The opinion of the court was delivered by
Redeield, Ch. J.
This is an action of assumpsit for money had and received. Upon the trial it seemed, from the*proof, that the plaintiff might have been entitled to recover a few dollars beyond the amount of the justice’s jurisdiction, if he had brought his suit in the county court, and for this reason the defendant moved to dismiss the action. This motion, we think, was correctly overruled. The action being an open action, the plaintiff may, if he choose, reduce his claim in the writ below $ 100, at his election.. The identity of the claim does not depend upon the amount demanded. There can be no possible objection to allowing the plaintiff to abandon a portion of such a demand It has never been considered that because property was worth above $ 100, that an action of trespass, or trover, for taking and converting it, must, of necessity, be brought to the county court. The plaintiff may, in such case, set his own price upon the property. So, too, in assumpsit, where there is no express contract, the plaintiff may ordinarily fix the extent of his claim downwards. And even where the jurisdiction depends upon the amount due as in case of notes,, it was held, Herren v. Campbell, 19 Vt. 23, that the plaintiff might endorse the amount below $ 100, for the mere purpose of bringing the suit before a justice, and when no payment was in fact made. We think the plaintiff has equal right to abandon a portion of a claim like the present. The judgment is, of course, a bar to the whole, and the case seems to us much more obvious than that of a promissory note.
n. In regard to the proof of plaintiff’s declaration, at the time he went to call the defendant into the office of Tracy & Converse, it [495]*495was so far a part of his conduct at the time, that he might show it for the purpose of giving character to his act, which, being equivocal, was relied upon as evidence, against him, of a purpose to continue the defendant in the suit as counsel. We think he was fairly entitled to show all that he did, and all that he said, calculated to give character to his acts, with a view to rebut the inference as to his intention in calling the defendant into the office.
This would not bind the defendant, unless he was, in some way, made aware of the purpose for which he was called into the office. But it is one indispensable step in the process of proof, to show the plaintiff’s purpose. If he failed in that, the defendant was of course entitled to treat it, as the plaintiff intended it, as a further employment. But although, if the plaintiff’ did show his intention not to employ the defendant as counsel, he was compellable to go further and show that the defendant was, in some way, made aware of this, he is, in no sense, bound to prove both points at the same time, or in the same manner. The whole transaction at the office, before he left to call the defendant, seems so intimately connected with the plaintiff’s purpose and object, in going to call the defendant, that we think the plaintiff must be allowed to show it, with a view to rebut any inference against him on that account, if he thinks it will have that effect. The jury were to judge in this, as in all such cases, whether the declarations were made Iona fide, or were a mere ruse to get 'up evidence upon his own behalf, or for some other intended purpose. It does not occur to us that this is extending the res gestee beyond its acknowledged limits. We think not.
IH. Whether there is anything of maintenance or champerty in this case, is undoubtedly a question which might strike different minds differently. Maintenance, according to the text writers, is an officious or unlawful intermeddling with suits, in which one has no interest real or supposed, or the upholding of quarrels by assisting either party with money or otherwise. 4 Bac. Abr. 488. 4 Black. Com. 134. Maintenance seems to embrace champerty and embracery, the former of which is where one assists a party with the agreement to have part of the thing recovered, and the latter is an attempt to further the interests of one or the other party by influencing the jury. So the general term, maintenance, is applied to any assistance which one may unlawfully give either party in a suit,
[496]*496But I cannot find that the term maintenance or champerty, has ever, in modern days, certainly, been held to apply to the bona fide purchaser of a mere right of action even. Blackstone, indeed, says, “ in one sense of the word [champerty] it signifies the purchasing of a suit, or right of suing.” But in the same sentence he says, “ this is one main reason why a chose in action is not assignable at common law.” The learned commentator does not intend here to be understood, that the assignment of a chose in action is maintenance or champerty. No lawyer is, we- presume, prepared to contend for any such doctrine. This will cut up, by the roots, half of the business transactions almost, of the most commercial states in the world. The public sense would so revolt at the promulgation of any such doctrine, that if we found it distinctly de^ dared in the common law of England, we should regard it as among the excepted rules, in our adoption of the common law, as not “ applicable to our local situation and circumstances,” or as “ repugnant to our local customs and usages.”
But it is evident the writers on this subject have no such understanding of the offences. For in Bacon’s Abridgement, under the head of what interest will excuse one for what otherwise would be maintenance, we find “ he who has an equitable interest in a chose in action, as the assignee of a bond for a good consideration, may lawfully maintain a suit.” Now this is the ordinary case of the assignee of a chose in action. And I apprehend there can be no manner of doubt, that the bona fide purchaser of a bond, or notes not negotiable, or other chose in action, which is of the nature of a debt, which is represented to be due, and which the purchaser believes to be due, may sue upon the same, and not incur censure from the law, and that all contracts, founded upon any such consideration, are perfectly valid. The same is true of any aid one may render another in a suit, by way of money or advice, or other lawful assistance, if it be done under a bona fide belief in the justice of the cause. It is laid down in Bac. Abr. 491, “ one may lawfully give money to a poor man, to enable him to carry on his suit,” and every man is poor who has not the means of meeting the expense of enforcing his rights in a court of justice. And of course if one may give, he may lend, with the expectation of being reimbursed out of the avails of the money. And I cannot very well compre[497]*497hend the difference between a debt and a claim for property attached upon another’s debt. It has always been considered that while the property remained in esse, the fact of it being out of the possession of the owner, did not preclude the owner from transfering the title, so as to enable the vendee to maintain trover in his own name, against any one who wrongfully withheld the possession. And why, upon principle, it is not equally allowable to transfer the claim hona fide, while in suit, so as to enable the purchaser to proceed with the pending suit, is certainly not easy of comprehension.
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The opinion of the court was delivered by
Redeield, Ch. J.
This is an action of assumpsit for money had and received. Upon the trial it seemed, from the*proof, that the plaintiff might have been entitled to recover a few dollars beyond the amount of the justice’s jurisdiction, if he had brought his suit in the county court, and for this reason the defendant moved to dismiss the action. This motion, we think, was correctly overruled. The action being an open action, the plaintiff may, if he choose, reduce his claim in the writ below $ 100, at his election.. The identity of the claim does not depend upon the amount demanded. There can be no possible objection to allowing the plaintiff to abandon a portion of such a demand It has never been considered that because property was worth above $ 100, that an action of trespass, or trover, for taking and converting it, must, of necessity, be brought to the county court. The plaintiff may, in such case, set his own price upon the property. So, too, in assumpsit, where there is no express contract, the plaintiff may ordinarily fix the extent of his claim downwards. And even where the jurisdiction depends upon the amount due as in case of notes,, it was held, Herren v. Campbell, 19 Vt. 23, that the plaintiff might endorse the amount below $ 100, for the mere purpose of bringing the suit before a justice, and when no payment was in fact made. We think the plaintiff has equal right to abandon a portion of a claim like the present. The judgment is, of course, a bar to the whole, and the case seems to us much more obvious than that of a promissory note.
n. In regard to the proof of plaintiff’s declaration, at the time he went to call the defendant into the office of Tracy & Converse, it [495]*495was so far a part of his conduct at the time, that he might show it for the purpose of giving character to his act, which, being equivocal, was relied upon as evidence, against him, of a purpose to continue the defendant in the suit as counsel. We think he was fairly entitled to show all that he did, and all that he said, calculated to give character to his acts, with a view to rebut the inference as to his intention in calling the defendant into the office.
This would not bind the defendant, unless he was, in some way, made aware of the purpose for which he was called into the office. But it is one indispensable step in the process of proof, to show the plaintiff’s purpose. If he failed in that, the defendant was of course entitled to treat it, as the plaintiff intended it, as a further employment. But although, if the plaintiff’ did show his intention not to employ the defendant as counsel, he was compellable to go further and show that the defendant was, in some way, made aware of this, he is, in no sense, bound to prove both points at the same time, or in the same manner. The whole transaction at the office, before he left to call the defendant, seems so intimately connected with the plaintiff’s purpose and object, in going to call the defendant, that we think the plaintiff must be allowed to show it, with a view to rebut any inference against him on that account, if he thinks it will have that effect. The jury were to judge in this, as in all such cases, whether the declarations were made Iona fide, or were a mere ruse to get 'up evidence upon his own behalf, or for some other intended purpose. It does not occur to us that this is extending the res gestee beyond its acknowledged limits. We think not.
IH. Whether there is anything of maintenance or champerty in this case, is undoubtedly a question which might strike different minds differently. Maintenance, according to the text writers, is an officious or unlawful intermeddling with suits, in which one has no interest real or supposed, or the upholding of quarrels by assisting either party with money or otherwise. 4 Bac. Abr. 488. 4 Black. Com. 134. Maintenance seems to embrace champerty and embracery, the former of which is where one assists a party with the agreement to have part of the thing recovered, and the latter is an attempt to further the interests of one or the other party by influencing the jury. So the general term, maintenance, is applied to any assistance which one may unlawfully give either party in a suit,
[496]*496But I cannot find that the term maintenance or champerty, has ever, in modern days, certainly, been held to apply to the bona fide purchaser of a mere right of action even. Blackstone, indeed, says, “ in one sense of the word [champerty] it signifies the purchasing of a suit, or right of suing.” But in the same sentence he says, “ this is one main reason why a chose in action is not assignable at common law.” The learned commentator does not intend here to be understood, that the assignment of a chose in action is maintenance or champerty. No lawyer is, we- presume, prepared to contend for any such doctrine. This will cut up, by the roots, half of the business transactions almost, of the most commercial states in the world. The public sense would so revolt at the promulgation of any such doctrine, that if we found it distinctly de^ dared in the common law of England, we should regard it as among the excepted rules, in our adoption of the common law, as not “ applicable to our local situation and circumstances,” or as “ repugnant to our local customs and usages.”
But it is evident the writers on this subject have no such understanding of the offences. For in Bacon’s Abridgement, under the head of what interest will excuse one for what otherwise would be maintenance, we find “ he who has an equitable interest in a chose in action, as the assignee of a bond for a good consideration, may lawfully maintain a suit.” Now this is the ordinary case of the assignee of a chose in action. And I apprehend there can be no manner of doubt, that the bona fide purchaser of a bond, or notes not negotiable, or other chose in action, which is of the nature of a debt, which is represented to be due, and which the purchaser believes to be due, may sue upon the same, and not incur censure from the law, and that all contracts, founded upon any such consideration, are perfectly valid. The same is true of any aid one may render another in a suit, by way of money or advice, or other lawful assistance, if it be done under a bona fide belief in the justice of the cause. It is laid down in Bac. Abr. 491, “ one may lawfully give money to a poor man, to enable him to carry on his suit,” and every man is poor who has not the means of meeting the expense of enforcing his rights in a court of justice. And of course if one may give, he may lend, with the expectation of being reimbursed out of the avails of the money. And I cannot very well compre[497]*497hend the difference between a debt and a claim for property attached upon another’s debt. It has always been considered that while the property remained in esse, the fact of it being out of the possession of the owner, did not preclude the owner from transfering the title, so as to enable the vendee to maintain trover in his own name, against any one who wrongfully withheld the possession. And why, upon principle, it is not equally allowable to transfer the claim hona fide, while in suit, so as to enable the purchaser to proceed with the pending suit, is certainly not easy of comprehension.
And this court having decided that the sale and conveyance of land in the adverse possession of a stranger, is a valid contract between the parties, and vests such equitable rights in the grantee as to enable him to pursue the land in the name of the grantor for his own benefit, and that a court of law will take notice of and protect his equitable interest; Edwards v. Parkhurst, 21 Vt. 472; it would seem that the chief basis of the old common law offence of maintenance or champerty was reduced within very narrow limits.
; The offence certainly does not exist, in form, in this state, unless the common law offence has been adopted as part of the law of this state, which I am reluctant to believe was the purpose of the legislature, unless with some qualifications.
It is no doubt true, that any combination, for the purpose of pursuing protracted causes of action, or such as are not believed to be just, or such, perhaps, as the original parties did not intend to pursue, or the pursuit of such causes of action as are believed to be valid, in a manner and to an extent which the parties could not, or would not do, with a view to unjust gains or unequal advantages, may be still regarded as in the nature of a conspiracy, and so, probably, indictable, and all contracts for the furtherance of such objects wholly void. There are probably other things coming more nearly to the idea of the common law definition of maintenance or champerty, such as carrying on suits for a share of the avails, and thereby increasing litigation, and some others, perhaps, which the law will still regard as champertous, and not countenance.
But the present case does not seem to us of that character. [498]*498Here there is no pretense thé' claiin was not bona fide, for it proved valid. There is nothing to show that the purchase was not also in the utmost good faith, or that it, in any sense, changed the character of the prosecution or that it was expected to do so. And, in addition to all this, the plaintiff had before this time, bona fide, it would seem, become bail for costs, in conformity with the statute, which implicated him to the fullest, extent in the hazards of the litigation. It would be strange if, under these circumstances, ho could not assume the entire burden of the suit.
Judgment affirmed.