NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS MAY 16 2025 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
DAN C., No. 24-3203 D.C. No. Plaintiff - Appellee, 2:22-cv-03647-FLA-AJR v. MEMORANDUM* DIRECTORS GUILD OF AMERICA - PRODUCER HEALTH PLAN,
Defendant - Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California Fernando L. Aenlle-Rocha, District Judge, Presiding
Submitted May 14, 2025** Pasadena, California
Before: OWENS, BENNETT, and H.A. THOMAS, Circuit Judges.
Defendant Directors Guild of America – Producer Health Plan (“Plan”)
appeals from the district court’s judgment for Plaintiff Dan C. in this action under
the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (“ERISA”), 29 U.S.C.
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). §§ 1001–1461. The Plan denied coverage for residential mental health treatment for
Plaintiff’s then-nine-year-old son, R.C., as not “medically necessary” under its
terms. The district court entered judgment for Plaintiff on both of his claims:
recovery of benefits under ERISA section 502(a)(1)(B), 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(1)(B),
and breach of fiduciary duty under ERISA section 502(a)(3), id. § 1132(a)(3).
We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. “We review de novo a district
court’s choice and application of the standard of review to decisions by fiduciaries
in ERISA cases,” and “[w]e review for clear error the underlying findings of fact.”
Abatie v. Alta Health & Life Ins. Co., 458 F.3d 955, 962 (9th Cir. 2006) (en banc).
We affirm the district court’s judgment for Plaintiff on the recovery of benefits claim
but reverse the judgment for Plaintiff on the breach of fiduciary duty claim.
1. The Plan argues that the district court erred by reviewing the denial of
benefits de novo, instead of for abuse of discretion. We agree with the district court
that the applicable standard of review is de novo. “[A] denial of benefits challenged
under § 1132(a)(1)(B) is to be reviewed under a de novo standard unless the benefit
plan gives the administrator or fiduciary discretionary authority to determine
eligibility for benefits or to construe the terms of the plan.” Firestone Tire & Rubber
Co. v. Bruch, 489 U.S. 101, 115 (1989). The Plan expressly gives the Board of
Trustees this authority. But the full Board of Trustees did not unambiguously
“delegat[e] its discretionary authority” to the Board’s Benefits Committee, which
2 24-3203 made the final decision at issue here. Madden v. ITT Long Term Disability Plan,
914 F.2d 1279, 1284 (9th Cir. 1990).
Though the Plan delegates the task of “determining claims appeals” to the
Committee and provides that the Committee “will have discretion to deny or grant
the appeal in whole or part,” this language falls short of the unambiguous delegation
contemplated by our precedent. See Ingram v. Martin Marietta Long Term
Disability Income Plan, 244 F.3d 1109, 1112–13 (9th Cir. 2001) (holding a provision
that “[t]he carrier will make all decisions on claims” is simply “[a]n allocation of
decision-making authority” that “is not, without more, a grant of discretionary
authority” to determine eligibility for benefits or to construe the terms of the plan
“in making those decisions”); Sandy v. Reliance Standard Life Ins. Co., 222 F.3d
1202, 1206 (9th Cir. 2000) (holding even language “connot[ing] discretionary
decision-making . . . does not unambiguously grant [the fiduciary] power to
determine eligibility, power to construe the terms of the Plan, or power to make
decisions that are final and binding”); Newcomb v. Standard Ins. Co., 187 F.3d 1004,
1006 (9th Cir. 1999) (“Merely using the word ‘determine’ in the policy does not
insure that the denial of benefits will be reviewed for abuse of discretion.”). None
of the Plan’s provisions expressly “grant [the Committee] any power to construe the
terms of the plan,” rendering them “insufficient to confer [the] discretionary
authority” required to “alter the standard of review from the default of de novo to
3 24-3203 the more lenient abuse of discretion.” Abatie, 458 F.3d at 963–64.
2. The Plan next argues that the district court erred in analyzing medical
necessity with reference to “clinical criteria,” instead of the Plan’s four-part
definition of “medically necessary.” But the language in the district court’s order to
which the Plan objects quotes from the very reasons provided by the Plan for its
denial: that R.C. did not meet “clinical criteria” for ongoing residential treatment
because he did not pose “a danger to [himself] or others” and because he did not
“have a mental health condition that [was] causing serious problems with
functioning.” The district court did not err in focusing its analysis of medical
necessity on the Plan’s proffered denial rationale, which implicated the two
contested elements of the Plan’s four-part definition of “medically necessary.” The
Plan determined that because R.C. did not meet the cited clinical criteria, his
continued residential treatment was (1) inconsistent with generally accepted medical
practice and (2) not the most cost-efficient.
3. It also was not clear error for the district court to find, on the
administrative record before it, that R.C. did pose a danger to himself and others and
did experience serious problems with functioning “that could not have been
managed without residential treatment.”1
1 The district court supported its factual findings with many examples from the record of R.C.’s “threat of imminent serious harm to self and others,” which persisted “long after his first three days” at the residential treatment facility:
4 24-3203 4. Even were we to find that the abuse of discretion standard applies, we
agree with the district court that the Plan abused its discretion by depriving Plaintiff
of a full and fair review.2 ERISA mandates that plans, in denying a participant’s
claim, “provide adequate notice in writing . . . , setting forth the specific reasons for
such denial, written in a manner calculated to be understood by the participant,” and
“afford a reasonable opportunity . . . for a full and fair review” of the denial. 29
U.S.C. § 1133; see also Abatie, 458 F.3d at 972 (noting violations of ERISA’s
procedural requirements are “matter[s] to be weighed” in determining whether a plan
abused its discretion). While the district court focused its analysis on the Plan’s
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NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS MAY 16 2025 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
DAN C., No. 24-3203 D.C. No. Plaintiff - Appellee, 2:22-cv-03647-FLA-AJR v. MEMORANDUM* DIRECTORS GUILD OF AMERICA - PRODUCER HEALTH PLAN,
Defendant - Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California Fernando L. Aenlle-Rocha, District Judge, Presiding
Submitted May 14, 2025** Pasadena, California
Before: OWENS, BENNETT, and H.A. THOMAS, Circuit Judges.
Defendant Directors Guild of America – Producer Health Plan (“Plan”)
appeals from the district court’s judgment for Plaintiff Dan C. in this action under
the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (“ERISA”), 29 U.S.C.
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). §§ 1001–1461. The Plan denied coverage for residential mental health treatment for
Plaintiff’s then-nine-year-old son, R.C., as not “medically necessary” under its
terms. The district court entered judgment for Plaintiff on both of his claims:
recovery of benefits under ERISA section 502(a)(1)(B), 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(1)(B),
and breach of fiduciary duty under ERISA section 502(a)(3), id. § 1132(a)(3).
We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. “We review de novo a district
court’s choice and application of the standard of review to decisions by fiduciaries
in ERISA cases,” and “[w]e review for clear error the underlying findings of fact.”
Abatie v. Alta Health & Life Ins. Co., 458 F.3d 955, 962 (9th Cir. 2006) (en banc).
We affirm the district court’s judgment for Plaintiff on the recovery of benefits claim
but reverse the judgment for Plaintiff on the breach of fiduciary duty claim.
1. The Plan argues that the district court erred by reviewing the denial of
benefits de novo, instead of for abuse of discretion. We agree with the district court
that the applicable standard of review is de novo. “[A] denial of benefits challenged
under § 1132(a)(1)(B) is to be reviewed under a de novo standard unless the benefit
plan gives the administrator or fiduciary discretionary authority to determine
eligibility for benefits or to construe the terms of the plan.” Firestone Tire & Rubber
Co. v. Bruch, 489 U.S. 101, 115 (1989). The Plan expressly gives the Board of
Trustees this authority. But the full Board of Trustees did not unambiguously
“delegat[e] its discretionary authority” to the Board’s Benefits Committee, which
2 24-3203 made the final decision at issue here. Madden v. ITT Long Term Disability Plan,
914 F.2d 1279, 1284 (9th Cir. 1990).
Though the Plan delegates the task of “determining claims appeals” to the
Committee and provides that the Committee “will have discretion to deny or grant
the appeal in whole or part,” this language falls short of the unambiguous delegation
contemplated by our precedent. See Ingram v. Martin Marietta Long Term
Disability Income Plan, 244 F.3d 1109, 1112–13 (9th Cir. 2001) (holding a provision
that “[t]he carrier will make all decisions on claims” is simply “[a]n allocation of
decision-making authority” that “is not, without more, a grant of discretionary
authority” to determine eligibility for benefits or to construe the terms of the plan
“in making those decisions”); Sandy v. Reliance Standard Life Ins. Co., 222 F.3d
1202, 1206 (9th Cir. 2000) (holding even language “connot[ing] discretionary
decision-making . . . does not unambiguously grant [the fiduciary] power to
determine eligibility, power to construe the terms of the Plan, or power to make
decisions that are final and binding”); Newcomb v. Standard Ins. Co., 187 F.3d 1004,
1006 (9th Cir. 1999) (“Merely using the word ‘determine’ in the policy does not
insure that the denial of benefits will be reviewed for abuse of discretion.”). None
of the Plan’s provisions expressly “grant [the Committee] any power to construe the
terms of the plan,” rendering them “insufficient to confer [the] discretionary
authority” required to “alter the standard of review from the default of de novo to
3 24-3203 the more lenient abuse of discretion.” Abatie, 458 F.3d at 963–64.
2. The Plan next argues that the district court erred in analyzing medical
necessity with reference to “clinical criteria,” instead of the Plan’s four-part
definition of “medically necessary.” But the language in the district court’s order to
which the Plan objects quotes from the very reasons provided by the Plan for its
denial: that R.C. did not meet “clinical criteria” for ongoing residential treatment
because he did not pose “a danger to [himself] or others” and because he did not
“have a mental health condition that [was] causing serious problems with
functioning.” The district court did not err in focusing its analysis of medical
necessity on the Plan’s proffered denial rationale, which implicated the two
contested elements of the Plan’s four-part definition of “medically necessary.” The
Plan determined that because R.C. did not meet the cited clinical criteria, his
continued residential treatment was (1) inconsistent with generally accepted medical
practice and (2) not the most cost-efficient.
3. It also was not clear error for the district court to find, on the
administrative record before it, that R.C. did pose a danger to himself and others and
did experience serious problems with functioning “that could not have been
managed without residential treatment.”1
1 The district court supported its factual findings with many examples from the record of R.C.’s “threat of imminent serious harm to self and others,” which persisted “long after his first three days” at the residential treatment facility:
4 24-3203 4. Even were we to find that the abuse of discretion standard applies, we
agree with the district court that the Plan abused its discretion by depriving Plaintiff
of a full and fair review.2 ERISA mandates that plans, in denying a participant’s
claim, “provide adequate notice in writing . . . , setting forth the specific reasons for
such denial, written in a manner calculated to be understood by the participant,” and
“afford a reasonable opportunity . . . for a full and fair review” of the denial. 29
U.S.C. § 1133; see also Abatie, 458 F.3d at 972 (noting violations of ERISA’s
procedural requirements are “matter[s] to be weighed” in determining whether a plan
abused its discretion). While the district court focused its analysis on the Plan’s
failure to engage with Plaintiff’s evidence of medical necessity, this failure stemmed
from a more fundamental failure to explain to Plaintiff that the Plan’s operative
“stab[bing] his mouth” with his fork after becoming irritated at peers and staff; stating that he was “going to kill” a peer with whom he tried to instigate a fight; threatening to “kill everyone in the cottage” and “stab them all with a knife”; describing “in detail how he was going to kill his cottage peers and their families” including by “sneaking into their rooms at night” and “disemboweling them”; “wielding [a shower curtain rod] like a spear” pointed at staff while “sa[ying] he was going to kill them”; and hitting and punching staff on multiple occasions, including one that resulted in a 26-minute physical “holding.” The district court also cited numerous examples from the record of R.C.’s “lack of impulse control and basic functioning”: requiring “help with his personal hygiene”; pulling a “nickel-sized chunk of hair out of his head”; urinating on the bathroom floor and in his dresser; and engaging in “[m]ild [s]exual [b]ehaviors” toward peers and staff. 2 The remedy for an improper denial of benefits due to a procedurally deficient review of a claim is the same as the remedy for an improper denial of benefits due to a substantively incorrect medical necessity determination. See Salomaa v. Honda Long Term Disability Plan, 642 F.3d 666, 680–81 (9th Cir. 2011).
5 24-3203 definition of medical necessity required attempting lower levels of care—namely,
an intensive outpatient program (“IOP”) or partial hospitalized program (“PHP”)—
before residential treatment.3
Since the initial denial of Plaintiff’s claim, the Plan’s medical reviewers noted
internally that IOP or PHP services would be more appropriate for R.C. than
residential treatment. Yet subsequent letters from the Plan to Plaintiff indicated that
residential treatment was not medically necessary because R.C. did not pose a danger
to himself or others and did not experience serious problems with daily
functioning—and therefore could be treated with “outpatient services” instead. In
this correspondence, the Plan did not refer to intensive outpatient services or IOP,
let alone PHP. Plaintiff reasonably understood “outpatient services” to include the
therapy that R.C. had tried since he was five years old. To appeal the denial, Plaintiff
compiled thousands of pages of evidence documenting R.C.’s unsuccessful history
with outpatient therapy, the danger he posed to himself and others, and his serious
problems with daily functioning, unaware that the Plan was seeking evidence on
“whether other less costly modalities had been attempted first.” As Plaintiff pointed
out at trial, it was not until a letter dated June 24, 2021—after R.C.’s departure from
the residential treatment facility on May 31, 2021—that IOP or PHP was first
3 “We may affirm on any basis supported by the record.” Fisher v. Kealoha, 855 F.3d 1067, 1069 (9th Cir. 2017) (per curiam).
6 24-3203 mentioned in writing to Plaintiff. This inadequate notice deprived Plaintiff of the
opportunity to “answer[] in time” the Plan’s questions about lower levels of care, to
engage in “meaningful dialogue” on the issue of medical necessity, and to receive a
“full and fair” review of the denial of his claim. Salomaa, 642 F.3d at 679–80.
5. The district court erred in entering judgment for Plaintiff on the breach
of fiduciary duty claim. Despite Plaintiff’s requests for equitable relief under
§ 1132(a)(3)—including injunctive and declaratory relief related to the Plan’s
procedures for all claimants—the district court did not award any relief distinct from
granting “Plaintiff’s request to overturn Defendant’s denial of benefits” and ordering
Plaintiff’s “recover[y] [of] the benefits due, plus prejudgment interest.” Such relief
is exactly what Plaintiff sought under § 1132(a)(1)(B). Because Plaintiff’s “claim
under § 1132(a)(1)(B) . . . afford[ed] adequate relief” for his injury, “relief is not
available [to him] under § 1132(a)(3).” Castillo v. Metro. Life Ins. Co., 970 F.3d
1224, 1229 (9th Cir. 2020). We remand only for the district court to amend the
judgment to award relief solely under § 1132(a)(3).4 Defendant shall bear all costs
on appeal.
REVERSED in part, AFFIRMED in part, and REMANDED.
4 This reversal in part does not impact Plaintiff’s recovery. And we do not expect that the reversal in part will have any material impact on the separate proceeding for attorneys’ fees and costs, currently the subject of appeal No. 24-5968.
7 24-3203