NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION File Name: 21a0509n.06
No. 21-1240
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT FILED ) Nov 09, 2021 DANNY ANDRE ROBERSON, ) DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk ) Plaintiff-Appellant, ) ON APPEAL FROM THE ) v. UNITED STATES DISTRICT ) COURT FOR THE EASTERN DARRELL WYNKOOP, Michigan State Trooper, ) DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN ) ) Defendant-Appellee. )
BEFORE: SILER, KETHLEDGE, and BUSH, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM. Darrell Wynkoop, a Michigan State Trooper, arrested Danny Roberson
without a warrant after responding to a domestic dispute between Roberson and his girlfriend.
Wynkoop found Roberson, a felon, in possession of a firearm and drug paraphernalia. The district
court held that Wynkoop’s failure to bring Roberson before a judicial officer for a probable-cause
determination within 48 hours violated Roberson’s constitutional rights and that such rights were
clearly established. It then denied Wynkoop qualified immunity. For the reasons set forth below,
we reverse.
I.
On October 4, 2016, Michigan State Police Troopers Darrell Wynkoop and Daniel Inman
responded to a report of domestic violence occurring at a residence in Buena Vista, Michigan.
Upon arrival, the troopers observed Roberson and his girlfriend, Christell Lee, in a heated
argument in front of the residence. Lee informed Wynkoop that Roberson was a felon, had hidden No. 21-1240, Roberson v. Wynkoop
a firearm in the house when he saw the troopers approaching, and had recently been cutting up
illegal drugs. A search of the residence revealed a firearm and drug paraphernalia. Wynkoop
placed Roberson under arrest without a warrant and booked him into the Saginaw County,
Michigan jail at approximately 1:00 A.M. on October 5.
Wynkoop completed his incident report and requested a search warrant and an arrest
warrant the morning of October 6, more than 24 hours after Roberson was initially booked into
the jail. He did nothing further with Roberson. As Wynkoop stated, “[o]nce the report and warrant
packet is placed in the in-custody bin, it is out of [his] hands and in the hands of the court officer[,]”
who then would handle getting the local prosecutor to review the request.
The warrants were signed by the assistant prosecutor that same day, but a judicial officer
did not hold the probable-cause-determination hearing or sign the arrest warrant until the next
morning, October 7. Thus, Roberson was held in the Saginaw County Jail for more than 48 hours
before his probable-cause determination. Roberson has never disputed that there was probable
cause for his arrest. Indeed, he eventually pleaded guilty to various charges for his possession of
the firearm and drugs. But he claims harm because the probable cause hearing was not held sooner.
Roberson sued under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, which provides in pertinent part:
Every person who under color of any statute, ordinance, regulation, custom, or usage, of any State . . . subjects, or causes to be subjected, any citizen of the United States or other person within the jurisdiction thereof to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution and laws, shall be liable to the party injured in an action at law, suit in equity, or other proper proceeding for redress . . .
42 U.S.C. § 1983. “To state a claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, a plaintiff must set forth facts that,
when construed favorably, establish (1) the deprivation of a right secured by the Constitution or
laws of the United States (2) caused by a person acting under the color of state law.” Sigley v. City
of Parma Heights, 437 F.3d 527, 533 (6th Cir. 2006) (citations omitted).
2 No. 21-1240, Roberson v. Wynkoop
The § 1983 claim alleges that Wynkoop failed to bring Roberson before a judicial officer
for a probable-cause determination within 48 hours of his arrest as required by Michigan Compiled
Laws § 764.13. That, Roberson argued, violated his Fourth Amendment rights.
Wynkoop moved for summary judgment based on qualified immunity, which the district
court denied. See Roberson v. Wynkoop, No. 19-10285, 2021 WL 486609, at *1 (E.D. Mich. Feb.
10, 2021). Wynkoop argues on appeal that he did not subject Roberson to a deprivation of his
constitutional rights and that there is no binding precedent that would have placed him on notice
that his conduct was unlawful.
II.
We review de novo the denial of summary judgment on the issue of qualified immunity.
Gardenhire v. Schubert, 205 F.3d 303, 310 (6th Cir. 2000) (citing Mitchell v. Forsyth, 472 U.S.
511, 512 (1985)). “We analyze whether an officer is entitled to qualified immunity using two
steps: (1) whether the defendant violated a constitutional right; and (2) whether that constitutional
right was clearly established at the time of the alleged violation.” Wright v. City of Euclid,
962 F.3d 852, 864 (6th Cir. 2020) (citing Fazica v. Jordan, 926 F.3d 283, 289 (6th Cir. 2019);
Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 194, 201 (2001). We need not address these arguments in any particular
order. See Ashcroft v. al-Kidd, 563 U.S. 731, 735 (2011); see also Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S.
223, 242 (2009) (“[T]he district courts and the courts of appeals are in the best position to
determine the order of decisionmaking that will best facilitate the fair and efficient disposition of
each case.”).
Wynkoop argues that even if he violated Roberson’s constitutional rights, those rights were
not clearly established at the time of the violation and, therefore, his actions were not objectively
unreasonable. We agree. For a right to be clearly established, “[t]he contours of the right must be
3 No. 21-1240, Roberson v. Wynkoop
sufficiently clear that a reasonable official would understand that what he is doing violates that
right.” Anderson v. Creighton, 483 U.S. 635, 640, (1987); see also Ashcroft, 563 U.S. at 741
(2011) (“[E]xisting precedent must have placed the statutory or constitutional question beyond
debate.”).
As we have noted, qualified immunity gives police officers “breathing room to make
reasonable but mistaken judgments and protects all but the plainly incompetent or those who
knowingly violate the law.” Barton v. Martin, 949 F.3d 938, 947 (6th Cir. 2020) (quoting Stanton
v. Sims, 571 U.S. 3, 6 (2013) (per curiam)). This is why we often frame officers’ actions through
a lens of reasonableness. See Drogosch v. Metcalf, 557 F.3d 372, 378 (6th Cir. 2009) (citations
omitted) (looking to “whether the plaintiff offered sufficient evidence to indicate that what the
official allegedly did was objectively unreasonable . . .”).
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NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION File Name: 21a0509n.06
No. 21-1240
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT FILED ) Nov 09, 2021 DANNY ANDRE ROBERSON, ) DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk ) Plaintiff-Appellant, ) ON APPEAL FROM THE ) v. UNITED STATES DISTRICT ) COURT FOR THE EASTERN DARRELL WYNKOOP, Michigan State Trooper, ) DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN ) ) Defendant-Appellee. )
BEFORE: SILER, KETHLEDGE, and BUSH, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM. Darrell Wynkoop, a Michigan State Trooper, arrested Danny Roberson
without a warrant after responding to a domestic dispute between Roberson and his girlfriend.
Wynkoop found Roberson, a felon, in possession of a firearm and drug paraphernalia. The district
court held that Wynkoop’s failure to bring Roberson before a judicial officer for a probable-cause
determination within 48 hours violated Roberson’s constitutional rights and that such rights were
clearly established. It then denied Wynkoop qualified immunity. For the reasons set forth below,
we reverse.
I.
On October 4, 2016, Michigan State Police Troopers Darrell Wynkoop and Daniel Inman
responded to a report of domestic violence occurring at a residence in Buena Vista, Michigan.
Upon arrival, the troopers observed Roberson and his girlfriend, Christell Lee, in a heated
argument in front of the residence. Lee informed Wynkoop that Roberson was a felon, had hidden No. 21-1240, Roberson v. Wynkoop
a firearm in the house when he saw the troopers approaching, and had recently been cutting up
illegal drugs. A search of the residence revealed a firearm and drug paraphernalia. Wynkoop
placed Roberson under arrest without a warrant and booked him into the Saginaw County,
Michigan jail at approximately 1:00 A.M. on October 5.
Wynkoop completed his incident report and requested a search warrant and an arrest
warrant the morning of October 6, more than 24 hours after Roberson was initially booked into
the jail. He did nothing further with Roberson. As Wynkoop stated, “[o]nce the report and warrant
packet is placed in the in-custody bin, it is out of [his] hands and in the hands of the court officer[,]”
who then would handle getting the local prosecutor to review the request.
The warrants were signed by the assistant prosecutor that same day, but a judicial officer
did not hold the probable-cause-determination hearing or sign the arrest warrant until the next
morning, October 7. Thus, Roberson was held in the Saginaw County Jail for more than 48 hours
before his probable-cause determination. Roberson has never disputed that there was probable
cause for his arrest. Indeed, he eventually pleaded guilty to various charges for his possession of
the firearm and drugs. But he claims harm because the probable cause hearing was not held sooner.
Roberson sued under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, which provides in pertinent part:
Every person who under color of any statute, ordinance, regulation, custom, or usage, of any State . . . subjects, or causes to be subjected, any citizen of the United States or other person within the jurisdiction thereof to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution and laws, shall be liable to the party injured in an action at law, suit in equity, or other proper proceeding for redress . . .
42 U.S.C. § 1983. “To state a claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, a plaintiff must set forth facts that,
when construed favorably, establish (1) the deprivation of a right secured by the Constitution or
laws of the United States (2) caused by a person acting under the color of state law.” Sigley v. City
of Parma Heights, 437 F.3d 527, 533 (6th Cir. 2006) (citations omitted).
2 No. 21-1240, Roberson v. Wynkoop
The § 1983 claim alleges that Wynkoop failed to bring Roberson before a judicial officer
for a probable-cause determination within 48 hours of his arrest as required by Michigan Compiled
Laws § 764.13. That, Roberson argued, violated his Fourth Amendment rights.
Wynkoop moved for summary judgment based on qualified immunity, which the district
court denied. See Roberson v. Wynkoop, No. 19-10285, 2021 WL 486609, at *1 (E.D. Mich. Feb.
10, 2021). Wynkoop argues on appeal that he did not subject Roberson to a deprivation of his
constitutional rights and that there is no binding precedent that would have placed him on notice
that his conduct was unlawful.
II.
We review de novo the denial of summary judgment on the issue of qualified immunity.
Gardenhire v. Schubert, 205 F.3d 303, 310 (6th Cir. 2000) (citing Mitchell v. Forsyth, 472 U.S.
511, 512 (1985)). “We analyze whether an officer is entitled to qualified immunity using two
steps: (1) whether the defendant violated a constitutional right; and (2) whether that constitutional
right was clearly established at the time of the alleged violation.” Wright v. City of Euclid,
962 F.3d 852, 864 (6th Cir. 2020) (citing Fazica v. Jordan, 926 F.3d 283, 289 (6th Cir. 2019);
Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 194, 201 (2001). We need not address these arguments in any particular
order. See Ashcroft v. al-Kidd, 563 U.S. 731, 735 (2011); see also Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S.
223, 242 (2009) (“[T]he district courts and the courts of appeals are in the best position to
determine the order of decisionmaking that will best facilitate the fair and efficient disposition of
each case.”).
Wynkoop argues that even if he violated Roberson’s constitutional rights, those rights were
not clearly established at the time of the violation and, therefore, his actions were not objectively
unreasonable. We agree. For a right to be clearly established, “[t]he contours of the right must be
3 No. 21-1240, Roberson v. Wynkoop
sufficiently clear that a reasonable official would understand that what he is doing violates that
right.” Anderson v. Creighton, 483 U.S. 635, 640, (1987); see also Ashcroft, 563 U.S. at 741
(2011) (“[E]xisting precedent must have placed the statutory or constitutional question beyond
debate.”).
As we have noted, qualified immunity gives police officers “breathing room to make
reasonable but mistaken judgments and protects all but the plainly incompetent or those who
knowingly violate the law.” Barton v. Martin, 949 F.3d 938, 947 (6th Cir. 2020) (quoting Stanton
v. Sims, 571 U.S. 3, 6 (2013) (per curiam)). This is why we often frame officers’ actions through
a lens of reasonableness. See Drogosch v. Metcalf, 557 F.3d 372, 378 (6th Cir. 2009) (citations
omitted) (looking to “whether the plaintiff offered sufficient evidence to indicate that what the
official allegedly did was objectively unreasonable . . .”).
We have previously held that the holding of County of Riverside v. McLaughlin, 500 U.S.
44 (1991), “would have alerted a reasonable official to [] the existence of the Fourth Amendment
right to a judicial determination of probable cause within 48 hours[.]” Drogosch, 557 F.3d at 379.
However, Riverside and its progeny do not clearly establish that an officer in Trooper Wynkoop’s
position will be liable in particularized circumstances like these. See, e.g., Rayfield v. City of Grand
Rapids, 768 F. App’x 495 (6th Cir. 2019) (affirming a grant of qualified immunity where the
plaintiff was held for nearly three days without receiving a probable cause determination hearing
because of issues with his transfer between law enforcement agencies and facilities). Indeed,
Roberson is not able to “identify a case that put [Wynkoop] on notice that his specific conduct was
unlawful.” Rivas-Villegas v. Cortesluna, 595 U.S. ____ (2021) (per curiam); see also Mullenix v.
Luna, 577 U.S. 7, 12 (2015) (per curiam) (“[S]pecificity is especially important in the Fourth
4 No. 21-1240, Roberson v. Wynkoop
Amendment context, where . . . it is sometimes difficult for an officer to determine how the relevant
legal doctrine . . . will apply to the factual situation the officer confronts.”).
Additionally, Wynkoop’s reliance on a common procedure—the use by state law
enforcement agencies of local jails to hold those they arrest—was not objectively unreasonable.
The Michigan State Police do not own or operate their own jails. Instead, state troopers rely on
other agencies and actors in the criminal justice system to ensure that arrestees receive their
probable cause determination. Further, there are no facts in the record to indicate that Wynkoop
(or any of his fellow state troopers) have previously encountered this situation, so it was not
objectively unreasonable for Wynkoop to expect the process to occur in a timely manner as it
normally does. Wynkoop’s actions here make him neither a willful violator of the law nor plainly
incompetent.
Because Wynkoop’s actions did not violate clearly established law and because we do not
have the benefit of adequate briefing from either party, we need not address the first prong of the
qualified immunity analysis here. See Pearson, 555 U.S. at 239.
III.
For the reasons listed above, we REVERSE the district court’s order denying summary
judgment.