escalated into a
seizure when the occupants were ordered out of the car. Id. We also
determined that the request for the occupants to keep their hands where the
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1409-CR-597 | May 27, 2015 Page 4 of 7 officers could see them was a consensual encounter. We reasoned that the
officers did not draw their weapons, speak in an intimidating fashion, or
otherwise restrict the occupants from leaving the area. Id.
[10] We believe this case is distinguishable from Bentley because Warren was not in
a car and able to leave the scene. Instead, when Officer Helton, while
accompanied by another officer, stood at the bottom of the porch and instructed
the men on the porch to keep their hands where he could see them and not to
move around, a reasonable person would believe that he or she was not free to
leave. Thus, the protections of the Fourth Amendment are implicated here.
See, e.g., United States v. Packer, 15 F.3d 654, 657 (7th Cir. 1994) (holding that
police cars parked in front of and behind the defendant’s car with lights shining
through the windows and asking the occupants to put their hands in the air
where the officer could see them would lead a reasonable person to believe that
he or she was not free to leave even though the officer’s prudential procedures
were fully justified by concerns for police safety).
[11] The fundamental principle upon which a Terry stop is based is that the officer
has reasonable suspicion to believe that criminal activity has occurred or is
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MEMORANDUM DECISION May 27 2015, 9:48 am Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this Memorandum Decision shall not be regarded as precedent or cited before any court except for the purpose of establishing the defense of res judicata, collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE Suzy St. John Gregory F. Zoeller Marion County Public Defender Attorney General of Indiana Indianapolis, Indiana Jesse R. Drum Deputy Attorney General Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Darrel Warren, May 27, 2015
Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Cause No. 49A02-1409-CR-597 v. Appeal from the Marion Superior Court Cause No. 49F10-1310-CM-65273 State of Indiana, Appellee-Plaintiff. The Honorable Linda E. Brown, Judge The Honorable Steven Rubick, Magistrate
Barnes, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1409-CR-597 | May 27, 2015 Page 1 of 7 Case Summary [1] Darrel Warren appeals his conviction for Class A misdemeanor carrying a
handgun without a license. We reverse.
Issue [2] Warren raises one issue, which we restate as whether the trial court properly
admitted evidence obtained during his encounter with police officers.
Facts [3] On October 3, 2013, Officer Aaron Helton of the Indianapolis Metropolitan
Police Department was dispatched to a call about a person holding a gun on
porch on East 10th Street in Indianapolis. Officer Helton was given a
description of a person wearing a hat, jeans, and a black shirt. When Officer
Helton and another officer arrived at the scene, there were four intoxicated men
on the porch drinking from a bottle. Officer Helton did not know whose house
it was and did not see a person with a gun. Officer Helton walked up to the
porch steps and told the men to keep their hands where he could see them
because of the nature of the dispatch. At that point, Officer Helton noticed that
Warren’s clothing matched the description in the dispatch and saw him make
“a move toward his right pocket; not like an aggressive move like someone is
going to hurt you, but kind of like a, avoiding away . . . .” Tr. p. 13. Officer
Helton approached Warren and patted him down. Officer Helton found a
handgun in Warren’s pocket. Warren did not have a valid license for the gun.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1409-CR-597 | May 27, 2015 Page 2 of 7 [4] The State charged Warren with Class A misdemeanor carrying a handgun
without a license. Warren moved to suppress evidence obtained during the
encounter, and the trial court denied the motion. At the trial, the evidence was
admitted over Warren’s objection, and Warren was convicted. He now
appeals.
Analysis [5] Warren contends the trial court erroneously admitted evidence obtained during
his encounter with Officer Helton. We will reverse a trial court’s ruling on the
admissibility of evidence only when the trial court abused its discretion, which
occurs when a decision is clearly against the logic and effect of the facts and
circumstances before the trial court. Bentley v. State, 846 N.E.2d 300, 304 (Ind.
Ct. App. 2006).
[6] “Encounters between law enforcement officers and public citizens take a variety
of forms, some of which do not implicate the protections of the Fourth
Amendment and some of which do.” Clark v. State, 994 N.E.2d 252, 261 (Ind.
2013). Consensual encounters in which a citizen voluntarily interacts with a
police officer do not compel Fourth Amendment analysis. Id. Nonconsensual
encounters do and typically fall into two categories. Id. The first is a full arrest,
which requires probable cause. Id. The second is a brief investigative stop,
which requires a lower standard of reasonable suspicion. Id.
[7] At issue here is whether Officer Helton’s initial encounter with Warren was
consensual, as the State asserts, or an investigatory stop, as Warren claims.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1409-CR-597 | May 27, 2015 Page 3 of 7 “Determining whether this was a consensual encounter or some level of
detention turns on an evaluation, under all the circumstances, of whether a
reasonable person would feel free to disregard the police and go about his or her
business.” Id. (quotation omitted). The test is objective—whether the officer’s
words and actions would have conveyed to a reasonable person that he or she
was not free to leave. Id.
[8] Warren compares his case to Crabtree v. State, 762 N.E.2d 241, 244-46 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2002), in which the officer left his car, began walking toward Crabtree,
shined a flashlight on him, and shouted “get your hands up” and, when
Crabtree failed to comply, he was immediately apprehended and handcuffed.
We concluded that “a reasonable person in Crabtree’s position would not feel
that he was free to leave” and that Crabtree was subjected to an investigatory
stop. Crabtree, 762 N.E.2d at 246.
[9] On the other hand, the State directs us to Bentley, in which two police officers
responded to a dispatch about suspicious people in a car in a parking lot.
Bentley, 846 N.E.2d at 303. One officer approached the car and asked the four
occupants about their presence in the parking lot and asked for identification.
Id. at 306. The other officer approached the car and asked the occupants to
keep their hands where he could see them and, when one of the passengers did
not comply, the officers ordered all of the occupants out of the car. Id. at 307.
We concluded that, what began as a consensual encounter, escalated into a
seizure when the occupants were ordered out of the car. Id. We also
determined that the request for the occupants to keep their hands where the
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1409-CR-597 | May 27, 2015 Page 4 of 7 officers could see them was a consensual encounter. We reasoned that the
officers did not draw their weapons, speak in an intimidating fashion, or
otherwise restrict the occupants from leaving the area. Id.
[10] We believe this case is distinguishable from Bentley because Warren was not in
a car and able to leave the scene. Instead, when Officer Helton, while
accompanied by another officer, stood at the bottom of the porch and instructed
the men on the porch to keep their hands where he could see them and not to
move around, a reasonable person would believe that he or she was not free to
leave. Thus, the protections of the Fourth Amendment are implicated here.
See, e.g., United States v. Packer, 15 F.3d 654, 657 (7th Cir. 1994) (holding that
police cars parked in front of and behind the defendant’s car with lights shining
through the windows and asking the occupants to put their hands in the air
where the officer could see them would lead a reasonable person to believe that
he or she was not free to leave even though the officer’s prudential procedures
were fully justified by concerns for police safety).
[11] The fundamental principle upon which a Terry stop is based is that the officer
has reasonable suspicion to believe that criminal activity has occurred or is
about to occur or, in the words of Terry, that “‘criminal activity may be afoot.’”
Holly v. State, 918 N.E.2d 323, 325 (Ind. 2009) (quoting Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S.
1, 30, 88 S. Ct. 1868, 1884 (1968)). “‘Such reasonable suspicion must be
comprised of more than hunches or unparticularized suspicions.’” Clark, 994
N.E.2d at 263 (quoting State v. Murray, 837 N.E.2d 223, 225-26 (Ind. Ct. App.
2005), trans. denied). Taking into account the totality of the circumstances or
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1409-CR-597 | May 27, 2015 Page 5 of 7 the whole picture, the detaining officers must have a particularized and
objective basis for suspecting the particular person stopped of criminal activity.
Id. at 264. In making this determination, we must examine the facts as known
to the officer at the moment of the stop. Id. Findings of reasonable suspicion
are reviewed de novo, and this is necessarily a fact-sensitive inquiry. Id.
[12] The State contends that Officer Helton had reasonable suspicion to believe
criminal activity may have been afoot based on the fact that he was responding
to a report of a man holding a gun on a porch, the people on the porch were
intoxicated, and the officers were outnumbered. We fail to see how the men’s
intoxication and the fact that the officers were outnumbered would lead an
officer to objectively conclude that criminal activity was afoot. Moreover, as
Warren points out, there is no indication that the Officer Helton was informed
that the person was doing anything illegal with the gun.1 The evidence simply
does not establish that Officer Helton had reasonable suspicion to believe that
criminal activity had occurred or was about to occur when he instructed the
occupants of the porch to keep their hands where he could see them.
[13] Even if we were to conclude that the initial request to keep their hands where
Officer Helton could see them was part of a consensual encounter, the State
concedes, “When the officer put his hands on Warren, the encounter became a
1 Although Officer Helton testified that Mr. Bush owned the home and called 911, he testified he did not know whose house it was before he arrived and he inquired at the scene to determine whose house it was. There is no indication that this inquiry occurred prior to Officer Helton’s encounter with Warren.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1409-CR-597 | May 27, 2015 Page 6 of 7 seizure . . . .” Appellee’s Br. p. 6. If we were to consider what Officer Helton
observed following his request of the occupants to keep their hands where he
could see them, including, as the State points, that Warren did not cooperate
with the request and that he matched the description of the man with the gun,
we remain unconvinced that these additional factors created reasonable
suspicion that criminal activity was afoot. We reach this conclusion because
Warren’s possession of a gun under the circumstances known to Officer Helton
at the time was not necessarily illegal. As Warren asserts, “There was no report
of the person pointing the gun, firing it, or being ineligible to possess it.”
Appellant’s Br. p. 7. The evidence presented by the State did not establish that
Officer Helton had reasonable suspicion of criminal activity at the time he
searched Warren. Accordingly, the trial court improperly overruled Warren’s
objection to the admissibility of the evidence obtained during the search.
Conclusion [14] Because Officer Helton did not have reasonable suspicion of criminal activity
either upon his instruction for the occupants of the porch to keep their hands
where he could see them or upon his frisk of Warren, the trial court improperly
overruled Warren’s objection to the admissibility of the evidence obtained
during the frisk. We reverse.
[15] Reversed.
Riley, J., and Bailey, J., concur.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1409-CR-597 | May 27, 2015 Page 7 of 7