In the Court of Appeals Second Appellate District of Texas at Fort Worth ___________________________ No. 02-23-00434-CV ___________________________
DANIEL W. GRYDER, Appellant
V.
CHARLES COOK AND FLYING OAKS AIRPORT, LLC, Appellees
On Appeal from the 141st District Court Tarrant County, Texas Trial Court No. 141-330434-21
Before Kerr, Birdwell, and Bassel, JJ. Memorandum Opinion by Justice Kerr MEMORANDUM OPINION
Appellees Charles Cook and Flying Oaks Airport, LLC sued Daniel W. Gryder
for libel and slander, business disparagement, and intentional infliction of emotional
distress. Gryder did not appear or file an answer, so the trial court rendered a no-
answer default judgment against him. But before the trial court’s hearing on damages,
Gryder became aware of the default judgment and filed a motion for new trial and to
set aside the default judgment. The trial court denied the motion and, following a
hearing, assessed damages against Gryder in a final judgment.
In this appeal, Gryder asserts, among other things, that the suit’s service was
fatally defective, violating Rules 103, 106, and 107 of the Texas Rules of Civil
Procedure. Because we agree that Appellees violated Rule 106(b), we will reverse and
remand.
I. Background
Gryder has a YouTube channel where he posts videos discussing aviation
accidents and his view of how they might have been prevented. In three of these
videos, he made statements about Cook and Flying Oaks. Gryder published the
videos in August and September 2021. In late September, Cook’s attorney sent
Gryder a cease-and-desist letter at his home address in Georgia, demanding that
Gryder (1) remove the videos; (2) refrain from publishing additional videos,
comments, or public statements; and (3) issue a public apology admitting to the
defamatory statements. The letter also indicated that Cook would sue if no resolution
2 was reached by October 25, 2021. Gryder’s new-trial affidavit indicates that after he
received the letter, he called the law firm and spoke with one of the attorneys
representing Cook. They were not able to settle the complaint.
Cook and Flying Oaks filed the lawsuit on November 19, 2021. A process
server attempted to serve Gryder at an address in Georgia—but not the same address
where their attorney had mailed the cease-and-desist letter. This address was instead
for an airplane hangar at Griffin-Spalding Airport.1 The process server attempted
service there three times but was not successful. In doing so, he learned that Gryder
had not been seen at the hangar in a while and that “he stay[ed] gone more than he
[was] in town.”
Following these failed service attempts, Cook and Flying Oaks moved for
substituted service. The motion identified an email address for Gryder and indicated
that Gryder had posted that email address in a comment on his YouTube videos. The
motion also included an Affidavit of Non-Service, sworn to and signed by the process
server. The trial court granted the motion, allowing Gryder to be served by emailing a
copy of the citation and Plaintiffs’ First Amended Original Petition to the email
address identified in the motion.
Thereafter, Jeannie Riley, an employee of the law firm representing Cook and
Flying Oaks, emailed service of suit to Gryder on December 21, 2021. She included
1 Attached to the substituted-service motion was a background-check report indicating that the hangar address was associated with a “Daniel W. Gryder.”
3 an attachment labeled “Citation 1st Amend Pet; Motion and Order.pdf” and wrote in
the subject line the case’s style, the trial-court cause number, and the trial-court name
and location. Appellees submitted a “read receipt” to the trial court to prove that
Gryder received the email on December 22, 2021. 2
Gryder did not file an answer or appear following the email service, and the
trial court rendered a no-answer default judgment against him on March 3, 2022. On
September 2, 2022, Gryder filed a motion for new trial and to set aside the judgment.
Gryder’s new-trial affidavit indicates that he became aware of the default judgment in
August 2022. The trial court denied both motions at a hearing in June 2023.
After holding a damages hearing, the trial court signed a final judgment
awarding various damages to Cook and Flying Oaks. The $1,040,025 award included
nominal, actual, special, and exemplary damages. The trial court also awarded court
costs, prejudgment interest of $41,667, and 5% postjudgment interest on the entire
award.
Gryder raises three issues on appeal: (1) he was not properly served; (2) the trial
court erred by denying his new-trial motion; and (3) there was insufficient evidence to
support the damages award. We need address only Gryder’s improper-service
argument because it is dispositive. See Tex. R. App. P. 47.1.
Gryder disputes that he received the email and indicates in his new-trial 2
affidavit that he discovered the email in his “junk” folder only after the default judgment had been rendered.
4 II. Service of Process
Gryder argues that the trial court lacked jurisdiction to render a no-answer
default judgment against him because he had not been properly served. Specifically,
Gryder argues that (1) the email service did not comply with Rule 103; (2) the motion
for, and subsequent grant of, substituted service did not comply with Rule 106(b); and
(3) the return of service filed with the trial court did not comply with Rule 107. See
Tex. R. Civ. P. 103, 106(b), 107.
A. Applicable Law
Personal jurisdiction in the trial court depends on proper service of process.
Garcia v. Ennis, 554 S.W.3d 209, 214 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2018, no pet.). Whether
a trial court has personal jurisdiction over a particular defendant is a legal question
that we review de novo. Wyatt v. Deal, No. 02-18-00246-CV, 2019 WL 2432156, at
*3 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth June 6, 2019, no pet.) (mem. op.). Unless the record
shows an appearance by the defendant, proper service of citation on the defendant, or
a written waiver of service at the time the default judgment is entered, the trial court
does not have personal jurisdiction to render the default judgment against the
defendant. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 124; U.S. Bank Nat’l Ass’n v. Moss, 644 S.W.3d 130,
137 (Tex. 2022).
A no-answer default judgment cannot stand when a defendant was not served
in strict compliance with applicable requirements. Spanton v. Bellah, 612 S.W.3d 314,
316 (Tex. 2020); see also Hubicki v. Festina, 226 S.W.3d 405, 408 (Tex. 2007). “We
5 indulge no presumptions in favor of valid issuance, service, or return of citation.”
Spanton, 612 S.W.3d at 316. Further, the “failure to affirmatively show strict
compliance with the Rules of Civil Procedure renders the attempted service of
process invalid and of no effect.” Uvalde Country Club v. Martin Linen Supply Co.,
690 S.W.2d 884, 885 (Tex. 1985).
If a defendant is absent from or not a resident of Texas, the defendant may still
be served, in the same manner as a resident defendant, by any disinterested person
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In the Court of Appeals Second Appellate District of Texas at Fort Worth ___________________________ No. 02-23-00434-CV ___________________________
DANIEL W. GRYDER, Appellant
V.
CHARLES COOK AND FLYING OAKS AIRPORT, LLC, Appellees
On Appeal from the 141st District Court Tarrant County, Texas Trial Court No. 141-330434-21
Before Kerr, Birdwell, and Bassel, JJ. Memorandum Opinion by Justice Kerr MEMORANDUM OPINION
Appellees Charles Cook and Flying Oaks Airport, LLC sued Daniel W. Gryder
for libel and slander, business disparagement, and intentional infliction of emotional
distress. Gryder did not appear or file an answer, so the trial court rendered a no-
answer default judgment against him. But before the trial court’s hearing on damages,
Gryder became aware of the default judgment and filed a motion for new trial and to
set aside the default judgment. The trial court denied the motion and, following a
hearing, assessed damages against Gryder in a final judgment.
In this appeal, Gryder asserts, among other things, that the suit’s service was
fatally defective, violating Rules 103, 106, and 107 of the Texas Rules of Civil
Procedure. Because we agree that Appellees violated Rule 106(b), we will reverse and
remand.
I. Background
Gryder has a YouTube channel where he posts videos discussing aviation
accidents and his view of how they might have been prevented. In three of these
videos, he made statements about Cook and Flying Oaks. Gryder published the
videos in August and September 2021. In late September, Cook’s attorney sent
Gryder a cease-and-desist letter at his home address in Georgia, demanding that
Gryder (1) remove the videos; (2) refrain from publishing additional videos,
comments, or public statements; and (3) issue a public apology admitting to the
defamatory statements. The letter also indicated that Cook would sue if no resolution
2 was reached by October 25, 2021. Gryder’s new-trial affidavit indicates that after he
received the letter, he called the law firm and spoke with one of the attorneys
representing Cook. They were not able to settle the complaint.
Cook and Flying Oaks filed the lawsuit on November 19, 2021. A process
server attempted to serve Gryder at an address in Georgia—but not the same address
where their attorney had mailed the cease-and-desist letter. This address was instead
for an airplane hangar at Griffin-Spalding Airport.1 The process server attempted
service there three times but was not successful. In doing so, he learned that Gryder
had not been seen at the hangar in a while and that “he stay[ed] gone more than he
[was] in town.”
Following these failed service attempts, Cook and Flying Oaks moved for
substituted service. The motion identified an email address for Gryder and indicated
that Gryder had posted that email address in a comment on his YouTube videos. The
motion also included an Affidavit of Non-Service, sworn to and signed by the process
server. The trial court granted the motion, allowing Gryder to be served by emailing a
copy of the citation and Plaintiffs’ First Amended Original Petition to the email
address identified in the motion.
Thereafter, Jeannie Riley, an employee of the law firm representing Cook and
Flying Oaks, emailed service of suit to Gryder on December 21, 2021. She included
1 Attached to the substituted-service motion was a background-check report indicating that the hangar address was associated with a “Daniel W. Gryder.”
3 an attachment labeled “Citation 1st Amend Pet; Motion and Order.pdf” and wrote in
the subject line the case’s style, the trial-court cause number, and the trial-court name
and location. Appellees submitted a “read receipt” to the trial court to prove that
Gryder received the email on December 22, 2021. 2
Gryder did not file an answer or appear following the email service, and the
trial court rendered a no-answer default judgment against him on March 3, 2022. On
September 2, 2022, Gryder filed a motion for new trial and to set aside the judgment.
Gryder’s new-trial affidavit indicates that he became aware of the default judgment in
August 2022. The trial court denied both motions at a hearing in June 2023.
After holding a damages hearing, the trial court signed a final judgment
awarding various damages to Cook and Flying Oaks. The $1,040,025 award included
nominal, actual, special, and exemplary damages. The trial court also awarded court
costs, prejudgment interest of $41,667, and 5% postjudgment interest on the entire
award.
Gryder raises three issues on appeal: (1) he was not properly served; (2) the trial
court erred by denying his new-trial motion; and (3) there was insufficient evidence to
support the damages award. We need address only Gryder’s improper-service
argument because it is dispositive. See Tex. R. App. P. 47.1.
Gryder disputes that he received the email and indicates in his new-trial 2
affidavit that he discovered the email in his “junk” folder only after the default judgment had been rendered.
4 II. Service of Process
Gryder argues that the trial court lacked jurisdiction to render a no-answer
default judgment against him because he had not been properly served. Specifically,
Gryder argues that (1) the email service did not comply with Rule 103; (2) the motion
for, and subsequent grant of, substituted service did not comply with Rule 106(b); and
(3) the return of service filed with the trial court did not comply with Rule 107. See
Tex. R. Civ. P. 103, 106(b), 107.
A. Applicable Law
Personal jurisdiction in the trial court depends on proper service of process.
Garcia v. Ennis, 554 S.W.3d 209, 214 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2018, no pet.). Whether
a trial court has personal jurisdiction over a particular defendant is a legal question
that we review de novo. Wyatt v. Deal, No. 02-18-00246-CV, 2019 WL 2432156, at
*3 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth June 6, 2019, no pet.) (mem. op.). Unless the record
shows an appearance by the defendant, proper service of citation on the defendant, or
a written waiver of service at the time the default judgment is entered, the trial court
does not have personal jurisdiction to render the default judgment against the
defendant. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 124; U.S. Bank Nat’l Ass’n v. Moss, 644 S.W.3d 130,
137 (Tex. 2022).
A no-answer default judgment cannot stand when a defendant was not served
in strict compliance with applicable requirements. Spanton v. Bellah, 612 S.W.3d 314,
316 (Tex. 2020); see also Hubicki v. Festina, 226 S.W.3d 405, 408 (Tex. 2007). “We
5 indulge no presumptions in favor of valid issuance, service, or return of citation.”
Spanton, 612 S.W.3d at 316. Further, the “failure to affirmatively show strict
compliance with the Rules of Civil Procedure renders the attempted service of
process invalid and of no effect.” Uvalde Country Club v. Martin Linen Supply Co.,
690 S.W.2d 884, 885 (Tex. 1985).
If a defendant is absent from or not a resident of Texas, the defendant may still
be served, in the same manner as a resident defendant, by any disinterested person
who is not less than eighteen years of age. Tex. R. Civ. P. 108.
B. Rule 106(b): Substituted Service
Because Gryder’s arguments under Rules 103 and 107 relate to the grant of
substituted service under Rule 106(b), we first consider if substituted service under
Rule 106(b) was proper.
A trial court may authorize a substitute service method under Rule 106(b). Tex.
R. Civ. P. 106(b). When the trial court does so, the only authority for the substituted
service is the order itself. Spanton, 612 S.W.3d at 317–18.
Rule 106(b) requires the party seeking substituted service to file a motion
supported by a sworn statement that strictly complies with the rule. Tex. R. Civ.
P. 106(b); WWLC Inv., L.P. v. Miraki, 624 S.W.3d 796, 799 (Tex. 2021) (“For well
over a century, this court has required that strict compliance with the rules for service
of citation affirmatively appear on the record in order for a default judgment to
withstand direct attack.”) (quoting Primate Constr., Inc. v. Silver, 884 S.W.2d 151,
6 152 (Tex. 1994) (per curium)). The sworn statement must list “any location where the
defendant can probably be found” and must state specifically the facts showing that
the traditional methods of service have been attempted unsuccessfully at that location.
Tex. R. Civ. P. 106(b); see, e.g., DeRouen v. Pridgen, No. 13-22-00115-CV,
2023 WL 7399150, at *5 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–Edinburg Nov. 9, 2023, no
pet.) (mem. op.); In re V.R.W., No. 05-22-00631-CV, 2023 WL 3735234, at *3 (Tex.
App.—Dallas May 31, 2023, no pet.) (mem. op.); ECO Gen. Contractors LLC v. Goodale,
No. 02-18-00146-CV, 2019 WL 1179409, at *3 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Mar. 14,
2019, no pet.) (mem. op.).
Here, the affidavit attached to the substitute-service motion does not contain
any statement, or facts supporting an inference, that the location where service was
attempted was a place “where the defendant [could] probably be found.” See Tex. R.
Civ. P. 106(b). Before the 2020 amendment to Rule 106, even an affidavit that
included specific facts—such as the date and time of service attempts—was
insufficient if it did not include a statement that the address visited was where the
defendant could probably be found. See, e.g., Cunningham v. Nationwide Sec. Sols., Inc.,
No. 3:17-CV-337-S-BN, 2018 WL 5722670, at *3–4 (N.D. Tex. June 29, 2018, order).
Although Cook and Flying Oaks argue that the 2020 amendment to
Rule 106 removed the requirement of such a specific statement, we need not resolve
this precise question because the affidavit of non-service was devoid of any
7 information to support that Gryder could probably be found where the process server
had attempted to serve him.
The affidavit of non-service here indicates the opposite of what Rule 106(b)
requires. It shows that the attempted service location was a locked airplane hangar.
People there told the process server that Gryder “stay[ed] gone more than he [was] in
town” and that no one had “seen him in a while.” And although people at the hangar
told the process server that the plane parked outside the hangar was the one Gryder
flew “most of the time,” nothing indicates how often he flew or would visit. Thus
even without an explicit statement that the attempted-service address was a place
where Gryder could probably be found, the affidavit failed to provide evidence of
probative value from which it could be inferred that the location was one where
Gryder could probably have been found. See In re F.H., No. 05-23-01038-CV,
2024 WL 4198024, at *4 (Tex. App.—Dallas Sept. 16, 2024, no. pet. h.) (mem. op.)
(where neither of the affidavits of non-service included a statement that the addresses
at which service had been attempted were places the defendant could “probably be
found,” and instead included information that the opposite was true, there was not
strict compliance with service rules).
Because the motion for substituted service here does not strictly comply with
Rule 106(b)’s requirements, we conclude that the trial court erred by granting
substituted service. We sustain Gryder’s first issue.
8 III. Conclusion
Having sustained Gryder’s first issue, which is dispositive of this appeal, we
reverse the trial court’s no-answer default judgment and remand this cause to the trial
court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. No new service of process
is necessary. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 123.
/s/ Elizabeth Kerr Elizabeth Kerr Justice
Delivered: October 24, 2024